Trots att 97 procent av alla bolag i Sverige är av mindre storlek riktar sig den vetenskapliga litteraturen avseende internstyning huvudsakligen mot stora bolag. Mindre bolag har däremot en annan uppsättning utmaningar och använder i förhållande till det stora bolaget andra styrverktyg. Likaså används också olika styrverktyg i olika branscher. Företags internstyrning har i många studier grundats på användningen av individuella styrverktyg, dock är användningen av ett styrverktyg inte separerat från påverkan av andra styrverktyg och därför måste verktygens helhet beaktas. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur mindre konsultbolag arbetar med internstyrning. Detta görs genom att först identifiera de olika styrverktygen för att sedan analysera samverkan och motverkan mellan styrverktygen. Studiens teoretiska referensram definierar internstyrning som ett styrpaket med fem olika kontrollsystem (styrverktyg). Typologin menar att samverkan mellan de olika kontrollsystemen är det som leder till en helhetsbild av företagets internstyrning. Empirin har samlats in genom intervjuer i tre mindre konsultföretag. Detta kompletteras med observationer och analyseras sedan i förhållande till studiens teori och problematisering. Studiens resultat visar hur det kulturella styrverktyget är det som främst används i de mindre konsultbolagen, både medvetet och omedvetet. Dessutom har kulturen en påverkan på utformningen av de andrastyrverktygen. Studien beskriver också hur utformningen av planering tenderar att vara beroende av möjligheten till uppföljning. Baserat på empirin och tidigare litteratur sammanfattar studien hur styrningens utformning och organisationsstruktur också har en påverkan på behovet av andra styrverktyg. Avslutningsvis finner studien att informella stadganden i stor del ersätter formella policys i de mindre konsultbyråerna.

Bakgrund: Idag står offentliga organisationer och samhället som helhet inför många oväntade händelser och kriser, som kan innebära både möjligheter och hot. Det är viktigt att organisationer hittar olika sätt att hantera dessa situationer. Att vara motståndskraftig som organisation är avgörande. Det handlar om förmågan att anpassa sig till förändringar och svårigheter som kan hota organisationens verksamhet och mål. Det krävs också en noggrann analys av hur organisationer kan dra nytta av den ibland kaotiska miljön för att främja hållbar utveckling. Syfte: Trots den uppmärksamhet som organisatorisk motståndskraft får, har få studier analyserat integrationen mellan organisatorisk motståndskraft och styrsystem, särskilt inom offentliga organisationer. Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur offentliga organisationer utformar sina styrsystem för att stärka sin motståndskraft. Genom att undersöka nuvarande praxis och identifiera eventuella brister, avser studien också att formulera konkreta rekommendationer för att förbättra styrningen och därigenom öka motståndskraften inom offentliga organisationer. Metod: Studien har genomförts inom offentliga organisationer. Denna uppsats bygger på en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en iterativ forskningsansats. För att samla in data  användes en kombination av primära och sekundära källor, inklusive semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Tidigare forskningsmaterial har inhämtats från artiklar och böcker som behandlar ämnet styrning. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar att offentliga organisationer utformar och utvecklar sina styrsystem genom att integrera kontinuitetsplanering, delaktighet, lärande och samarbete för att främja en mer robust organisatorisk motståndskraft. Inom offentlig sektor har flera utmaningar identifierats, såsom målkonflikter, bristfälligt tvärsektoriellt samarbete, begränsat handlingsutrymme, informations- och cybersäkerhet samt oklara mål. Dessutom har studien identifierat flera faktorer som påverkar organisatorisk motståndskraft, vilka grupperas på tre nivåer (yt-, mellan- och djupnivå). Dessa faktorer interagerar med varandra både inom varje nivå och mellan olika nivåer. / Background:  Today, public organizations and society as a whole face many unexpected events and crises, which can present both opportunities and threats. It is important for organizations to find different ways to manage these situations. Being resilient as an organization is crucial. It involves the ability to adapt to changes and difficulties that may threaten the organization's operations and goals. It also requires a thorough analysis of how organizations can leverage the sometimes chaotic environment to promote sustainable development. Purpose: Despite the attention that organizational resilience receives, few studies have analyzed the integration between organizational resilience and control systems, particularly within public organizations. This study aims to increase understanding of how public organizations design their control systems to enhance their resilience. By examining current practices and identifying potential shortcomings, the study also intends to formulate concrete recommendations to improve governance and thereby increase resilience within public organizations. Method: The study has been conducted within public organizations. This paper is based on a qualitative interview study with an iterative research approach. To gather data, a combination of primary and secondary sources was used, including semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Previous research material has been collected from articles and books addressing the topic of Management. Conclusions: The study's findings demonstrate that public organizations shape and develop their governance systems by integrating continuity planning, participation, learning, and collaboration to enhance a more robust organizational resilience. Within the public sector, several challenges have been identified, such as goal conflicts, inadequate cross-sectoral collaboration, limited scope for action, information and cybersecurity, and unclear objectives. Additionally, the study has pinpointed several factors influencing organizational resilience, which are categorized into three levels (surface, intermediate, and deep). These factors interact with each other both within each level and across different levels.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la variabilité de la relation mass-diamètre (m(D)) des hydrométéores en phase glace présents dans les systèmes convectif de moyenne échelle (MCS). Elle s’appuie sur une base de données acquise pour 4 types de MCS différents durant 4 campagnes de mesure aéroportée : (i) MCS de la mousson Africaine (Continent ; MT2010), (ii) MCS de l’océan Indien (MT2011), (iii) MCS de la Méditerranée (côtes ; HyMeX), (iv) MCS de la mousson Nord-Australienne (côtes ; HAIC-HIWC). La relation m(D) est calculée à partir de l’analyse combinée des images des hydrométéores enregistrées par les sondes optiques et les facteurs de réflectivité mesurés à l’aide d’un radar Doppler embarqués sur le même avion de recherche. Il est d’usage que la relation m(D) des hydrométéores soit représentée par une loi puissance (avec un pré-facteur et un exposant), qui doit être contrainte par des informations supplémentaires sur les hydrométéores. Une étude théorique sur les formes des hydrométéores à l’aide de simulations en 3 dimensions dans lesquelles les hydrométéores sont orientés aléatoirement et projeté sur un plan, permet de contraindre l’exposant β de la relation m(D) en fonction de l’exposant σ de la relation surface-diamètre (S(D)). La relation S(D) est aussi représentée par une loi puissance, et elle peut-être calculée pour une population d’images d’hydrométéores enregistrés par les sondes optiques. La variabilité de l’exposant est finalement calculée à partir de la variabilité de l’exposant σ déduis des images des hydrométéores. Ensuite le pré-facteur α est calculé à partir de simulations des facteurs de réflectivité, de sorte que les facteurs de réflectivité simulés soient égaux aux facteurs de réflectivité mesurés par le radar nuage le long de la trajectoire de l’avion dans les MCS. Des profils moyens en fonction de la température sont calculés pour les coefficients de la relation m(D), les distributions en tailles des hydrométéores et les contenus massiques de glace dans les MCS (CWC). Les profils moyens pour les quatre types de MCS sont différents les uns des autres. Pour les quatre types de MCS, il est montré que les variations des coefficients de la relation m(D) sont corrélées avec les variations de la température. Four types de paramétrisations de la relation m(D) sont calculées depuis l’analyses des variations des coefficients de la relation m(D). Le bénéfice apporté par l’utilisation de relation m(D) non constante contrairement à l’utilisation de relation m(D) avec α et β constant, est démontré en étudiant l’impact de toutes les paramétrisations de la relation m(D) sur le calcul des relations Z-CWC et Z-CWC-T. / This study focuses on the variability of mass-diameter relationships (m(D)) and shape of ice hydrometeors in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). It bases on data base which were recorded during four airborne measurement campaigns: (i) African monsoon’s MCS (continent; MT2010), (ii) Indian Ocean’s MCS (MT2011), (iii) Mediterranean’s MCS (costs; HyMeX), (iv) North-Australian monsoon’s MCS (costs; HAIC-HIWC). m(D) of ice hydrometeors are derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2D-array probes and associated reflectivity factors measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, m(D) is formulated as a power law (with one pre-factor and one exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors. A theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3D and arbitrarily projected on a 2D plan allowed to constrain the exponent β of the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface-diameter S(D) relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivity factor matching the measured reflectivity factor along the aircraft trajectory. Mean profiles of m(D) coefficients, particles size distributions and Condensed Water Content (CWC) are calculated in functions of the temperature, and are different for each type of MCS. For the four types of MCS, it is shown that the variability of m(D) coefficients is correlated with the variability of the temperature. Four types of m(D) parametrisations are calculated since the analysis of the variability of the m(D) coefficients. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC and Z-CWC-T fitted parametrisations.

Technology nowadays is evolving at rates that surpass anything imagination could perceive and it certainly affects every public or private enterprise. Well, according to this topic, I’m suggesting the improvement of the communications network of the Regional Government of Lima based on an integrated data and voice platform which includes a Cisco Centralized IP Telephony solution, called Cisco Unified Communications Manager 7.0, that works as a main element in order to achieve meaningful and complete management of internal and external telephone calls within MPLS Networks. Regional Government of Lima has been chosen because of its importance related to the economic activities of the population and the support that could be brought by an institution which could make success and generate productivity about rapid administrative processes . The thesis is divided into distinct chapters that make up the context of the investigation which involves network planning and design as an iterative process, encompassing topological design, network realization, IT asset sourcing and operations planning. For this purpose, information about the old and non sophisticated network status was raised. Costs and more details such as hardware and software features and more ways to make this network work so much better, with all the resources at its disposal, will be found on this whole solution

<p>This is a thesis about anti-paternalism – the liberal doctrine that we may not interfere with a person’s liberty for her own good. Empirical circumstances and moral values may certainly give us reason to avoid benevolent interference. Anti-paternalism as a normative doctrine should, however, be rejected.</p><p><em>Essay I</em> concerns the definitions of paternalism and anti-paternalism. It is argued that only a definition of paternalism in terms of compound reason-actions can accommodate its special moral properties. Definitions in terms of actions, common in the literature, cannot. It is argued, furthermore, that in specifying the reason-actions in further detail, the notion of what is self-regarding, as opposed to other-regarding, is irrelevant, contrary to received opinion.</p><p><em>Essay II </em>starts out with the definition of paternalism defended in essay I and claims that however this very general definition is specified, anti-paternalism is unreasonable and should be rejected. Anti-paternalism is the position that certain reasons – referring one way or the other to the good of a person, give no valid normative support to certain actions – some kind of interferences with the same person. Since the reasons in question are normally quite legitimate and important reasons for action, a convincing argument for anti-paternalism must explain why they are invalid in cases of interference. A closer look at the reasons and actions in question provides no basis for such an explanation.</p><p><em>Essay III</em> considers a concrete case of benevolent interference – the withholding of information concerning uncertain threats to public health in the public’s best interest. Such a policy has been suggested in relation to the European Commission’s proposed new system for the<em> R</em>egistration, <em>E</em>valuation, and <em>A</em>uthorisation of <em>Ch</em>emicals (REACH). Information about uncertain threats to health from chemicals would allegedly spread anxiety and depression and thus do more harm than good. The avoidance of negative health effects is accepted as a legitimate and good reason for withholding of information, thus respecting the conclusion of essay II, that anti-paternalism should be rejected. Other reasons, however, tip the balance in favour of making the information available. These reasons include the net effects on knowledge, psychological effects, effects on private decisions and effects on political decisions.</p>

No description available.

Asset allocation is the most influential factor driving investment performance. While researchers have made substantial progress in the field of asset allocation since the introduction of mean-variance framework by Markowitz, there is little agreement about appropriate portfolio choice for multi-period long horizon investors. Nowhere this is more evident than trustees of retirement plans choosing different asset allocation strategies as default investment options for their members. This doctoral dissertation consists of four essays each of which explores either a novel or an unresolved issue in the area of asset allocation for individual retirement plan participants. The goal of the thesis is to provide greater insight into the subject of portfolio choice in retirement plans and advance scholarship in this field. The first study evaluates different constant mix or fixed weight asset allocation strategies and comments on their relative appeal as default investment options. In contrast to past research which deals mostly with theoretical or hypothetical models of asset allocation, we investigate asset allocation strategies that are actually used as default investment options by superannuation funds in Australia. We find that strategies with moderate allocation to stocks are consistently outperformed in terms of upside potential of exceeding the participant’s wealth accumulation target as well as downside risk of falling below that target by very aggressive strategies whose allocation to stocks approach 100%. The risk of extremely adverse wealth outcomes for plan participants does not appear to be very sensitive to asset allocation. Drawing on the evidence of the previous study, the second essay explores possible solutions to the well known problem of gender inequality in retirement investment outcomes. Using non-parametric stochastic simulation, we simulate iv and compare the retirement wealth outcomes for a hypothetical female and male worker under different assumptions about breaks in employment, superannuation contribution rates, and asset allocation strategies. We argue that modest changes in contribution and asset allocation strategy for the female plan participant are necessary to ensure an equitable wealth outcome in retirement. The findings provide strong evidence against gender-neutral default contribution and asset allocation policy currently institutionalized in Australia and other countries. In the third study we examine the efficacy of lifecycle asset allocation models which allocate aggressively to risky asset classes when the employee participants are young and gradually switch to more conservative asset classes as they approach retirement. We show that the conventional lifecycle strategies make a costly mistake by ignoring the change in portfolio size over time as a critical input in the asset allocation decision. Due to this portfolio size effect, which has hitherto remained unexplored in literature, the terminal value of accumulation in retirement account is critically dependent on the asset allocation strategy adopted by the participant in later years relative to early years. The final essay extends the findings of the previous chapter by proposing an alternative approach to lifecycle asset allocation which incorporates performance feedback. We demonstrate that strategies that dynamically alter allocation between growth and conservative asset classes at different points on the investment horizon based on cumulative portfolio performance relative to a set target generally result in superior wealth outcomes compared to those of conventional lifecycle strategies. The dynamic allocation strategy exhibits clear second-degree stochastic dominance over conventional strategies which switch assets in a deterministic manner as well as balanced diversified strategies.

In this thesis the cubic spline guidance law and its variants are derived. A detailed analysis is carried out to find the initial conditions for successful interception. The results are applied to three dimensional guidance design and for solving waypoint following problems. The basic cubic spline guidance law is derived for intercepting a stationary target at a desired impact angle in a surface-to-surface engagement scenario. The guidance law is obtained using an inverse method, from a cubic spline curve based trajectory. For overcoming the drawbacks of the basic cubic spline guidance law, it is modified by introducing an additional parameter. This modification has an interesting feature that the guidance command can be obtained using a single cubic spline polynomial even for impact angles greater than π/2, while resulting in substantial improvement in the guidance performance in terms of lateral acceleration demand and length of the trajectory. For imparting robustness to the cubic spline guidance law, in the presence of uncertainties and acceleration saturation, an explicit guidance expression is also derived. A comprehensive capturability study of the proposed guidance law is carried out. The capturability for the cubic spline guidance law is defined in terms of the set of all feasible initial conditions for successful interception. This set is analytically derived and its dependence on various factors, such as initial engagement geometry and interceptor capability, are also established. The basic cubic spline guidance and its variants are also derived for a three dimen- sional scenario. The novelty of the present work lies in the particular representation of the three dimensional cubic spline curve and the adoption of the analytical results available for two dimensional cubic spline guidance law. This enables selection of the boundary condition at launch for given terminal boundary condition and also in avoiding the singularities associated with the inverse method based guidance laws. For establishing the feasibility of the guidance laws in the real world, the rigid body dynamics of the interceptor is presented as a 6 degrees-of-freedom model. Further, using a simplified model, elementary autopilots are also designed. The successful interception of the target in the presence of the rigid body dynamics proves practical applicability of the cubic spline based guidance laws. Finally, the theory developed in the first part of the thesis is applied to solve the waypoint following problem. A smooth path is designed for transition of vehicle velocity from incoming to outgoing direction. The approach developed is similar to Dubins’ path, as it comprises line–cubic spline–line segments. The important feature of this method is that the cubic spline segments are fitted such that the path curvature is bounded by a pre-specified constrained value and the acceleration demand for following the smooth path obtained by this method, gradually increases to the maximum value and then decreases. This property is advantageous from a practical point of view. All the results obtained are verified with the help of numerical simulations which are included in the thesis. The proposed cubic spline guidance law is conceptually simple, does not use linearised kinematic equations, is independent of time-to-go es- timates, and is also computationally inexpensive.

Submitted by Donatella Basdereff (donatella.basdereff@sciencespo.fr) on 2017-01-12T16:46:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI thesis Donatella Basdereff.pdf: 3103307 bytes, checksum: 81229e62c776eb807b676993989d2880 (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Donatella, Você deve fazer algumas correções e postar novamente: • O seu nome deve está completo DONATELLA FRANÇOISE NATHALIE BASDEREFF e não apenas DONATELLA BASDEREFF; • Não pode alterar o título sem autorização do seu orientador, no sistema seu trabalho está registrado assim: SOCIAL CAUSE MARKETING & WOMEN EMPOWERMENT: EXPLANATORY CASE STUDY OF A WOMEN EMPOWERMENT CAUSE-RELATED MARKETING INITIATIVE IN BRAZIL, você alterou para: Social-Cause Marketing & Women Empowerment: Explanatory case study: exploration of women empowerment elements in a cause-related marketing initiative in Brazil; • Retire 4 espaços antes do seu nome na página 4; • A numeração deve estar no lado superior direito; • Retire os números das páginas antes da introdução, por exemplo, se houver 8 páginas antes, na introdução deverá aparecer 9 e continua nas próximas; • Centralize as palavras “Abstract e Resumo”, retire o excesso de espaços antes dessas palavras ( cerca de 11 espaços); on 2017-01-12T17:31:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by Donatella Basdereff (donatella.basdereff@sciencespo.fr) on 2017-01-13T18:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI thesis Donatella Basdereff 2.pdf: 3104704 bytes, checksum: a2f268cf97eee544487ec26a4f096bef (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Ainda precisa fazer algumas correções. O tema registrado no Sistema é: SOCIAL CAUSE MARKETING & WOMEN EMPOWERMENT:EXPLANATORY CASE STUDY OF A WOMEN EMPOWERMENT CAUSE-RELATED MARKETING INITIATIVE IN BRAZIL Excluir 6 espaços antes do seu nome na página 4, incluir 3 espaços entre seu nome e o título; on 2017-01-13T18:52:00Z (GMT) / Submitted by Donatella Basdereff (donatella.basdereff@sciencespo.fr) on 2017-01-13T19:19:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI thesis Donatella Basdereff v3.pdf: 3104879 bytes, checksum: 16b0960e3db3a6002204f6563ce1807f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-01-16T10:35:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI thesis Donatella Basdereff v3.pdf: 3104879 bytes, checksum: 16b0960e3db3a6002204f6563ce1807f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T18:30:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI thesis Donatella Basdereff v3.pdf: 3104879 bytes, checksum: 16b0960e3db3a6002204f6563ce1807f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-16 / Cause-related marketing may offer opportunities that can contribute to women’s empowerment while having a positive impact on companies leading such programs. This paper seeks to broaden the existing understanding of women empowerment and entrepreneurship by focusing on the less-studied contemporary phenomenon of women empowerment cause-related marketing. A case study analysis was used to assess two main areas of interest: (1) elements of empowerment social-cause marketing embedded in the program, and (2) individual perceptions of empowerment by participants. The paper revealed that in the case studied (1) this recent corporate practice is a win-win situation using traditional elements of both women empowerment and cause-related marketing practices and, (2) empowers participants mainly in psychological, economic, sociocultural and familial and interpersonal dimensions of their lives. / Marketing para causas sociais pode oferecer oportunidades de contribuir ao empoderamento das mulheres ao mesmo tempo que tem um impacto positivo para empresas liderando aqueles programas. Este trabalho procura ampliar o conhecimento atual sobre o empoderamento e empreendedorismo feminino apoiando-se no recém fenômeno menos estudado de marketing para causas sociais de empoderamento feminino. Uma analise de estudo de caso procurou determinar duas áreas de interesse: (1) elementos de empoderamento e marketing para causas sociais incorporados ao programa, e (2) percepções individuais de empoderamento pelas próprias participantes. O estudou demostrou que no caso estudado (1) essa recém tendência corporativa é uma estratégia 'win-win' que usa elementos tradicionais de ambos empoderamento feminino e marketing para causas sociais; (2) empodera as participantes nas áreas psicológica, econômica, sociocultural e familiar e interpessoal das suas vidas.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:12:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-04-03T00:00:00Z / In this Ph.D. dissertation, we report the results of a research project aiming to build a Brazilian Computable General Equilibrium Model ("Brazil CGE 95") to simulate Income Distribution and Growth Policies. The model utilizes data based in a highly desegregated Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for 1995. After the identification and presentation of the adopted model, thirteen simulations are carried out divided among three groups: directed and indirect policies to improve income distribution, investment policies with externalities and externai adjustment with fiscal policies. In the end, for each experiment, there are the results for several macroeconomics indicators, factors income, families income, income distribution indicators and sectoral results. / Apresenta os resultados de um projeto de pesquisa que tem como objetivo a construção de um Modelo Aplicado de Equilíbrio Geral para a Economia Brasileira ('Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model'), voltado para a simulação de políticas públicas de crescimento e distribuição de renda. Após a caracterização e apresentação do modelo adotado ('Brasil CGE 95'), são realizadas treze simulações, onde comparam-se os resultados do ano base (95) com os obtidos em cada experimento, incluindo: indicadores macroeconômicos (PIB, Consumo, Déficit Público, Balança ComerciaL.), a remuneração anual dos dez fatores de produção do modelo (oito tipos de trabalho, dois tipos de capital ), a renda anual dos nove grupos de famílias do modelo, indicadores de pobreza/distribuição e indicadores variados como o emprego/produção setorial, taxa de câmbio real e o índice relativo de preços.