O presente trabalho tem como proposta estudar os efeitos de sentido produzidos pelo emprego de metáforas discursivas, enquanto escolhas linguísticas contextualizadas culturalmente e transmissoras de ideologia, como estratégia argumentativa construtora de significado. Além de constituírem estratégia argumentativa de eficácia já comprovada por estudiosos como Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005 [1958]), as metáforas podem também revelar valores e ideologias, pois, como dizem Lakoff e Johnson (2002[1980]), nosso sistema conceptual é basicamente metafórico, portanto, nosso pensamento é metaforicamente estruturado e sua manifestação através da enunciação é reveladora da relação que temos com o mundo. Neste estudo, em que se procede à análise de pronunciamentos e entrevistas de Fernando Collor de Mello, por se tratar de análise do discurso político, optou-se ainda por utilizar como abordagem teórico-metodológica a Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), conforme proposta de Fairclough (1997), instrumento de estudo da linguagem como prática social, forma de ação sobre o mundo. O objetivo é fazer um estudo crítico no intuito de desvendar a maneira pela qual alguém exerce o controle sobre uma ocasião social através das formas linguísticas que emprega (WODAK, 2004). As Teorias da Metáfora e a Análise Crítica do Discurso encontram seu ponto de convergência na proposta teórica de Charteris-Black (2004), a Análise Crítica da Metáfora. Definida por seu autor como uma abordagem semânticocognitiva que analisa criticamente metáforas presentes em discursos e manifestos políticos para evidenciar sua importância como veículo da ideologia no discurso de áreas em que influenciar julgamentos é um objetivo central, a ACM (Análise Crítica da Metáfora) foi incluída nessa pesquisa dada a sua pertinência no estudo das escolhas metafóricas de Fernando Collor de Mello. Foram selecionadas algumas formulações discursivas atribuídas ao referido político, ex-presidente da República do Brasil e atual senador pelo estado de Alagoas, amostras que, acredita-se, retratam momentos diversos de sua atribulada trajetória política, ilustrando o teor de sua relação com o poder. A hipótese é que as metáforas nelas utilizadas sejam reveladoras de aspectos cognitivos, culturais e ideológicos da visão de mundo de Fernando Collor, constituam sua identidade e sejam eficientes estratégias argumentativas, visto que se estabelecem como forma de ação e interação persuasiva em um meio social. A análise do corpus permitiu observar que Collor, por meio da linguagem metafórica que emprega em seus discursos, frequentemente apela à emoção e ao imaginário de seus interlocutores na tentativa de construir uma identidade de força e combatividade e de fazê-los aderirem às suas ideias; torna, assim, suas manifestações discursivas em fértil campo de estudo sobre transmissão de ideologia e habilidade argumentativa. / This work proposes to study the effects of meaning produced by the use of discursive metaphors, while culturally contextualized linguistic choices and ideology transmitters, as an argumentative strategy of meaning construction. In addition to being an argumentative strategy whose effectiveness was already proven by scholars such as Perelman and Olbrechts- Tyteca (2005 [1958]), metaphors can also reveal values and ideologies, because, according to Lakoff and Johnson (2002 [1980]), our conceptual system is basically metaphorical, so our thought is metaphorically structured and its manifestation through language use may reveal our relationship with the world. In this political discourse study, which carries out the analysis of some of Fernando Collor de Mellos speeches and interviews, the option was to use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical and methodological approach proposed by Fairclough (1997), an instrument for language study as social practice, action over the world, therefore. The goal is to make a critical study in order to reveal how one exerts control over a social occasion through linguistic forms he employs. (Wodak, 2004). Metaphor Theories and Critical Discourse Analysis find their point of convergence in Charteris-Black (2004) theoretical proposal, Critical Metaphor Analysis. Defined by its author as a semanticcognitive approach that critically examines metaphors in political speeches and manifestos to highlight its importance as a vehicle of ideology in areas where influencing judgments is a central discourse goal, CMA (Critical Metaphor Analysis) was included in this research given its relevance in the study of Fernando Collor de Mello metaphorical choices. Some discursive formulations assigned to that politician, former Brazils president and current senator for the state of Alagoas, were selected, samples believed to depict different moments of his eventful political career, illustrating the content of his relationship with power. The hypothesis is that metaphors used in them are indicative of Fernando Collors cognitive, cultural and ideological worldview, constitute his identity and work as efficient argumentative strategies, since they set themselves as ways of persuasive action and interaction in a social environment. Corpus analysis helped identify that Collor, by employing metaphorical language in his speeches, often appeals to his counterparts emotion and imagination, in an attempt to build an identity of force and toughness and to make them adhere to his ideas, thus turning his discursive manifestations into a fertile field of study on ideology transmission and argumentative skills.

O presente trabalho tem como proposta estudar os efeitos de sentido produzidos pelo emprego de metáforas discursivas, enquanto escolhas linguísticas contextualizadas culturalmente e transmissoras de ideologia, como estratégia argumentativa construtora de significado. Além de constituírem estratégia argumentativa de eficácia já comprovada por estudiosos como Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005 [1958]), as metáforas podem também revelar valores e ideologias, pois, como dizem Lakoff e Johnson (2002[1980]), nosso sistema conceptual é basicamente metafórico, portanto, nosso pensamento é metaforicamente estruturado e sua manifestação através da enunciação é reveladora da relação que temos com o mundo. Neste estudo, em que se procede à análise de pronunciamentos e entrevistas de Fernando Collor de Mello, por se tratar de análise do discurso político, optou-se ainda por utilizar como abordagem teórico-metodológica a Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), conforme proposta de Fairclough (1997), instrumento de estudo da linguagem como prática social, forma de ação sobre o mundo. O objetivo é fazer um estudo crítico no intuito de desvendar a maneira pela qual alguém exerce o controle sobre uma ocasião social através das formas linguísticas que emprega (WODAK, 2004). As Teorias da Metáfora e a Análise Crítica do Discurso encontram seu ponto de convergência na proposta teórica de Charteris-Black (2004), a Análise Crítica da Metáfora. Definida por seu autor como uma abordagem semânticocognitiva que analisa criticamente metáforas presentes em discursos e manifestos políticos para evidenciar sua importância como veículo da ideologia no discurso de áreas em que influenciar julgamentos é um objetivo central, a ACM (Análise Crítica da Metáfora) foi incluída nessa pesquisa dada a sua pertinência no estudo das escolhas metafóricas de Fernando Collor de Mello. Foram selecionadas algumas formulações discursivas atribuídas ao referido político, ex-presidente da República do Brasil e atual senador pelo estado de Alagoas, amostras que, acredita-se, retratam momentos diversos de sua atribulada trajetória política, ilustrando o teor de sua relação com o poder. A hipótese é que as metáforas nelas utilizadas sejam reveladoras de aspectos cognitivos, culturais e ideológicos da visão de mundo de Fernando Collor, constituam sua identidade e sejam eficientes estratégias argumentativas, visto que se estabelecem como forma de ação e interação persuasiva em um meio social. A análise do corpus permitiu observar que Collor, por meio da linguagem metafórica que emprega em seus discursos, frequentemente apela à emoção e ao imaginário de seus interlocutores na tentativa de construir uma identidade de força e combatividade e de fazê-los aderirem às suas ideias; torna, assim, suas manifestações discursivas em fértil campo de estudo sobre transmissão de ideologia e habilidade argumentativa. / This work proposes to study the effects of meaning produced by the use of discursive metaphors, while culturally contextualized linguistic choices and ideology transmitters, as an argumentative strategy of meaning construction. In addition to being an argumentative strategy whose effectiveness was already proven by scholars such as Perelman and Olbrechts- Tyteca (2005 [1958]), metaphors can also reveal values and ideologies, because, according to Lakoff and Johnson (2002 [1980]), our conceptual system is basically metaphorical, so our thought is metaphorically structured and its manifestation through language use may reveal our relationship with the world. In this political discourse study, which carries out the analysis of some of Fernando Collor de Mellos speeches and interviews, the option was to use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical and methodological approach proposed by Fairclough (1997), an instrument for language study as social practice, action over the world, therefore. The goal is to make a critical study in order to reveal how one exerts control over a social occasion through linguistic forms he employs. (Wodak, 2004). Metaphor Theories and Critical Discourse Analysis find their point of convergence in Charteris-Black (2004) theoretical proposal, Critical Metaphor Analysis. Defined by its author as a semanticcognitive approach that critically examines metaphors in political speeches and manifestos to highlight its importance as a vehicle of ideology in areas where influencing judgments is a central discourse goal, CMA (Critical Metaphor Analysis) was included in this research given its relevance in the study of Fernando Collor de Mello metaphorical choices. Some discursive formulations assigned to that politician, former Brazils president and current senator for the state of Alagoas, were selected, samples believed to depict different moments of his eventful political career, illustrating the content of his relationship with power. The hypothesis is that metaphors used in them are indicative of Fernando Collors cognitive, cultural and ideological worldview, constitute his identity and work as efficient argumentative strategies, since they set themselves as ways of persuasive action and interaction in a social environment. Corpus analysis helped identify that Collor, by employing metaphorical language in his speeches, often appeals to his counterparts emotion and imagination, in an attempt to build an identity of force and toughness and to make them adhere to his ideas, thus turning his discursive manifestations into a fertile field of study on ideology transmission and argumentative skills.

The purpose of this research was to investigate how political leaders of the United Kingdom and Lithuania, David Cameron and Andrius Kubilius legitimize themselves and delegitimize their opponents through metaphors. To achieve this aim Critical Metaphor Analysis was employed and the following objectives were set: to identify metaphorical expressions used in political speeches; to interpret them and to classify them according to their underlying conceptual metaphor; finally, to explain the way conceptual metaphors and metaphorical expressions convey how political leaders legitimize themselves and delegitimize the opponents. The results of the study demonstrated that the conceptual metaphors used for legitimization and delegitimization are the same in both political leaders’ speeches. However, metaphorical expression used for legitimization and delegitimization displays different characteristics. It also demonstrated that politicians tend to use more metaphorical expressions to convey legitimization than delegitimization. / Magistro darbo tema „Konceptualios metaforos raiška legitimizacijos ir delegitimizacijos procesuose“. Šio tiriamojo darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti kokiomis konceptualiosiomis metaforomis Davidas Cameronas ir Andrius Kubilius legitimizuoja save ir delegitimizuoja savo oponentus. Buvo iškelti šie tiriamojo darbo uždaviniai: pirmiausia, surasti metaforinius pasakymus politinėse kalbose, tuomet suklasifikuoti šiuos pasakymus pagal priklausymą konceptualiąjai metaforai ir, galiausiai, paaiškinti kaip metaforiniai pasakymai atskleidžia būdus, kuriais politikai legitimizuoja save ir delegitimizuoja savo oponentus. Tyrime buvo naudojamas Kritinis metaforos analizės metodas pasiūlytas Charterio-Blacko, kuris susideda iš trijų dalių, tai: metaforinių pasakynų suradimas, jų priskyrimas konceptualiąjai metaforai ir galiausiai, paaiškinimas. Pagrindinis tyrimo klausimas buvo išsiaiškinti, kuo skiriasi konceptualiųjų metaforų naudojimas legitimizacijai ir delegitimizacijai Davidas Cameronas ir Andriaus Kubiliaus politinėse kalbose. Tyrimas parodė, kad tiek legitimizacijai tiek delegitimizacijai abu politikai naudoja tas pačias konceptualiąsias metaforas: POLITIKA YRA KARAS, POLITIKA YRA KELIONĖ, ir POLITIKA YRA PASTATAS. Taip pat tyrimas parodė, kad Davidas Cameronas ir Andrius Kubilius naudoja daugiau metaforinių pasakymų išreikšti legitimizacijai nei delegitimizacijai. Tai buvo pastebėta, kai delegitimizuodami savo oponentus politikai nenaudojo kai kurių konceptualiųjų atitikmenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This thesis is a study of bullying narratives, mainly co-produced in a process of ongoing interaction. The focus is on how narrators rhetorically organize their storytelling and identity work by using discursive resources. The empirical material consists of 12 interviews with, and 12 written stories by people who have been exposed to workplace bullying plus information from three websites about bullying, and previous research. The overarching aim of the study is to identify how a bullying discourse is produced, reproduced, challenged and negotiated in bullied persons’ narratives. Specific aims are to determine how bullying is portrayed publicly, how narrators with experience of being bullied build their stories, how the narratives stand in relation to victimization, what makes it possible to talk about vulnerability and what are its limits, and finally to develop a narrative approach.Theoretically and methodologically, the study has its basis in narrative analysis, discursive psychology, conversation analysis, and metaphor analysis. The study shows how the narrators categorize themselves as active, competent, and consensus seeking. They resist being victimized, but by their use of the interpretative repertoire and a standard story of bullying, they nevertheless become indirectly victimized. What’s at stake, in the narratives, is the question of guilt, which they rhetorically evade by the use of different metaphors. These metaphors depict bullying as a mystery, a lifelong source of suffering, a transformation, a learning experience, a battle, a contagious virus, and a trap. The narrators are constrained by the narrative conditions, the interpretative repertoire, standard story, and narrative form and content – a story of good and evil when creating their own story. The narrative conditions at the same time set the limit for expressing oneself in the identity work. This also means we are part of the production and reproduction of the bullying discourse when I, as a researcher, and the narrators use the repertoire and the standard story in mutual understanding. / <p>Helena Blomberg är verksam som universitetsadjunkt i sociologi vid Mälardalens högskola sedan 2001och vid Örebro universitet sedan 2003. Hennes huvudsakliga verksamhetsområde rör metodologiska frågeställningar kopplat till den kvalitativa forskningstraditionen, främst diskurs- och narrativ analys. Hon ingår även i Diskursgruppen vid Stockholms universitet, en tvärvetenskaplig forskargrupp som arbetar med olika diskursanalytiska ansatser.</p>

This diploma thesis deals with so-called conceptual metaphors' use in the Czech advertising discourse. The first section of the theoretical part is devoted to advertising and characteristic features of advertising. The second section concentrates on theory of metaphor and introduces readers to cognitive linguistics and one of its objects of interest, conceptual metaphor. In the practical part of the thesis are presented results of analysis concentrating on distribution of conceptual metaphors in advertising texts promoting among others drinks, food, dry goods, fashion, cars and financial products.

What were the main goals in Navalny’s political agenda and how did this influence his rhetorical approach? This paper explores how Navalny and his aspirants were disqualified as political candidates in Russian elections, and how this affected his approach to being focused on contentious politics as it became the only viable means to push for political change in the country. Two of his most viral videos are analysed to investigate the rhetorical strategies he used to set frames on the political elite, and the main answers revolved around corruption, theft, and the self-image of Medvedev and Putin. Although there were clear similarities between the two videos, the most recent “Palace for Putin” displayed new and more moral, judgmental and offensive methods than the previous “He is not Dimon to you”. Furthermore, this paper investigates the large-scale protests of 2021 and how public opinion about Navalny has developed in Russia. The expectation was that public opinion would be more favourable in recent times than it has been in the past, largely due to the massive protests which he managed to spark. However, the answer was surprisingly the opposite, as statistics tilted slightly against him rather than the other way around. Part of the explanation to this was that the highest number of people who disapproved of Navalny used state television as their main source of information, as opposed to the majority of the younger population who frequently used the internet, and thereby had a more positive view of him. When examining the protest trajectories, it was possible to find elements of Navalny’s political message amongst the people in terms of keywords and phrases that they chanted, evidence of his success above the fact of the protests themselves. The final aim was to review how the authoritarian regime responded to Navalny’s contentious politics, and in this regard, it was concluded that both domestic and international pressure moved the regime to increasingly repressive measures against Navalny’s Anti-Corruption Foundation and further deteriorated the relationship between the EU and Russia.

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Communication plays a fundamental role in shaping our understanding of complex issues such as climate change. Too often scientists and journalists complain that the public does not fully comprehend climate change as they cannot see it. Adhering to calls for a need to propel away from media representations of climate change to a focus on more case-specific research, this Master Thesis analyses the aspect of visualisation within climate change communication with a focus on a contemporary example, the Extreme Ice Survey (EIS), as a case-specific study. EIS give a visual voice to our planets changing eco-systems, where an emphasis is placed on visually documenting the adverse effects climate change has on the planets glaciers, through conventional photography and time-lapse photography. Adhering to the need for further studies of visual representations towards the environment this thesis deploys an image analysis to investigate how meaning is framed through the EIS’s photographs and time-lapse videos. A collective reading between the photographs and their accompanying written captions highlighted contradictive frames of beauty and uncertainty. Additionally, as climate change is predominately seen as an abstract entity, a metaphor analysis was also applied to open further frames of thought into more comprehensible understandings. Integrating both still images and moving images into the study provided different results. Time-lapse videos were analysed to open up new developments of seeing and to extract potential frames of unfolding narratives, perspective and time.

The crisis on Wall Street. This essay is a comparative study of how two business newspapers report on the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings in September 2008. Seven articles from the Swedish European financial newspaper Affärsvärlden (Business World) and five articles from the Chinese-Asian news agency XINHUA FINANCE are examined. The aim is to analyze, understand and evaluate from a rhetorical perspective. My thesis is that rhetors storytelling can tell us more about how we cope with crisis in the global economic discourse. The texts can portray man as a narrative creature when identification as a rational actor is not enough.  The analytical methods used are linguistic analysis with an emphasis on metaphor analysis, narrative analysis based on pentad - Critical dramatism, and discourse analysis with doxological outlook.  The results show that both newspapers seek to defend the global economic discourse, but they do so in different ways. Affärsvärlden advocates calmness and conveys a cautious attitude. The heart of the crisis, as well as its solution, is on Wall Street. XINHUA advocates control and expresses confidence in authorities and the system. Asia is presented as Wall Street's savior. / Krisen på Wall Street. Uppsatsen är en komparativ studie av hur två affärstidningar berättar om banken Lehman Brothers Holdings konkurs i september 2008. Materialet för undersökningen är sju artiklar från den svenska europeiska finanstidningen Affärsvärlden och fem artiklar från den kinesiska asiatiska nyhetsbyrån ZINHUA FINANCE. Syftet är att analysera, förstå och värdera situationen från ett retoriskt perspektiv. Tesen är att tidningarna (retorerna) kan visa oss, via sina texter, berättelserna om en kris i den globalekonomiska diskursen. Texterna kan visa människan som narrativ varelse där identifikationen som rationell aktör inte räcker till. Analysmetoderna som används är lingvistisk analys med störst vikt vid metaforanalys, narrativ analys utifrån pentaden - kritisk dramatism, samt diskursanalys med doxologisk utblick. Resultatet visar att båda tidningarna strävar efter att försvara den globalekonomiska diskursen, fast de gör det på olika sätt. Affärsvärlden manar till lugn opch visar en avvaktande attityd. Räddningen och krisens centrum finns på Wall Street. XINHUA visar på kontroll och tilltro till auktoriteter och systemet. Asien framställs som räddare åt Wall Street. Nyckelord: Retorik, lingvistisk analys, metaforanalys, Eubanks, narrativ analys, Pentden, Burke, diskurs, doxa, Lehman Brothers konkurs, 17 september 2008, Affärsvärlden, Xinhua Finance.

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen Sprache und Persönlichkeit. Es ist die erste Studie, die die systematische Metaphernanalyse, welche auf dem von Lakoff & Johnson (2014) geprägten Metaphernbegriff gründet, als Tool zur Erfassung der Persönlichkeit vorschlägt. Drei Studierende erzählen im Rahmen narrativer Interviews ihre Lebensgeschichten, welche mithilfe der Metaphernanalyse ausgewertet werden. Im Sinne einer Methodentriangulation werden die Ergebnisse mit denen eines zuvor bearbeiteten Persönlichkeitstests, dem Big Five Inventory (BFI) verglichen. Der BFI erfasst die fünf grundlegenden Persönlichkeitseigenschaften Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Neurotizismus und Offenheit (Big Five). Zunächst konnten im Rahmen dieser Studie bisherige Annahmen bezüglich der Menge und Differenziertheit der Metaphernnutzung im Zusammenhang zu Persönlichkeitsaspekten bestätigt werden. So scheint eine verarmte metaphorische Sprache mit einer hohen Neurotizismus-Ausprägung einherzugehen, während sehr viele differenzierte metaphorische Konzepte auf eine hohe Offenheit und psychische Stabilität hinweisen. Weiterhin ist zu vermuten, dass das Auftreten von Konzepten zu bestimmten Themen den Aufmerksamkeitsfokus der Person wiedergibt und auch hier Schlussfolgerungen auf bestimmte Persönlichkeitsdimensionen zulässt. In einigen Fällen scheint aber eine nähere Analyse der einzelnen metaphorischen Konzepte vonnöten zu sein, um tatsächlich auf eine Eigenschaft rückschließen zu können. So spiegelt sich in den einzelnen metaphorischen Konzepten die Umgangsweise des Menschen mit sich selbst (z.B. auch mit psychischen Problemen), mit anderen und dem Leben insgesamt wider. Darüber hinaus scheint die Metaphernanalyse viele weitere As-pekte der Persönlichkeit offenzulegen, die der Persönlichkeitstest nicht erfassen kann. Während der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen schnell ein grobes Bild über die Persönlichkeit zur Verfügung stellen kann, bildet die Metaphernanalyse individuelle Realitäten bzw. das kognitive Konstruktsystem eines Menschen ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit macht den ersten Schritt zur Anwendung der Metaphernanalyse für Zwecke der Persönlichkeitserfassung, an die zukünftige Untersuchungen anknüpfen können.:Abbildungsverzeichnis.......................................................................................... I Tabellenverzeichnis.............................................................................................. II Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... III Abstract................................................................................................................ IV Einleitung.............................................................................................................. 1 Ausgangslage.................................................................................................... 1 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit............................................................. 2 1 Theorie und Forschungsstand...................................................................... 3 1.1 Persönlichkeit................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Eigenschaftsorientierte Persönlichkeitstheorien.................................... 3 1.1.2 Kognitive bzw. konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien..................... 8 1.1.3 Die Psychologie der Lebensgeschichten............................................... 13 1.2 Sprache und Denken..................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Modularer Ansatz................................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Holistischer Ansatz................................................................................. 18 1.2.3 Verständnis in dieser Arbeit................................................................... 18 1.2.4 Unterstützende Studie............................................................................ 18 1.3 Die Metapher.................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Die Kognitiv-linguistische Metapherntheorie nach Lakoff & Johnson..... 19 1.3.2 Metaphern individueller Realität............................................................. 24 1.3.3 Kritische Würdigung der kognitiv-linguistischen Metapherntheorie........ 26 1.4 Eigenschaftsorientierte und konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien im Vergleich.................................................................................................... 27 1.5 Forschungsstand: Sprache und Persönlichkeit.............................................. 29 1.5.1 Formal-analytische Untersuchungen von Sprache................................. 30 1.5.2 Inhaltsanalytische Untersuchungen von Sprache (LIWC)....................... 31 1.5.3 Kritische Überlegungen zum bisherigen Forschungsstand.................... 33 1.5.4 Weitere sprachanalytische Untersuchungen.......................................... 35 1.5.5 Metaphern und Persönlichkeit................................................................ 36 1.5.6 Metaphern des Psychischen (Vergleichshorizont).................................. 38 2 Methodisches Vorgehen................................................................................. 44 2.1 Fragestellung................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Forschungsdesign: Triangulation................................................................... 44 2.3 Stichprobenbeschreibung.............................................................................. 46 2.4 Erhebungsmethoden...................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 Persönlichkeitsfragebogen (BFI)............................................................ 47 2.4.2 Hinweise zur Auswertung der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen (BFI)........ 49 2.4.3 Reflexion des Zugangs zum Feld und der Erhebungsmethode: BFI....... 50 2.5 Narratives Interview........................................................................................ 51 2.5.1 Ablauf und Indikation der Methode......................................................... 51 2.5.2 Reflexion der Erhebungsmethode: Narrative Interviews......................... 54 2.6 Auswertungsmethode systematische Metaphernanalyse............................... 55 2.6.1 Ablauf der Methode................................................................................ 55 2.6.2 Reflexion der Auswertungsmethode: Metaphernanalyse........................ 58 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion............................................................................ 61 3.1 Struktur des Ergebnis- und Diskussionsteils.................................................. 62 3.2 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Thea.................................... 63 3.2.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 63 3.2.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 64 3.2.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................... 89 3.3 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Jens..................................... 93 3.3.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 93 3.3.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 94 3.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 108 3.4 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Alice................................... 111 3.4.1 Ergebnisse des BFI.............................................................................. 111 3.4.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse....................................................... 112 3.4.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 127 3.5 Vergleich und Diskussion............................................................................. 130 3.5.1 Vergleich der Ergebnisse des Persönlichkeitstestes (BFI)................... 130 3.5.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse................................. 130 3.5.3 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Metaphern und Persönlichkeit.134 3.5.4 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Sprache und Persönlichkeit.... 136 3.5.5 Reflexion und Vergleich der Methoden zur Persönlichkeitserfassung.. 139 3.6 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse (mögliche Beziehungen zwischen den Aussagen der Metaphernanalyse und des BFI)........................................... 142 3.7 Gütekriterien................................................................................................ 144 Fazit und Ausblick................................................................................................ 146 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................................. 148 Eidesstattliche Erklärung...................................................................................... 152 Anhang: Online-Fragebogen (BFI)....................................................................... 153 / This study examines the relation between speech and personality. It is the first one that proposes the systematic metaphor analysis, based on the metaphor definition by Lakoff and Johnson (2014) as a tool to assess personality. Three students tell their life stories as part of narrative interviews, which are evaluated with the aid of the metaphor analysis. In terms of a method triangulation the findings are compared to the results of a personality test, the big five inventory (BFI). The BFI assesses the five fundamental personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness (big five). Initially, previous hypotheses concerning the amount and differentiation of using metaphors linked to personality aspects could be confirmed as part of this study. A weak metaphorical language seems to be associated with a high score in neuroticism while a lot of differentiate metaphorical concepts indicate high openness and emotional stability. Furthermore it is to assume that the appearance of concepts to certain topics reflects the focus of attention of a person so that deductions to certain personality traits become possible. In some cases a closer analysis of the specific concepts seems to be necessary to deduce to a certain personality trait. In the specific metaphorical concepts you can see the contact of a person with himself (i.e. with mental problems), with others and with life in general. Beyond that, the metaphor analysis seems to reveal many other aspects of personality, which the personality test cannot record. While self-evaluation questionnaires can provide a quick rough view of personality, the meta-phor analysis reproduces individual realities or rather the cognitive construct system of a person. The present study makes the first step applying the metaphor analysis for the purposes of personality measurement that future research can build on.:Abbildungsverzeichnis.......................................................................................... I Tabellenverzeichnis.............................................................................................. II Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... III Abstract................................................................................................................ IV Einleitung.............................................................................................................. 1 Ausgangslage.................................................................................................... 1 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit............................................................. 2 1 Theorie und Forschungsstand...................................................................... 3 1.1 Persönlichkeit................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Eigenschaftsorientierte Persönlichkeitstheorien.................................... 3 1.1.2 Kognitive bzw. konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien..................... 8 1.1.3 Die Psychologie der Lebensgeschichten............................................... 13 1.2 Sprache und Denken..................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Modularer Ansatz................................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Holistischer Ansatz................................................................................. 18 1.2.3 Verständnis in dieser Arbeit................................................................... 18 1.2.4 Unterstützende Studie............................................................................ 18 1.3 Die Metapher.................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Die Kognitiv-linguistische Metapherntheorie nach Lakoff & Johnson..... 19 1.3.2 Metaphern individueller Realität............................................................. 24 1.3.3 Kritische Würdigung der kognitiv-linguistischen Metapherntheorie........ 26 1.4 Eigenschaftsorientierte und konstruktivistische Persönlichkeitstheorien im Vergleich.................................................................................................... 27 1.5 Forschungsstand: Sprache und Persönlichkeit.............................................. 29 1.5.1 Formal-analytische Untersuchungen von Sprache................................. 30 1.5.2 Inhaltsanalytische Untersuchungen von Sprache (LIWC)....................... 31 1.5.3 Kritische Überlegungen zum bisherigen Forschungsstand.................... 33 1.5.4 Weitere sprachanalytische Untersuchungen.......................................... 35 1.5.5 Metaphern und Persönlichkeit................................................................ 36 1.5.6 Metaphern des Psychischen (Vergleichshorizont).................................. 38 2 Methodisches Vorgehen................................................................................. 44 2.1 Fragestellung................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Forschungsdesign: Triangulation................................................................... 44 2.3 Stichprobenbeschreibung.............................................................................. 46 2.4 Erhebungsmethoden...................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 Persönlichkeitsfragebogen (BFI)............................................................ 47 2.4.2 Hinweise zur Auswertung der Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen (BFI)........ 49 2.4.3 Reflexion des Zugangs zum Feld und der Erhebungsmethode: BFI....... 50 2.5 Narratives Interview........................................................................................ 51 2.5.1 Ablauf und Indikation der Methode......................................................... 51 2.5.2 Reflexion der Erhebungsmethode: Narrative Interviews......................... 54 2.6 Auswertungsmethode systematische Metaphernanalyse............................... 55 2.6.1 Ablauf der Methode................................................................................ 55 2.6.2 Reflexion der Auswertungsmethode: Metaphernanalyse........................ 58 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion............................................................................ 61 3.1 Struktur des Ergebnis- und Diskussionsteils.................................................. 62 3.2 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Thea.................................... 63 3.2.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 63 3.2.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 64 3.2.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................... 89 3.3 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Jens..................................... 93 3.3.1 Ergebnisse des BFI................................................................................ 93 3.3.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse........................................................ 94 3.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 108 3.4 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse für Alice................................... 111 3.4.1 Ergebnisse des BFI.............................................................................. 111 3.4.2 Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse....................................................... 112 3.4.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse und Bezug zu Big Five................................................................................. 127 3.5 Vergleich und Diskussion............................................................................. 130 3.5.1 Vergleich der Ergebnisse des Persönlichkeitstestes (BFI)................... 130 3.5.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Metaphernanalyse................................. 130 3.5.3 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Metaphern und Persönlichkeit.134 3.5.4 Einbettung in den Forschungsstand zu Sprache und Persönlichkeit.... 136 3.5.5 Reflexion und Vergleich der Methoden zur Persönlichkeitserfassung.. 139 3.6 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse (mögliche Beziehungen zwischen den Aussagen der Metaphernanalyse und des BFI)........................................... 142 3.7 Gütekriterien................................................................................................ 144 Fazit und Ausblick................................................................................................ 146 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................................. 148 Eidesstattliche Erklärung...................................................................................... 152 Anhang: Online-Fragebogen (BFI)....................................................................... 153