This dissertation investigates the nature of Korean media giants among members of Asian media conglomerates in the era of media marketization. Since the 1980s, each state in Asia has adopted neoliberal media laws and policies that have made its media systems more market-driven. This neoliberal media reform led to the restructuring of media systems from state-controlled systems to profit-oriented ones and facilitating the emergence of Asian media conglomerates. However, scholarship on the nature of Asian media giants has been sparse in critical media studies. Thus, I conduct a case study to explore the nature of Asian media giants with a focus on the interplay between media ownership and media markets in order to determine the major beneficiaries of Asian media marketization. I focus on the three Korean media conglomerates of Samsung, CJ and JoongAng Ilbo groups during the period from 1998 to 2012 when the Korean state applied the neoliberal media mode to the Korean media systems. Utilizing the theoretical approach of political economy of communication, I examine three points: (1) the relationship between the era of neoliberal media and the structures of four media markets (e.g., advertising, daily newspaper, cable television and film); (2) the interconnections among media expansions, media ownership and informal ties (e.g., blood and marriage ties); and (3) the relationship between the changed structures of those four media markets and corporate censorship of the three chaebol groups. To address these questions, I used both institutional and corporate profiling techniques and then analyzed both governmental and secondary documents, including those covering structures of media markets, media ownership, boards of directors, media expansions and emergent issues in the information and entertainment markets. Consequently, my analysis finds that neoliberal media laws and policies led to forming centralized market structures controlled by chaebol groups with connections to Western media conglomerates and/or foreign capital. Also, I find that the Lee family members used family connections to expand their media businesses and control multiple media operations, thereby becoming the media emperor in Korea. Finally, my analysis shows that a media-oriented ideology has rarely guaranteed free competition among market players but has instead led to increasing the market polarization between a few market controllers and many independent media companies. In other words, my study indicates that the neoliberal media mode allowed family capitalists in Korea with foreign capital to control the structures of media markets.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions les relations entre associations et pouvoirs publics au prisme du dispositif local d’accompagnement (DLA).Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous nous intéressons à la genèse et à la forme du DLA. Nous observons que le DLA est une politique publique de l’emploi, dont la mise en œuvre est déléguée à des structures porteuses, et que son action vise à aider les associations employeuses à pérenniser leurs emplois et consolider leur modèle économique. L’étude de la genèse de cette politique publique montre l’intérêt grandissant de l’État pour le versant économique des associations et la charge en emplois dont elles sont porteuses. Dans la seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à ceux qui la mettent en œuvre, aux agents de cette politique publique. Si nous observons que le dispositif est structuré et cadré, le métier des chargé-e-s de mission DLA est néanmoins « ouvert » ; ils disposent d’importantes marges dans la réalisation de leur travail. Cependant, malgré cette souplesse, ils partagent le souci de l’emploi, et le travail pour l’emploi se fait. Cette analyse nous amène à avancer que le dispositif étudié relève d’une forme de gouvernement par l’accompagnement. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous qualifions l’impact du dispositif sur ses bénéficiaires de « professionnalisation contemporaine ». Les « entreprises associatives » sont poussées à structurer l’organisation du travail, à diversifier leurs ressources, mais aussi à se mobiliser pour leurs emplois. Le DLA participe aussi à implanter des dispositifs de gestion dans les associations employeuses : ceux-ci sont aussi bien appropriés de manière stratégique par les dirigeants associatifs que par les pouvoirs publics. Enfin, l’étude des relations entre associations et pouvoirs publics montre que ces derniers sont morcelés, producteurs d’un environnement incertain et concurrentiel pour les associations.La dynamique observée nous offre des enseignements qui dépasse les effets du DLA ; en effet le dispositif ne fait qu’accélérer un processus en cours. Au final, les transformations observées à l’œuvre dans le monde associatif employeur semblent être le résultat des mutations de l’environnement des associations, lui-même grandement déterminé par les pouvoirs publics. / In this thesis, we study the relationship between not-for-profit organisations and public authorities through the lense of the local support measure (DLA, dispositif local d’accompagnement).In the first part of the thesis, we focus on the genesis and shape of the DLA. We observe that the DLA is a policy of public employment, implementation of which is delegated to supporting structures, and that its action is intended to help employing organizations to maintain the jobs they provide and consolidate their economic model. Study of the origin of this public policy shows the state's growing interest in non-govornmental organisations from an economic point of view, specifically their importance in the job market. In the second part, we focus on the people who implement the DLA, the agents of this public policy. Although we observe that the policy has structure, the job description of professionals who implement the DLA remains "open"; they have large margins in the realization of their work. Despite this flexibility, they share the concern for employment and job creation. This analysis leads us to suggest that the subject device to a form of government by the accompaniment. Finally, in the third part, we describe the impact of the DLA on its ‘modern professional’ beneficiaries. The ‘associative enterprises’ are pushed to structure their work organization and diversify their resources, but also to mobilize for their jobs. The DLA is also involved in implementing management systems in the job-providing organisations: these are both strategically appropriated by non-for-profit directors by the authorities. Finally, the study of relationships between associations and public authorities shows that they are fragmented, producing an uncertain and competitive environment for these organisations.The dynamics observed provide lessons that exceed the effects of DLA; indeed, the policy simply accelerates an ongoing process. The changes observed at work in the employing organisations appear to be the result of changes in the environment of such organisations, which is, in turn, largely determined by the government.

In this study, a multimodal textual analysis is performed on marketing materials from twoupper secondary schools, one public school and one private school, in a medium sized town inSweden. This marketing material is sent out to all pupils at the age of 15 in preparation for theupcoming school selection. The study focuses on three main questions: how the materialsdiffer between the schools, what multimodal resources are prevalent in the material, and ifthere is textual evidence in the material that would indicate admission from a specific type ofpupil. The results show that the public school is marketing itself to a wider extent than theprivate school, which goes against previous research on the topic. Further, the multimodalresources are shown to function as a guide for the reader through the material in a preferredreading pattern, which in the case of the private school leads the reader away from thespecific information of the program. Lastly, the results show that, in the case for the privateschool, a student that already is aware of their capabilities in social sciences is depicted. Interms of the public school, a similar student is sought after, however, the student template isnot described as rigidly.

Sokol, as one of the traditional mass special - interest organizations in the Czech republic relates on the tradition from the point of its foundation in 1862. Despite the fact that this organization proved to overcome several prohibitions its activities and to re-established, the modern period and its life style could be fatal for it. Especially the traditional program - universality is not as popular as so - called special sports among public neither donors. Because of that the thesis describes an attitude of selected groups of Sokol club's Písek stakeholders, and its opinions about the universality, the reference to a community, the strenght of communication, the real and potencial Sokol's benefit for a community, etc. The output of the thesis is proposing of the strategy for the work with particular members of community.

The Swedish public employment service is an agency controlled by the government which under a long time has been criticized. Therefore the government decided to implement market solutions with the aim to reach a better agency for unemployed and employers. Furthermore, this has included a change for the employees at the agency when some of the tasks will be handled by independent companies as well as other organizations. The phenomenon where independent companies and other organization will be included is called a quasi-marketization. With this background I do wonder what will happen to the employees profession at the agency when a big part of the tasks will be handled by independent companies and other organizations. How will the quasi-marketization manifest itself in the profession?  To examine this 7 interviews with employees at the Swedish public employment service have been accomplished. To be able to investigate the above question, Freidson and his theory about professionalism as a thrid logic have been used. The study then shows that the profession has been through a big change which includes more legal repsonsibility, less work with unemployed people, some competencies and skills that are not necessary, limited autonomy and less sense of participation.  Moreover what does this entail for the professionalism of the employees? The study shows that a profession which does not match the expectations has been formed. The employees mainly want to work with interpersonal contact, which is increasingly abolished.

Many contemporary policymakers and philanthropists interested in fixing problems in urban education look to business practices and market-based reforms. Venture Philanthropy (VP), draws its practices directly from the financial sector, using strategic investment to increase the capacity and achievement of funded organizations and to promote social goals. VP firms are increasingly a part of the education environment yet currently there is little empirical data on the specific meaning, ideas, and logic through which these organizations understand and investment in education, particularly urban education. This research sought to answer the research question, what is the theory of action of a venture philanthropy firm focusing on educational improvement and what new meanings and practices does it produce in one urban district? This study collected data using embedded ethnographic methods including over 200 hours of observations, 21 interviews, and document collection creating a case study of a single education VP, the Center for Educational Advancement (CEA). Using Foucauldian disciplinary theory to analyze CEA's perspective on and practice of educational investment, this study found that CEA sought to transform the instruction and culture within its portfolio of urban schools by using the disciplinary practices of observation, judgement, and examination, thereby producing for its donors a student achievement return on investment. / Policy, Organizational and Leadership Studies

Cette thèse analyse les impacts économiques et sociaux de la marchéisation du système de santé à Djibouti. Depuis la fin des années 1970, l'ensemble des pays développés et ceux en développement, bien que disposant des systèmes de santé fondés sur des principes et des arrangements institutionnels différents (formes de financement, degrés de décentralisation, disponibilités des ressources, etc...), sont confrontés à une même problématique : financer dans une période de croissance ralentie, un secteur de santé fortement inflationniste. Dès lors, la majorité des pays ont mis en place des réformes de leur système de santé. Les pays développés ont surtout proposé des mesures ponctuelles, souvent dictées par le souci d'équilibre des comptes de la santé. En revanche, les mesures proposées par les pays en développement s'orientent vers des réformes de fond. Sous la pression des organisations financières internationales notamment, les pays en développement ont fait évoluer leurs sytème de santé vers un désengagement des Etats. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent clairement qu'à Djibouti, même si le transfert de propriété qui correspond au sens strict d'une privatisation est rare dans le secteur de la santé, la propriété publique des établissements de soins ne libère pas les populations de la prise en charge des soins. La tendance à la baisse des subventions de l'État, destinées aux établissements publics de soins, et la grande autonomie financière qui leur est accordée les poussent souvent à intervenir sur le marché comme une entreprise commerciale pour vendre les services produits. Cette situation rend les services de santé les plus demandés inabordables pour la majorité de la population. Le bénéfice attendu de la marchéisation du système de santé se heurte cependant à la faible capapacité contributive des ménages. / This thesis analyzes the economic and social impacts of the marketization health car system in Djibouti. Since the late 1970s, all developed countries and developing, although with health systems based on the principles and different institutional arrangements (forms of financing, degrees of decentralization, availability of resources, etc...), are faced with the same problem : finance in a period of slower growth, a highly inflationary health sector. Therefore, the majority of countries have implemented reforms to their health care system. Developed countries mainly proposed ad hoc measures, often dictated by the need to balance health accounts. However, the measures proposed by developing countries are moving towards reforms. Under pressure from international financial organizations in particular, developing countries will change their health system to a disengagement of the State. The results of this thesis clearly show that in Djibouti, even if the transfer of ownership which corresponds strictly to privatization is rare in the health sector, public ownership of health care facilities shall not relieve the people of the care expenses. The downward trend of state subsidies, for public institutions of care and greater financial autonomy granted to them often leads to intervene in the market as a business selling services products. This makes the mostly requested health services unaffordable for the majority of the people. The expected benefit of the marketization of the health system, is however, affected by Djibouti the low contributory capacity of households.

Idrott och motion är ett av de största fritidsintressena i Sverige. Den svenska idrottsrörelsen bottnar i den ideella sektorn och det har skett en ökad professionalisering och kommersialisering främst inom elitidrotten. Idag är idrotten mer än bara en match, mervärden har blivit viktigare och man säljer ett helhetskoncept. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur organisationer inom den ideella sektorn hanterar professionalisering och kommersialisering, med avseende på elitishockeyn i Sverige. För att besvara studiens syfte har en flerfallstudie genomförts med hjälp av sex elitishockeyklubbar i Sverige. Urvalet bestod av klubbar från de två högsta ishockeyserierna och klubbarna representerar både större städer och mindre orter. Resultatet visar att samtliga elitishockeyklubbar är högst företagsliknande och att bolagiseringar kan ses som en del av professionaliseringen. Klubbarna har många beroendeförhållanden och anser att de går mot en fortsatt kommersialisering där fokus på idrott som underhållning ökar. / Sports and exercise are one of the most popular hobbies in Sweden. The Swedish sports movement stem from the non profit sector and there has been a increase in professionalization and commercialization mainly within the elite sports. Sports is more than just a game today, added value has become more important and one sells a total concept. The purpose of this thesis is is to highlight how organizations in the non profit sector manages professionalization and commercialization, with respect to elite hockey in Sweden. To answer the purpose of the study case studies have been conducted using six elite hockey teams in Sweden. The sample consisted of teams from the two top hockey leagues and teams representing both large cities and smaller towns. The result shows that all elite hockey teams are highly business-like and turning in to a corporation can be seen as a part of professionalizaton. Clubs have many interdependencies and see a continued development towards increades commercializaion with a focus on sport as entertainment.

Omvandlingen av sjukvården mot marknadisering och nya driftsformer har huvudsakligen genomförts utifrån ekonomiska och politiska föresatser om ökad effektivitet och vårdkvalitet. Goda arbetsvillkor för personalen är en viktig förutsättning för förverkligandet av dessa mål. Givet det oklara kunskapsläget kring psykologiska implikationer av omställningen i välfärdssektorns styrning var syftet med avhandlingen att studera olika aspekter av arbetsvillkor samt arbetsrelaterade attityder och hälsa i privat, bolagiserad och förvaltningsdriven sjukvård. Det gjordes genom att undersöka hur krav och resurser i arbetet förhåller sig till uppkomsten och utbredningen av utbrändhet hos sjuksköterskor, betydelsen av kontroll i och över arbetet för de anställdas arbetstrivsel samt hur motivationsbaserade kognitioner av bemyndigande hos vårdpersonal förändras vid privatisering och relaterar till attityder och hälsa. De empiriska studierna inkluderade såväl tvärsnittliga som longitudinella enkätdata från tre svenska akutsjukhus med olika driftsform. Resultaten visade högre nivåer av utbrändhet hos sjuksköterskor i privat jämfört med förvaltningsdrivet sjukhus. För arbetstrivsel fanns ingen nivåskillnad mellan de tre driftsformerna. Krav i arbetet hängde samman med högre utbrändhetsnivåer och lägre arbetstrivsel. Flera resurser var förenade med lägre grad av utbrändhet medan kontroll hängde samman med högre trivsel. Vid en förändring från bolagiserad till privat driftsform var vårdpersonalens bemyndigande relativt stabilt. Dock fanns efter privatiseringen en tendens till standardisering då graden av bemyndigande blev mer lika. Likaså skedde en statusmässig differentiering i bemyndigande mellan yrkesgrupperna genom att flera med låg status fick mindre bemyndigande. Sammantaget pekar avhandlingen på fler likheter än skillnader mellan driftsformerna vilket antyder att driftsform tycks ha mindre betydelse för såväl nivå som betydelse av arbetsvillkor för personalens attityder och hälsa. / The shift in health care towards marketization and new types of ownership has mainly been carried out for financial and political reasons aimed at increasing care efficiency and quality. Good working conditions for the personnel are essential for these goals. However, knowledge of the implications at the individual level is still limited. Considering this, the aim of this thesis was to study working conditions, work-related attitudes and health in private for-profit (PFP), private non-profit (PNP), and publicly administered (PA) hospitals in three empirical studies. This was done by investigating how demands and resources at work predict the development of burnout, how control within and over work relate to employee job satisfaction, and how perceptions of empowerment change in connection with privatization and relate to attitudes and health. The empirical studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal questionnaire data from three Swedish acute care hospitals with different ownership types. The results showed higher levels of burnout among nurses at the PFP hospital than those at the PA hospital. There was no difference in levels of job satisfaction among the ownership types. Demands were associated with higher burnout levels and lower job satisfaction. Several job resources were associated with lower burnout, while control was related to higher job satisfaction. In a change from PNP to PFP, employees’ empowerment levels remained relatively stable. However, there was a tendency towards standardization as their degrees of empowerment became more similar after privatization. Also, a status-related differentiation in empowerment occurred among the occupational groups as some with low status experienced less empowerment. Altogether, the findings show more similarities than differences among the ownership types, suggesting that ownership is of less importance for both the levels and the impact of working conditions on attitudes and health. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defence, the following paper was unpublishd and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

This thesis situates the ongoing changes to pension schemes in China within the macro legal and economic conditions in that country, and contextualizes these changes in light of international influences, particularly the influence of the World Bank. Drawing on such contextualization, this thesis explores a number of related factors, including the rule of law, economic development and pension reform strategy in order to understand both the need for and flaws in pension reform in China during the past three decades. This thesis argues that the pension system has mirrored China’s economic reforms. The marketization process that began in the late 1970s impelled China to make fundamental pension reforms. The fact that China has not yet achieved the rule of law further complicates the pension reform process. This thesis concludes that the pension reforms that have been inspired by the World Bank pension model have not been ideal reform choices for China; however, several steps on the way to fundamental reform are suggested as being worth trying in China’s current economic and legal climate.