Poststructuralism may be broadly characterized as a move away from traditional Western foundationalist thinking. Such thinking is exemplified by post-enlightenment transcendentalism, humanism and subject-centredness. This study aims to contribute to the poststructuralist decentering of the subject by means of the application of the critical practice of deconstruction – a type of analysis named and popularized by Jacques Derrida, who is himself frequently classified as a poststructuralist, in which the ruling logic of the text is undermined and the meaning of the text is therefore shown not to be fully present within it – to four texts by a writer who is arguably among the most prominent within the English literary canon: William Shakespeare. The first deconstructive reading centres around the court scene at the climax of the bond story in The Merchant of Venice. Here the apparent contrast between the restrictive law – which views Shylock’s claim of a pound of Antonio’s flesh as valid – and justice and mercy – which regard adherence to this bond as contrary to the spirit of the law – is collapsed, and justice is shown to be capable of being as restrictive as the law, while mercy becomes embroiled in all the trading that occurs in The Merchant of Venice, and demonstrates the capacity to be mercenary. The Tempest is examined next: the starting point is the apparent Nature/Culture distinction within the play. The reading is influenced by Derrida’s use of the notion of supplementarity in his examination in “… That Dangerous Supplement …” of the Nature/Culture distinction in Rousseau. Particular attention is given first to the wedding masque, where the central figure of Ceres, who is goddess of agriculture and marriage, and also the source of seasonal changes, is shown to problematize any absolute distinctions between Nature and Culture. Such distinctions are further collapsed with reference to Prospero and Miranda’s teaching of language to Caliban, as the latter, who supposedly is representative of natural man, is shown to have had his thought supplemented by language before Prospero’s arrival on the island. Hamlet is approached with a reading that again draws from Derrida – this time his exploration of Mallarmé’s “Mimique” in “The Double Session”. Plato’s theory of forms also becomes involved as this chapter plays with the distinction between Being and imitation, destabilizing this distinction within Hamlet and problematizing Hamlet’s question: “To be, or not to be”. And finally, the chapter on Measure for Measure is concerned with the ideas of restraint and freedom, inspecting Lucio’s suggestion that his restraint arises from “too much liberty”, as well as many other instances in the play where restraint, as well as freedom – which seems at times to function in the same way as restraint – seems significant. The reading draws attention to its own impulse to restrain the reader with the truisms it presents by being written in the form of thirty-four aphorisms, and thus alludes to Derrida’s “Aphorism Countertime”. / Dissertation (MA (English))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Modern European Languages / unrestricted

The rapid development of technology is quickly changing the everyday lives of people, and it is now possible to use a mobile phone to pay at the checkout in stores. However, being able to pay with a mobile phone has no intrinsic value over existing payment methods, and thus banks have to find a way to add value to their mobile payment services through inter-industry collaboration with other actors. The aim of this report is to find how banks can collaborate with other actors in order to strengthen their brand in the mobile payment business. Through a literature review and several interviews with representatives in the financial industry, merchant sector, and academia, this report answers questions related to the market in Sweden, dominant design, network externalities, business collaboration, trust, and co-branding. This report found that there is a difference in prioritization regarding features and qualities of mobile payments between different segments in the market, and banks should choose a segment to focus their efforts on. There is also a need for discussion in the market between different actors in order to promote the standardization needed to develop mobile payment services further, and banks should therefore collaborate with other actors regarding standards, even if the collaboration does not need to involve resource sharing. Co-branding with other actors could also be a way banks to enhance their brand in mobile payments and reach new market segments. Trust is a critical factor for the success of mobile payments and the handling of customer data will be one of the biggest issues to solve for the banks and their collaborators. Finally, the most important conclusion of this report is that the banks have to find a business model which is attractive enough to the merchants in order to attract them in collaboration and be able to create added value to mobile payments. / Den snabba utvecklingen av tekniken förändrar snabbt vardagen för människor, och det är nu möjligt att använda en mobiltelefon för att betala i kassan i butiker. Att kunna använda en mobiltelefon för att betala istället för nuvarande betalningssätt har dock inget egenvärde och banker måste därför hitta ett sätt att addera värde till sina mobilbetalningstjänster genom att samarbeta med andra aktörer över industrigränserna. Målet med denna rapport är att finna hur banker kan samarbeta med andra aktörer för att stärka sitt varumärke inom mobilbetalningsbranchen. Med hjälp av literaturstudier och flera intervjuer med representanter från finansindustrin, handeln och akademi svarar den här rapporten på frågeställningar relaterade till den svenska marknaden, dominant design, nätverkseffekter, affärssamarbeten, tillit och varumärkessamarbeten. Rapporten visar att det finns skillnader mellan de olika marknadssegmenten gällande prioriteringen av funktioner och egenskaper hos mobila betalningar, och att banker bör välja ett segment att fokusera på. Vidare fann rapporten att det krävs diskussion på marknaden mellan de olika aktörerna för att främja framtagningen av den standardisering som krävs för att föra utvecklingen av mobila betalningar framåt. Banker borde därför samarbeta med andra aktörer för att få fram en sån standard, även om det inte behöver innebära att man delar resurser. Varumärkessamarbeten med andra aktörer kan också användas av banker för att förstärka sitt varumärke inom mobila betalningar och nå nya marknadssegment. Tillit är en kritisk faktor för att mobila betalningar ska lyckas, och hanteringen av kunddata kommer vara ett av de största problemen för bankerna och deras samarbetspartners att lösa. Slutligen så är den viktigaste slutsatsen av den här rapporten att banker måste skapa en affärsmodell som är tillräckligt attraktiv för handlare för att kunna locka till sig dem till samarbeten och kunna skapa mervärde till mobila betalningar.

The purpose or this paper. is to show that the decline in the Volume of tonnage handled by the Port of San Francisco from 1931 to 1952 is chiefly attributable to the tremendous economic growth of California since 1940. Other economic, as well as non-economic causes of this decline which are in the investigator's opinion, significant enough to warrant consideration, will be analyzed.

Livet som sjöbefäl är i dagens samhälle ofta förknippat med en världsomspännande arbetsplats med goda arbetsförhållanden. Dessa förhållanden under vilka svenska sjöbefäl idag arbetar kan dock snabbt förändras under en världspandemi, då många länder världen över stänger sina gränser och försätter landet i isolation. Men till vilken grad har covid-19-pandemin påverkat svenska sjöbefäl i dess yrkesliv och privat? Med den frågeställningen som bakgrund är syftet med den här studien att undersöka och belysa hur de svenska sjöbefälen anser sig påverkats och vad som kan förbättras inför framtiden.                                                                           Genom kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med 5 olika svenska sjöbefäl har den empiri som ligger till grund för resultatet samlats in. Resultatet visar bland annat att en absolut majoritet av de respondenter som medverkat i studien upplever att deras familjer i störst utsträckning påverkats och att detta faktum var den jobbigaste delen av att inte vara hemma under betydligt längre tidsperioder än vad dessa befäl vanligtvis är. Informanterna önskar se förändringar kring deras möjligheter till att mönstra av och på i framtiden. / The life as a merchant marine officer is often seen as a worldwide workplace with good working and living standards. However, the life standard onboard these vessels where the Swedish officers work can quickly change during a worldwide pandemic when a lot of countries close their borders and put themselves in isolation. So, to what degree are these officers private life and life onboard affected by the corona pandemic?                                                                                                                     With that questions as background the purpose of this thesis is to research how the world pandemic affected the Swedish marine officers as well as what they think needs to be changed in future. Through interviews with 5 different Swedish officers using a semi-structured way of interviewing, data answering these questions has been collected. The result of this research shows amongst other that an absolute majority of the officers that were interviewed found the family and relatives to be the toughest subject. They also point it out as the most affected part of their lives, mostly because of the long periods they all spent onboard their vessels. All the officers answered that they wanted to see some changes in the future when it comes to their sign on and sign off possibilities.

La plupart des études modernes tendent à analyser l’histoire de la société libyenne selon un schéma qui réduit la vie sociale et économique de la Libye au nomadisme et aux rapports tribaux ou bien à la pratique de l’agriculture pastorale et au commerce du transit ; à cela se rajoute une activité corsaire exercée dans les villes côtières. Par conséquent, cette vision de l’histoire du pays est réduite à deux interprétations. Tandis que la première se rapporte strictement à l’histoire interne, la deuxième est liée aux facteurs externes ; toutefois les deux ne sont que très rarement liés. En revanche, l’objectif de notre thèse vise à prendre en compte l’ensemble des facteurs tant internes qu’externes de l’histoire de la ville de Tripoli et de ses arrière-pays sans oublier qu’il s’inscrit dans l’histoire méditerranéenne et ottomane afin d’étudier tous les aspects de l’histoire sociale et économique de la Tripolitaine via la classe marchande de l’Iyālat Ṭarābulus al-Gharb. Les sources locales tels les registres des tribunaux sharî‘a à Tripoli, le journal du commerçant Ḥasan al-Faqīh Ḥasan mais aussi européennes, notamment, les rapports des consuls français et livournais nous dévoilent les détails d’unesynergie des réseaux économiques et sociaux, nous donnant tout un autre aspect de l’histoire libyenne. / Most studies on the modern history of Libya and its society tend to limit their scope to a schema that reduces the social and economic life of Libya to nomadic and tribal relations or to the practice of pastoral agriculture and transit trade; corsair activity exercised on the coastal cities is also a focus. Consequently, this vision of the country’s history is reduced to twointerpretations. While the first relates strictly to the internal history of the area, the second refers exclusively to the external factor; only rarely are both aspects analyzed together. Keeping this in mind, our dissertation takes into account both internal and external elements related to the history of the city of Tripoli and its hinterlands as well as the fact that it is partand parcel of Mediterranean and Ottoman history, aiming thereby to study all the aspects which compose the social and economic history of the Tripolitain via the merchant class of Iyālat Ṭarābulus al-Gharb. Local sources such as the registers from the Tripoli Ottoman-era sharî‘a court along with entries from the journal of the Tripoli businessman Ḥasan al-FaqīhḤasan in addition to European consular reports, in particular, those from the French consuls as well as the Livorno consular reports reveal a synergy of economic and social networks which show an entirely new aspect of Libyan history.

In the Middle Ages, marriage represented a shift in the balance of power for both men and women. Struggling to define what constitutes the ideal marriage in medieval society, the marriage group of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales attempts to reconcile the ongoing battle for sovereignty between husband and wife. Existing hierarchies restricted women; therefore, marriage fittingly presented more obstacles for women. Chaucer creates the dynamic personalities of the Wife of Bath, the Clerk and the Merchant to debate marriage intelligently while citing their experiences within marriage in their prologues. The rhetorical device of ethos plays a significant role for the pilgrims. By first establishing their authority, each pilgrim sets out to provide his or her audience with a tale of marriage that is most correct. Chaucer's work as a social commentary becomes rhetorically complex with varying levels of ethos between Chaucer the author, his tale tellers and their characters.

La Bretagne (et en particulier le Finistère) est, depuis les années 1920, une importante région d’importations maritime et de consommation de vins d’Algérie. Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le passage du transport maritime en fûts au transport en vrac bouleverse les conditions de transport et de distribution. Les vins sont transportés dans des navires-citernes, débarqués par pompage dans des chais portuaires modernes et livrés par poids-lourds. Cette évolution préfigure l’essor de l’organisation du transport de marchandises en chaîne logistique. Elle reconfigure les hiérarchies portuaires et permet à de nouveaux acteurs de s’établir sur ce marché de l’importation des vins d’Algérie. La recherche est fondée sur l’exploitation d’un fonds d’archives original, le fonds Hervé Nader fondateur en 1951 d’une entreprise d’importations de vins d’Algérie au port du Corniguel à Quimper et d’exportation de produits bretons vers l’Afrique du Nord. Il fonde aussi un armement maritime et exploite trois navires-citernes. Au début des années 1960, Quimper devient le premier port d’entrée de vins d’Algérie de Bretagne, et l’un des plus importants du littoral atlantique. Après l’indépendance de l’Algérie, l’activité s’étend à l’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen, jusqu’à la vente de l’entreprise en 1973. Les archives de Nader, sont composées de sa correspondance commerciale, des documents relatifs à l’exploitation des navires (journaux de bord, manifestes de chargements), mais aussi de correspondances privées et à caractère politiques. Elles ont permis l’étude des trajectoires de l’entrepreneur et de l’entreprise, dans le contexte des mutations économiques et de l’émergence d’un modèle industriel en Bretagne, caractérisé par le rôle des PME familiales et l’importance du commerce agro-alimentaire dans les systèmes productifs locaux. La recherche participe aussi à l’histoire des évolutions de la marine marchande, et à celle des enjeux politique et symboliques des vins d’Algérie. / By the 1920’s Brittany, and especially Finistère, had grown to become an important hub for maritime imports and a significant market for Algerian wine. After WWII, the shift operated from transporting wine in barrels to bulk shipping in tanker ships upsets the transport and distribution environment. Wine is now transported in wine tankers, pumped ashore to modern port wineries and delivered by truck. This evolution announces the development of transport and distribution as a supply chain. It causes a reshuffling in the maritime pecking order and allows new players to enter the Algerian wine import business. The research is based on the exploitation of original archives, those kept by Hervé Nader who founded an Algerian wine import business at the Port du Corniguel in Quimper along with a company dedicated to the export of Breton goods to North Africa. He also founds a shipping company and operates three tanker ships. In the early 1960’s, Quimper becomes the first port of entry of Algerian wine in Brittany and one of the most important on the Atlantic coast. After Algeria gained its independence, his activities develop over the entire Mediterranean basin until the sale of the company in 1973. Nader’s archives include his commercial correspondance, documents pertaining to the operation of the ships (log books, load manifests), but also private correspondance and letters of a more political nature. These archives have allowed to study the career path of an entrepreneur and the development of his business in a context of economic change and the rise of a Breton industrial model characterized by the role of family-run small businesses and the early developments of agribusiness in local productive systems. This research also offers historical perspective on the evolution merchant shipping as wells the political and symbolical aspects associated with Algerian wine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelino Andre Stein.pdf: 1124431 bytes, checksum: c1ffbf0839b099ad8f101e78bf0f31fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-21 / This study aims to discuss the main legal and economic aspects of flags of convenience (FOC). Its specific objectives, are to help reduce dependence by Brazilian users of shipping services provided by carriers that make extensive use of flags of convenience. As justification for the study, we note that it is an important issue for long-term strategic interests of the Brazilian State. The development of a long-term State Maritime Policy is critical to a Country that has one of the largest coasts and internal waterway networks in the world. The hypothesis addressed in this work is the study of the major legal and economic aspects of flags of convenience as well as the possibility of using the WTO through the GATS, to combat this practice or, alternatively, adapt it to the entire international maritime community so all Countries and their Merchant Marines can enjoy the same legal framework. The method is inductive, since the author will depart from particular issues to achieve generalized conclusions. This method extends the freedom of the researcher, allowing him to consult a variety of sources, so that, intuitively, the author can reach the proposed result. Emphasis will be given to the impact that these flags of convenience cause to the development of a Brazilian Maritime Power as well as a Brazilian strong Merchant Marine and possibilities of using the WTO Word Trade Organization, to curb this practice. It is argued that this practice violates the GATS (General Agreement on Tariffs and Services) rules, highlighting unfair competition in the international maritime market / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral contribuir para a redução da dependência dos usuários brasileiros de serviços de transportes marítimos prestados pelos navios de bandeiras de conveniência. Trata-se de tema importante para os interesses estratégicos de longo prazo do Estado brasileiro, o que justifica a relevância desta pesquisa. A elaboração de uma Política Marítima de Estado, de longo prazo, é fundamental para um país que tem uma das maiores costas e malhas hidroviárias do mundo. A hipótese desta pesquisa sustenta que o estudo dos principais aspectos jurídicos e econômicos das bandeiras de conveniência, bem como a possibilidade de uso da Organização Mundial do Comércio, através do Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Serviços GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services - GATS), para combater tal prática, ou adequá-la para que toda a comunidade marítima internacional possa dela usufruir. O método utilizado é o indutivo, pois partir-se-á de questões particulares para conclusões generalizadas. Este método amplia a liberdade do pesquisador, ao lhe dar a liberdade de beber em diversas fontes para que, intuitivamente, chegue ao resultado proposto. Será dada ênfase ao impacto que tais bandeiras causam na construção do Poder Marítimo brasileiro e possibilidades de uso da Organização Mundial do Comércio para coibir tal prática. Sustenta-se que tal prática viola o GATS tendo em vista a concorrência desleal no mercado internacional marítimo

期貨交易之集中市場自一八四八年芝加哥期貨交易所(Chicago Board of Trade，CBOT)成立以來，不論交易商品種類及合約成交量均日漸成長，並提供避險者及投機者規避價格變動風險及賺取價差之機會。學說與實務不斷地發展與研究，於法律規範與經濟分析之面向亦臻成熟圓融之境界。反觀國內，此套精密設計的交易制度並未導入正軌，而淪為體制外交易，地下期貨公司濫設，假期貨交易之名行之多年，加以國人不成熟之投機心態，整個期貨市場上瀰漫賭博之氣氛，與國外期貨契約市場相差甚鉅，單憑數簡陋之行政規則實無法收取任何成效，如何導正此不正常現象，實乃當務之急。幸而，立法院於民國八十一年七月十日三讀通過「國外期貨交易法」，始賦予期貨交易合法之法律上地位；至八十三年四月，許多期貨經紀商正式營運，樹立我國期貨交易制度嶄新的里程碑。本論文共分五章，茲簡述各章內容：第一章「緒論」，述及本文之研究動機與研究目的，主要是有鑑於國外期貨交易法之公布，提供國人從事國外期貨交易之準據，擬探討期貨經紀商與客戶間之法律關係。第二章「期貨交易制度之簡介」，介紹期貨交易之沿革、意義、流程、法律性質與當事人，期能就期貨交易制度有概括之輪廓。第三章「期貨經紀商」，主要針對期貨經紀商之意義、期貨經紀商與客戶間之法律關係與期貨仲裁制度，配合美國法之相關規定，斟酌國外期貨交易法之各項問題。第四章「期貨經紀商之民事法律責任」，以損害賠償責任為對象，比較我國法（包括國外期貨交易法及民法）與美國法之差異。第五章「結論」，綜合歸納上述四章之見解，扼要地整理總結。

Análisis de los aspectos relativos a la metodología seguida para la construcción de los bergantines mercantes españoles bajo los diferentes patrones de construcción así como el estudio de la evolución d este tipo de embarcación a través de diferentes tendencias y modelos a lo largo de su historia, en España en otros países. La tesis compara el bergantín de la armada con el Bergantín mercante, digitaliza las piezas que forman la estructura del Bergantín y resuelve su ensamblaje para conseguir una estructura eficaz. Se simula y modeliza de manera virtual y real a escala los datos obtenidos en diversos planos para determinar la arquitectura y tecnología utilizadas en su construcción, se efectúa una modelización del Bergantín y se hacen calculo de estabilidad, se simulan olas diferentes una modelización del Bergantín y se hacen cálculos de estabilidad, se simulan olas diferentes y se analiza el comportamiento estructural del Bergantín bajo dichas condiciones de mar se muestran datos del arqueo tradicionales y se comparan con métodos actuales. / Analysis of ussues relating to the methodology fllowed for the construction of the spanish merchant brigs under different systems of construction as well as the study of the evolution of this type of vessel through different trends and models along their history and on other countries. This works compares the navi brig with the merchant brig, creates the individual elements of the hull and resolvers their assemblies to get an effective structure. Data from different plans are simulated and modeled in a virtual way and to real scale in order to determine the architecture and thecnology used in her construction. A model of the brig is completed and stability calculations are carried out. Different waves are simulated to analize the brig structural behavior under those sea conditions. Old register tonnage is calculated and compared with modern methods.