Athletes can be exposed to verbal and mental abuse from their coaches, which can include behaviours such as belittling, humiliation, and psychological stress. This issue is exacerbated by the contention that exists within the literature on how to define verbally and mentally abusive coaching behaviours. The goal of this research is to explore coaches’ personal definitions and views on verbal and mental abuse and ways to address it within the community of elite female volleyball in Manitoba. This qualitative research study triangulates auto-ethnography, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis of both coaching education and policy text sources in force in Manitoba to explore the complexities of verbal and mental abuse in elite sport. This study analyzes consistencies and inconsistencies between the views of elite coaches, coach education text sources and coaching policies, and provides recommendations for addressing verbal and mental abuse in the context of elite female volleyball in Manitoba. / February 2016

The aim of this study was to describe and understand how individuals in adulthood experienced a childhood with neglect, and how they handled neglect. In order to reach the perspective of the individuals who grew up with neglect, we chose to use autobiographical books as our empirical material. The criteria the autobiographies had to meet in order to fall within the scope of this study was that the biographies had to display the experience of neglect during childhood, and thereto the books had to be written by individuals who themselves experienced neglect. Based on the aim of this study we sought answers to three questions: How do the individuals describe their upbringing with a mentally or socially disabled parent? How have the individuals coped with the neglect they’ve been exposed to? What consequences have the neglect supposedly led to? The findings of this study show that the extent to which the individuals experienced neglect were profound and comprising. Most prominent in the material was physical and mental abuse. For survival the individuals used different strategies to master the different situations they were subjected to. The strategies the individuals described were most often used to provide food, confirmation and to keep emotions in check. Furthermore the individuals described that the neglect and abuse led to various consequences, some that were prominent during childhood others not until the individuals reached adulthood.

The aim of the study was to describe and analyse self-biographical narratives through a retroperspective, how three exposed individuals formulated the appearance and management of trauma during their childhood. The aim was further to describe the impact the trauma had in their childhood, due to the fact that they grew up with a disabled parent. To do so I had to get information from the individuals and chose to use autobiographies as empirical material. In order to implement the study I sought answers to four questions: The first question was how adults described experienced trauma and its origin during their childhood, that their parents had caused by them, depending whether the parents having a mental or social disable? The second question was how the adults handled their experience of trauma which occurred during their childhood? The third question for the study was which consequences the trauma had on the adults as children? The last question was which different factors of protection the individuals described during their childhood and how they related to these? The study showed that risk of the individuals suffering from trauma increased the longer the individual were exposed to violence and neglect. The severity of violence and neglect contributed to the origin and duration of trauma and caused problems that persisted in the children. The results also showed that children who experienced trauma, caused by their parents, depending their parents having a mental or social disable, had multiple consequences. The parents of the children often used physical or mental abuse against the children or neglected their basic needs of food and clothes. The children showed signs of distrust of others, problems with sleeping and often felt scared and ashamed of their parent’s behaviour, when the parents were sick. Furthermore the result of the study showed that the children tried to stop the violence from their parents by all means by trying to change their own behaviour. They did so because they thought they were to blame for the violence.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa dokumentstudie har varit att analysera Förvaltningsrättens tillämpning av rekvisitet psykisk misshandel i LVU 2§-domar för beslut om tvångsvård. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av 16 LVU 2§-domar. Resultatet visade att rekvisitet inte tillämpas i den omfattning som är möjlig i varken ansökan om LVU från Socialnämnden eller av Förvaltningsrätten i deras motiveringar och beslut om bifall. Detta trots att rekvisitet går att identifiera i de utredningar som ligger till grund för besluten. Vidare har Förvaltningsrättens motiveringar till beslut om vård enligt LVU 2 § jämförts med Socialnämndens ansökan om vård enligt LVU 2 §. Resultatet har visat att det råder skillnader mellan Förvaltningsrättens beslut och Socialnämndens ansökan utifrån deras olika sätt att se på barnets bästa i situationen. Förvaltningsrätten har i vårt resultat visat sig lägga stor vikt vid barnets nuvarande situation, medan Socialnämnden har lagt större vikt vid barnets/den unges hela livshistoria. I studien har dessa skillnader diskuterats med utgångspunkt i professionsbegreppet i förhållande till anställda inom Socialtjänst, Socialnämnd och Förvaltningsrätt. Resultatet visade att socionomprofessionen respektive juristprofessionen, som båda verkar i en myndighetsutövande position, resonerar på olika sätt gällande rekvisitet psykisk misshandel när det gäller barnskyddsmål, vilket i slutändan påverkar beslutet om barnets vårdbehov. / The aim in this qualitative document study was to analyse the way Swedish court system apply the criteria mental abuse in LVU 2 § judgements of decisions for compulsory care. The study has accomplished using a qualitative content analysis of 16 judgement documents of compulsory care. The findings showed that the criteria mental abuse is not applied to the extent that is possible in either the application for compulsory care or the courts justifications and decision for approval even though the criteria can be identified. Furthermore, the court’s justifications of the decisions of care according to LVU 2 § have been compared with the social service’s applications of compulsory care. The results have shown that there are differences between the court’s decisions of compulsory care and the social services application for compulsory care based on their different point of views. The court rather see the child’s current situation as directing their decisions, while the social service has placed great importance to the life history of the child. In the study, these differences have been discussed based on the concept of professions in relation to practical work as social worker and lawyer. The results showed that the social work profession and the law profession, who both have an authority position, argue differently regarding the criteria mental abuse in relation to child protection cases, which ultimately affects the decision of child’s care.

The purpose of this study was twofold: the first was to identify long termconsequences in adults who have experienced mental abuse during childhood byanalyzing personal stories. The second purpose was to examine and discuss therole of social work expressed by the individuals. In order to accomplish this,seven personal stories from different podcasts were selected and later comparedwith existing research on the topic. A qualitative and thematic content analysiswas used with the intention of capturing the victims’ experiences of the violence,as well as their view on society’s attempts to intervene. The results showed thatmental abuse during childhood can contribute to later interpersonal issues such asproblems in forming stable relationships due to insecure attachment patterns, andan overall feeling of being in danger. Moreover, the risks of developing mentaldisorders such as depression, anxiety or Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorderwas shown through existing research to be higher in people with a history ofmental abuse. In addition, the knowledge of professionals about the severity ofmental abuse seems to expand but is still inadequate overall. This entails a greatervulnerability for the victims that do seek help, as this comes with the risks ofeither escalating violence due to misguided interventions, or a diminution ofexperiences. In conclusion, the largest obstacle for victims to receive propersupport from society appears to be the nature of the violence; it is hard to detectfrom an outside view and it will more often than not go unnoticed.

Abstract The law with special provisions on the care of young people (SFS 1990: 52) (LVU) regulates a possible way out for the social service to compulsorily act to protect children and young people who in different ways are disadvantaged. When an intervention is made in accordance with this law, high legal security requirements are set for each child in each unique case. The purpose of this essay is to analyze whether the administrative law highlights the rights of the children and the best interests of the child in a legal process regarding. This is done through an analysis of administrative law judgments. The study also includes an examination of how the administrative law chooses to take the best interest of the child into account when making a decision. The results of the study show that, in the majority of cases, administrative law emphasizes the importance of the best interests of the child coming to the forefront and the rights of the child to be fulfilled. It also emerges that the child's age and maturity are of great importance for how the administrative law views the credibility of the child's story. If the child has been able to maintain his story over time, it also appears to be something that the administrative law takes into account in the decision-making process. Whether a child is to be represented in the legal process is clear in guidelines and conventions, but how the child's story is taken into account seems ambiguous. How the children should be considered in a legal process seems obvious in theory, but through the course of the study, the reality has turned out to be different. Although the child's perspective and the best interests of the child are described as important, in some cases the administrative law is considered to have a poor child perspective.