La crise de la justice existe depuis plusieurs décennies en France, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, et touchent de plus en plus d’autres États comme la Chine. Les mêmes causes, la libéralisation économique, politique et sociale produisent les mêmes effets : l’augmentation du contentieux, du coût du procès et de la longueur des procédures, même si le degré de la maladie est différent d’un système juridique à un autre. Régler les différends autrement est alors devenu une nécessité. Une nécessité, en terme d’accès à la justice et de garantie des droits, mais également en terme de coût non seulement pour le justiciable, mais aussi pour l’État, qui a conduit à faire évoluer le système judiciaire en favorisant l’émergence voire la réémergence d’un nouveau mode de régulation sociale : l’alternative dispute resolution (ADR) ou les modes amiables de résolution des différends (MARD) qui sont tous deux des modes informels, non judiciaires de résolution des différends. Néanmoins, les MARD sont loin d’être une copie conforme de l’ADR notamment en raison des différences culturelles juridiques et judiciaires qui existent au sein de chaque système juridique, et dans laquelle cette voie alternative évolue. Malgré des spécificités fondamentales, il existe de nombreuses convergences dans la mise en œuvre et les modalités de fonctionnement des processus amiables en France, en Angleterre, au Pays de Galles, et en Chine. Avec les modes amiables de résolution des différends ou l’alternative dispute resolution, la conception de la justice est différente de celle dictée par la justice traditionnelle. La solution n’est plus dictée par un tiers extérieur, mais par les justiciables eux-mêmes, seuls, ou avec l’aide d’un tiers qu’ils auront personnellement choisi. Cette liberté donnée aux parties constitue une caractéristique intrinsèque des modes amiables. Loin d’être isolé, ils viennent enrichir la réponse judiciaire aux différends. Ils peuvent être utilisés seuls ou en articulation avec l’institution judiciaire. / The crisis of justice existed for decades in France, England and Wales, affecting more and more countries like China. The same causes, economic, political and social liberalization, produce the same effects: increased litigation, the cost of the trial and the strength of the proceedings, even if the degree of the disease is different from a legal system to another. Resolve disputes otherwise then became a necessity. A necessity in terms of access to justice and guarantee of rights, but also in terms of cost not only for court users but for the state, which has led to change the legal system by promoting the emergence or the re-emergence of a new mode of social regulation: alternative dispute resolution (ADR) or alternative methods for resolving disputes (MARD), which are both informal methods, non-judicial dispute resolution. However, the MARD is far from being a copy of the ADR particularly because of legal and judicial cultural differences that exist in each legal system, in which the alternative phenomenon evolves. Despite these fundamental differences, there are many similarities in the implementation and operating procedures of the amicable process in France, England, Wales, and China. With ADR or MARD, the concept of justice is different from litigation. The solution is not dictated by an external third party, but by the parties, alone or with the help of a third party that they have personally selected. The freedom given to the parties is a specificity of the amicable modes. Far from being isolated, they enrich the judicial response to the dispute. They can be used alone or in coordination with the judiciary.

Objectif - Le nombre de patients souffrant de la maladie d’Alzheimer augmente de plus en plus or il n'existe toujours pas de traitement qui puisse arrêter son évolution. L’objectif de l’étude est de mettre en évidence l’intérêt de dispositifs groupaux à médiation «chant», avec une méthodologie d’inspiration psychodynamique, sur les troubles psycho-comportementaux et la dépression des personnes atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer à un stade avancé (MMS ≤ 10). Méthode - Nous avons constitué 10 groupes de 6 à 8 femmes âgées chacun, bénéficiant d’une participation à un groupe thérapeutique de chant sur 12 séances hebdomadaires et 10 groupes « témoin » de 6 à 8 femmes âgées chacun, ne bénéficiant pas d’une participation à ces groupes. Tous les sujets ont été évalués (chant et témoin) en début et en fin de session de l’activité chant. Les outils utilisés sont le NPI (Inventaire Neuro Psychiatrique), l’échelle de Cornell et l’échelle de Cohen-Mansfield.Résultats - Pour les 61 sujets ayant participé aux groupes « chant », nous observons une amélioration significative (p < 0.01) à toutes les échelles mais la taille de l’effet (associée à la thérapie de groupe) est très grande.Conclusion - Nous avons pu mettre en évidence un impact statistiquement significatif des groupes de sociothérapie, à médiation « chant », sur la thymie et sur les troubles psycho-comportementaux. Cette amélioration a été constatée sur les trois échelles (NPI, CMAI, Cornell). / Aim - The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease increases more and more (a pathology for which there is still no treatment that can stop its progression). The aim of this study is to highlight the interest of "song mediated groupal therapy (psychodynamic inspired group therapy) on behavior disorders and depression when taking care of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease at an advanced stage.Method - We create 10 groups of 6 to 8 elderly women each that would participate to twelve overall therapy group seances at a single seance per week basis. These are named “singing groups”. We create 10 groups of 6 to 8 elderly women each the so called "control groups", that would not participate to the group therapy.We evaluate the groups (control and singing) twice; at the beginning and the end of the session. The tools that are used are the NPI (Neuro Psychiatric Inventory), the Cornell scale and the Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory.Results - For the 61 subjects who participated to the “groups singing”, we observed a significant improvement (p <0.01) at all scales but the size effect (associated to the group therapy) is very large.Conclusion - In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate an impact on the humor and the psychobehavioral disorders, with a statistically significant impact with an acceptable number of subjects. This improvement was noticed on the three scales (NPI, CMAI, Cornell).

This study explored how the structural aspects of a social network (that is, number of social ties, frequency of contact, as well as social participation), along with the functional aspect (social support), relate to mental health. Using data from the baseline questionnaire for the tracking cohort of participants in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, community-dwelling older adults aged 65-85 years old were studied. Cluster analysis was used to group individuals into different clusters, based on their structural social network characteristics. Six clusters were found, ranging from most socially integrated, to moderately integrated, to socially isolated. Univariate analyses indicated that as level of social integration decreased, individuals fared increasingly worse in terms of their mental health outcomes. Furthermore, a series of mediation analyses showed that social support mediated the relationship between social integration level, and mental health, an effect that was strongest for the most socially isolated individuals. / May 2016

This paper examines the role of attachment beliefs and parenting behaviors on the association between maternal and child anxiety in a community sample of mothers and their children aged 6-17 (N = 89). Maternal anxiety was assessed through the SCL-90 & STAI-T. Child anxiety was assessed through the RCMAS-C, STAIC-T, RCMAS-P, & CBCL. Attachment beliefs were assessed through the Experiences in Close Relationships (maternal) and the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (child). Parenting behaviors were assessed through the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and the Children's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory. Significant associations were found between maternal and child anxiety, attachment beliefs, and parenting. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Anxious Attachment Beliefs and Parental Involvement appeared to mediate the association between maternal and child anxiety. Findings are discussed in terms of elucidating the role of attachment beliefs and parenting behaviors on the association between maternal and child anxiety.

O objeto de investigação deste trabalho é a atuação dos missionários jesuítas junto aos reinos do Congo e de Angola durante a segunda metade do século XVI. A hipótese metodológica é que o conceito de mediação cultural (tal qual proposto por Paula Montero) pode ser útil para a leitura da documentação em questão. Dessa maneira, procura-se entrever como a atuação dos jesuítas na África Centro-Ocidental compreendeu um esforço de dupla tradução. Por um lado, os jesuítas tiveram de traduzir o referencial das missões no Congo e em Angola para o destinatário ocidental de suas cartas, valendo-se da dicotomia entre religião e civilização para justificar a suposta necessidade de aqueles povos serem sujeitos a um reto poder secular antes de poderem ser evangelizados. Por outro lado, os jesuítas também procuraram verter o que seria a religião cristã para seus interlocutores locais: argumenta-se aqui que os missionários cristãos valeram-se de uma estratégica sobreposição ortoprática com os feiticeiros do Congo e de Angola para não serem insignificantes naquele contexto. Busca-se, por fim, demonstrar que esse percurso na leitura das fontes resulta em uma definição histórico-comparativa para a religião do Congo e de Angola, próxima ao gênio do paganismo descrito por Marc Augé. / The object of this investigation are the Jesuit missions in the kingdoms of Congo and Angola during the second half of the 16th century. I argue these missionaries can be conceptually understood as mediators (as proposed by Paula Montero). Thus, I try to demonstrate how their missions comprehended a double effort of translation. On the one hand, the Jesuits had to translate the local reality to their peers in Europe. According to this perspective, the people from Congo and Angola first had to be subjected by a proper civil power in order to be converted to Christianity afterwards. On the other hand, the Jesuits also tried to translate the Christian religion to their local interlocutors. Not to be insignificant in that context, I argue the missionaries had to strategically face and be confused with the local witches. In conclusion, this reading of the sources results in a historical and comparative definition for the religion of Congo and Angola, as the characterization of the genie of paganism (as proposed by Marc Augé).

[pt] Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo analisar as oficinas literárias, integradas ao projeto do Segundo Turno Cultural, promovidas pela Secretaria de Cultura em parceria com a Secretaria de Educação nas Escolas do Amanhã da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, inseridas num contexto maior, previsto no PNLL (Plano Nacional do Livro e Leitura). O projeto Segundo Turno Cultural oferece no contra turno oficinas culturais para escolas em área de risco na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A condição de acontecer dentro do ambiente escolar, faz com que seja pertinente a verificação do trabalho de leitura de textos literários realizado pelas oficinas. A pesquisa trata dos leitores considerando as políticas públicas do livro e leitura; seguindo para questão da mediação da leitura literária e a formação do leitor no espaço escolar. A experiência literária das oficinas como possibilidade para entender o mundo e relacionar-se em diferentes contextos sociais. / [en] My study aims to analyze the literary workshops, integrated to the project Second Cultural Shift, promoted by the Ministry of Culture in partnership with the Department of Education in the schools called Escolas do Amanhã located in Rio de Janeiro, embedded in a larger context, under PNLL (Book and Reading National Plan). The project Second Cultural Shift offers cultural workshops for schools in risk area in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The condition of moving within the school environment, makes it pertinent to check the work of literary reading texts held by the workshops. The research comes from readers considering public book and reading policy; following question to the mediation of literary reading and training the reader in school. The experience of literary workshops as possibility to understand the world and relate in different social contexts.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar em que medida as impressões que os sujeitos têm do teatro influenciam no seu hábito de frequentar espetáculos teatrais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa de campo realizada com dois grupos, um de moradores de Paraisópolis, comunidade da Zona Sul de São Paulo SP, onde há oferta gratuita de espetáculos teatrais; e outro de moradores da Região Metropolitana São Paulo, com um perfil socioeconômico mais alto, no intuito de evidenciar o que há de diferente nas opiniões de cada grupo. A pesquisa partiu da hipótese, que foi confirmada em grande medida, de que a imagem que as pessoas têm do teatro determina o interesse de frequentar. Para a maioria dos entrevistados, o teatro é visto como uma atividade elitizada, tanto do ponto de vista intelectual quanto econômico, ainda que nem todos concordem que essa imagem seja verdadeira. Essa impressão, acreditamos, exclui grande parte da população do grupo de frequentadores assíduos, pois está relacionada à identidade, que não geraria um sentimento de pertencimento ao universo do teatro, a priori. Essa distância é agravada pela questão do hábito, considerando o contexto social em que os entrevistados estão inseridos e o histórico familiar. Por outro lado, o teatro foi unanimemente considerado importante, e a principal razão é sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento tanto intelectual quanto emocional dos espectadores. Esses fatores nos levaram a concluir que há uma ideologia arraigada que tem grande participação na criação dessa imagem mental do teatro, pois para muitos entrevistados o teatro é algo interessante, divertido, a pessoa gostaria de ir mais, porém, por algum motivo pouco palpável, não vai. Como possíveis caminhos para estreitar as relações entre público e teatro, os entrevistados trouxeram a questão da importância da educação e especificamente da formação artística como fator fomentador da apropriação da fruição artística. Outro destaque foi a falta de uma divulgação efetiva, que em geral, nem informa, e muito menos incita o sujeito para que se torne espectador. A base para a estruturação do estudo e a análise dos dados teve teóricos ligados aos Estudos Culturais, campo no qual a pesquisa está inserida, ao Teatro, além de referências de outras áreas de estudo como a Sociologia, Sociologia do Lazer, Educação e Mediação Cultural. Assim, a pesquisa buscou colaborar tanto no ambiente acadêmico, quanto com artistas e gestores culturais para a construção de uma relação significativa dessa população com a arte teatral / The objective of this study was to investigate to what extent the subjects\' impressions of the theater influence their habit of attending theatrical performances. The work was developed from field research carried out among two groups, one of residents of Paraisópolis, an informal settlement in the South Zone of São Paulo - SP, where there is a free offer of theater performances; and another one of the residents of Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, with a higher socioeconomic profile, in order to highlight what is different in the opinions of each group. The research worked from the hypothesis, which confirmed to a large extent, that the image people have of the theater determines their interest in attending. For most interviewees, theater is seen as an elitist activity, both intellectually and economically, although not everyone agrees that this image is true. This impression, we believe, excludes much of the population from the group of regular attendees, because it is related to identity, which would not generate a sense of belonging to the theater universe, a priori. This distance is aggravated by the question of habit, considering the social context in which the interviewees are placed and family history. On the other hand, the theater was unanimously considered important, and the main reason is its contribution to the intellectual and emotional development of the spectators. These factors have led us to conclude that there is a deep-seated ideology that has a major role in the creation of this mental image of the theater, because for many interviewees the theater is something interesting and fun, to which the person would like to go more, but for some intangible reason, they will not. As possible ways to narrow the relationship between audience and theater, the interviewees brought up the question of the importance of education and specifically of artistic training as a factor that fosters the appropriation of artistic enjoyment. Another highlight was the lack of effective promotion, which in general, neither informs, nor even incites the subject to become a spectator. The basis for the structuring of the study and the analysis of the data was theorists related to Cultural Studies, a field in which research is based, to Theater, as well as references to other areas of study such as Sociology, Sociology of Leisure, Education and Cultural Mediation. Thus, the research sought to collaborate both in the academic environment and with artists and cultural managers to build a significant relationship of this population with theatrical art.

Cette thèse représente une analyse sur le rôle et la mission de l’ombudsman en tant Autorité Administrative Indépendante (AAI) et surtout s’interroger sur son utilité alors qu’il existe d’autres organes en charge de la protection non juridictionnelle des droits fondamentaux.Elle ausculte le traitement de conflits entre les administrés et les différents organes de l’administration publique, puis les origines principales des conflits, en particulier au sens normatif et sociologique du terme, en revisitant le concept de justice sociale. Il a été aussi question d’étudier la différence entre l’ombudsman et la justice et d’examiner le rôle de la médiation dans les situations conflictuelles à l’égard du droit coutumier et d’aborder « les forces et faiblesses des pratiques qui irriguent la médiation » parlementaire depuis son apparition.Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés au développement et aux techniques de l’institution, à la typologie des conflits et aux traits communs de certains types d’institutions. L’accent est aussi mis sur la culture, la consolidation de la paix et le rôle de la Médiatologie sociologique particulièrement dans l’espace scolaire.Enfin, un chapitre a été consacré à la jeunesse, l’extrémisme et le rôle que peut jouer la Médiatologie sociologique dans la prévention du conflit violent. / This thesis represents an analysis of the role and the mission of the ombudsman as an independent administrative authority (AAI) and specifically questions its utility even though there are other bodies in charge of the non-judicial protection of fundamental rights.It examines the treatment of conflicts between citizens and the various organs of public administration, then the main origins of conflicts, particularly in its normative and sociological sense, by revisiting the concept of social justice. It also explores the difference between the function of the ombudsman and the justice system. It also examines the role of mediation in such situations of conflict with customary law and addresses "the strengths and weaknesses of practices that irrigate parliamentary mediation" since its creation.We also studied the development and the techniques used by the institution, the typology of conflicts and the common features of certain types of institutions, with a specific emphasis on the culture, the consolidation of peace and the role of sociological mediology particularly in the school area.Finally, a chapter was devoted to youth, extremism and the role that sociological mediology can play in the prevention of violent conflict.

Distance education is being used increasingly for both pre and in-service teacher education in both developed and developing countries (Robinson & Latchem, 2003; Kwapong, 2007; Perraton, 2010). In Rwanda, the Kigali Institute of Education (KIE) introduced its first distance education programme in 2001 with the aim of upgrading the qualifications of under-qualified high school teachers, including those who teach English, using printed materials as the main teaching/learning resource. This study has aimed to investigate the role of the 2010 version of these materials in addressing the professional needs of high school English teachers. It was centrally informed by theories of the sociologist of education, Basil Bernstein (1996, 1999), about curriculum and of the sociocultural psychologist, Lev Vygotsky (1978), on mediation, by Shulman’s (1986, 1987) work on pedagogic content knowledge and by literature on English language teaching, on language teacher education and on distance education materials design. The investigation involved textual analysis of a selection of KIE’s distance education materials for English teaching and focused on the content selected for these materials and on the mediation of this content on the page. After this analysis, one section of these was re-designed by the researcher. Nine teacher-learners enrolled in the programme for English teaching were interviewed to determine their responses to both the KIE materials and to the redesigned section. The findings suggest that Kigali Institute of Education’s distance education materials for English do not adequately address the academic and professional needs of high school English teachers for four main reasons. Firstly, the content selected for the materials does not respond sufficiently to the interests and needs of foreign language teachers of English. Secondly, it is not externally aligned to the curriculum at the level that these teachers are supposed to teach. Thirdly, the mediation of this content does not adequately support the development of subject and pedagogic content knowledge and skills of teacher-learners and encourages surface rather than deep learning (Biggs, 1987). Lastly, with the exception of sections on some literary genres, the materials list useful ideas and language teaching approaches and methods but consistently fail to explain to the teacher-learners how to teach different aspects of language. These findings suggest that these materials do not adequately assist teacher-learners to develop pedagogic content knowledge (Shulman, 1987) for the teaching of English. The limitations identified may result from a lack of knowledge, skills and experience in distance education materials and graphic design among the KIE materials designing team and from inadequate resource provision (including time) by the institution and suggest that there is a need for changes to the KIE distance education materials designing process.

Student Number : 0111318E - M Ed research report - School of Education - Faculty of Humanities / This research report explores the unique nature of literature and its efficacy as a dialogically mediating tool. In this study, drawing primarily on the theories of Vygotsky and Bakhtin, the dialogical small-group teaching of nine A Level students is considered, (with the teaching aimed to be within this group’s Zone of Proximal Development) it was found axiomatic that there was a supporting framework of schemes, tropes, narrative role taking, schemata theory and genre, among other concepts. Qualitative analysis of the edited transcripts from eight consecutive seminars substantiates these theoretical presumptions and leads to the conclusion that literature, in this case the prescribed poems of Elizabeth Jennings, is an highly efficacious, dialogically mediating, pedagogical tool.