O melanoma é a forma mais letal entre os cânceres de pele. Essa neoplasia freqüentemente apresenta-se resistente a abordagens terapêuticas. A angiogênese associada ao tumor representa um crítico passo da tumorigênese, resultado da ação de diferentes citocinas e fatores de crescimento como VEGF produzidos no microambiente tumoral. As galectinas extracelulares participam de múltiplos processos biológicos incluindo angiogênese tumoral e metástases, sua interação com as células presentes no microambiente tumoral pode ocorrer via receptores toll-like sugerindo seu envolvimento nos processos pro-inflamatórios e na secreção de citocinas. Recentemente mostramos que a ausência de gal-3 no estroma e parênquima tumoral diminui a angiogênese por interferir na resposta de macrófagos via VEGF e/ou TGFbeta1. Entretanto, o envolvimento de galectinas extracelulares na angiogênese e na modulação do sistema imune no microambiente tumoral ainda não está esclarecido. Assim, este estudo visa buscar respostas ao envolvimento das galectinas no crescimento tumoral e angiogênese contribuindo ao combate do melanoma maligno. Nossos resultados mostram a participação das galectinas 1 e 3 no crescimento tumoral e seu envolvimento com macrófagos via receptores toll-like, além de coordenarem a modulação do perfil de polarização de macrófagos derivados da medula óssea de camundongos wild-type. Dessa forma, podemos inferir que essas galectinas agem como coordenadoras de mudança de perfil dos macrófagos, uma vez que inibidas extracelularmente promovem uma diminuição do crescimento tumoral em camundongos wild-type, inoculados com células de melanoma murino e uma manutenção do perfil de macrófagos M1 in vitro. Assim, concluimos que as galectinas 1 e 3 extracelulares são importantes para o crescimento tumoral de melanomas murinos pois promovem o crescimento tumoral e são coordenadoras da mudança do perfil de macrófagos / Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. This tumor often presents itself resistant to therapeutic approaches. The tumor-associated angiogenesis is a critical step in tumorigenesis and the result of the action of several cytokines and growth factors such as VEGF produced in the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular galectins participate in multiple biological processes including tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, their interaction with cells present in the tumor microenvironment may occur via toll-like receptors suggesting their involvement in pro-inflammatory processes and the secretion of cytokines. We have recently shown that the absence of Gal-3 the stroma and tumor parenchyma decreases angiogenesis by interfering with the macrophage response by VEGF and / or TGFbeta1. However, the involvement of extracellular galectins on angiogenesis modulation of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment is not yet clear. This study aims is to find answers to the involvement of galectins on tumor growth and angiogenesis contributing to the study of the malignant melanoma. Our results demonstrate the involvement of galectin 1 and 3 on tumor growth and its involvement in macrophage by toll-like receptors pathway, and coordinating the modulation of the polarization profile in wild-type mice bone marrow derived macrophages. Therefore, we show these galectins act as coordinators of macrophages profile change, since inhibited extracellularly promote a reduction in tumor growth in wild-type mice inoculated with murine melanoma cells and macrophages M1 maintenance of profile in vitro. Thus, we conclude that galectins 1 and 3 extracellular are important for tumor growth of murine melanomas because they promote tumor growth and are coordinators of change macrophages profile

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_mirian_de_farias_ribeiro.pdf: 2449435 bytes, checksum: 6695d40137c267cf6058be71ba7803e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-28 / Pear orchards with high density planting were possible due to the use of rootstock quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), thus obtaining small plants and rapid fruiting, and provide uniformity to these orchards. Techniques that may improve the ability to propagation this rootstock are of great interest. The aim of this study was to adjust protocols for in vitro multiplication and regeneration of quince cultivars MC and Adams. The results of this word are presented in chapter. Material used in the experiments was obtained from in vitro propagation in culture medium consisting of MS salts and vitamins supplemented with myo-inositol (100 mg L-1), 6 - benzylaminopurine (BA) (0.3 mg L-1), sucrose (30 g L-1) and agar (8 g L-1). Chapter 1 we used MS medium added agar (8 g L-1) on solidified medium and vermiculite (3 g flask-1) in the liquid medium and the flasks were sealed with aluminum foil, PVC film and polypropylene cap. In Chapter 2 how carbon source in culture medium was added sucrose, fructose or sorbitol at concentrations 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g L-1. For in vitro regeneration the Chapter 3 was divided in two experiments. In experiment 1 the culture medium consisted of salts and vitamins MS and SH supplemented with myoinositol (100 mg L-1), sucrose (30 g L-1), agar (8 g L-1), NAA (2 mM) and TDZ at concentrations 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 μM. In experiment 2 the culture medium consisted of SH salts and vitamins supplemented with myo-inositol (100 mg L-1), sucrose (30 g L-1), agar (8 g L-1), TDZ (0 , 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 μM) combined with NAA or IBA at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 μM. All experiments were evaluated after 60 days. Considering the results presented in Chapter 1 is possible to conclude that the use of culture medium solidified with agar and the flasks sealed with aluminum foil or polypropylene cap favored the in vitro multiplication of quince 'MC' and 'Adams'. In the second chapter it was found that the sucrose concentration of 45 g L-1 to cultivar MC and 30 g L-1 to cultivar Adams are the best concentrations and carbon source for in vitro multiplication quince. In the Chapter 3 first verified in experiment 1 that the in vitro regeneration of adventitious shoots quince cultivars MC and Adams was favored by the use of SH culture medium and addition of 4.5 μM TDZ to cultivar MC and 6 μM TDZ for cultivar Adams. And in experiment 2 it was concluded that multiple shoots were formed from the combination of 4.5 μM TDZ and 2 μM NAA for cultivar MC and 6 μM TDZ and 2 μM NAA to cultivar Adams. / Pomares de pereira com plantio em alta densidade foram possíveis devido a utilização de portaenxerto de marmeleiro (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), obtendo-se assim plantas de pequeno porte e rápida frutificação, além de proporcionar uniformidade a esses pomares. Técnicas que venham melhorar a capacidade de propagação deste portaenxerto são de grande interesse. O objetivo desse trabalho foi ajustar protocolos de multiplicação e regeneração in vitro de marmeleiro cultivares MC e Adams. Os resultados do trabalho estão apresentados na forma de capítulos. O material vegetal utilizado nos experimentos foi obtido a partir da multiplicação in vitro em meio de cultura básico composto dos sais e vitaminas MS, suplementados com mio-inositol (100 mg L-1), 6- benzilaminopurina (BAP) (0,3 mg L-1), sacarose (30 g L- 1) e ágar (8 g L-1). No capítulo 1, utilizou-se meio básico acrescentado de ágar (8 g L- 1) no meio solidificado e vermiculita (3 g frasco-1) no meio líquido e os frascos foram vedados com papel alumínio, filme PVC e tampa de polipropileno. No capítulo 2, como fonte de carbono no meio de cultura foi utilizado sacarose, frutose ou sorbitol nas concentrações de 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g L-1. Para regeneração in vitro o capítulo 3 foi dividido em dois experimentos. No experimento 1 os meios de cultura constituíram-se dos sais e vitaminas MS e SH, suplementados com mio-inositol (100 mg L-1), sacarose (30 g L-1), ágar (8 g L-1), ANA (2 μM) e TDZ nas concentrações de 0, 1,5, 3, 4,5 e 6 μM. No experimento 2 o meio de cultura constituiu-se dos sais e vitaminas SH, suplementado com mio-inositol (100 mg L-1), sacarose (30 g L-1), ágar (8 g L-1), TDZ (0, 1,5, 3, 4,5 e 6 μM) combinado com ANA ou AIB nas concentrações de 0; 1,0; 1,5 e 2 μM. Todos os experimentos foram avaliados após 60 dias. Diante dos resultados apresentados no capítulo 1 é possível concluir que a utilização de meio de cultura solidificado com ágar e os frascos vedados com papel alumínio ou tampa de polipropileno favorecem a multiplicação in vitro de marmeleiro 'MC' e 'Adams'. No capítulo 2 constatou-se que a sacarose na concentração de 45 g L-1 para cultivar MC e 30 g L-1 para cultivar Adams são as melhores concentrações e fonte de carbono para multiplicação in vitro dos portaenxertos de marmeleiro testados. No capítulo 3, primeiro verificou-se no experimento 1 que a regeneração in vitro de brotos adventícios de marmeleiro das cultivares MC e Adams foi favorecida pelo uso do meio de cultura SH e pela adição de 4,5 μM de TDZ para cultivar MC e 6 μM de TDZ para a cultivar Adams. No experimento 2 concluiu-se que houve maior taxa de regeneração a partir da combinação de 4,5 μM de TDZ e 2 μM de ANA para cultivar MC e 6 μM de TDZ e 2 μM de ANA para cultivar Adams.

Une expression élevée de la protéine de la matrice extracellulaire ténascine-C (TNC) favorise la progression du cancer et est corrélée à une réduction de la survie des patients. Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié comment la TNC affecte l'angiogenèse tumorale. J’ai montré que la TNC altère les protrusions angiogéniques, la tubulogenèse, la migration et la prolifération des cellules endothéliales. J’ai lié ces effets à la perturbation du cytosquelette d'actine et la réduction de la signalisation YAP par la TNC. Chez les cellules tumorales et les fibroblastes associés au cancer, la TNC favorise la sécrétion de facteurs angio-modulateurs qui stimulent la survie et la tubulogenèse des cellules endothéliales de façon paracrine. Cet effet implique la régulation de l’expression de SDF1 (CXCL12) et de deux membres de la famille des lipocalines. Ainsi, la TNC favorise l’angiogenèse en activant chez les cellules tumorales un sécrétome pro-angiogénique, et inhibe la tubulogenèse en altérant la survie des cellules endothéliales. Ces effets opposés pourraient expliquer pourquoi nous avons observé dans un modèle de tumeur spontanée chez la souris que la TNC favorise le switch angiogénique résultant en la formation d’une forte vascularisation tumorale, mais qui reste peu fonctionnelle associée à la formation de plus de métastases. Ce travail fournit pour la première fois la possibilité de contrer l’action de la TNC dans l'angiogenèse tumorale. / A high expression of the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C (TNC) enhances multiple steps in cancer progression and correlates with worsened survival prognosis. In this thesis I studied how TNC affects tumor angiogenesis. I showed that TNC impairs endothelial sprouting, tubulogenesis, migration and proliferation. I linked this effect to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and reduced YAP signaling activity by TNC. In tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts, TNC regulated secretion of angio-modulatory factors that promoted endothelial cell survival and tubulogenesis in a paracrine manner involving regulation of SDF1 (CXCL12) and two lipocalin family members. Altogether, TNC promotes endothelial tubulogenesis through a pro-angiogenic secretome from tumor cells, and inhibits by direct contact tubulogenesis by impairing endothelial cell survival. These opposing effects could explain why we observed that TNC promotes the tumor angiogenic switch resulting in more but poorly functional blood vessels associated with more metastasis in a spontaneous tumor mouse model. This knowledge provides for the first time opportunities to counteract TNC activities in tumor angiogenesis.

L’hématopoïèse est assurée par une population de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) générées au cours du développement embryonnaire. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de comprendre les mécanismes qui régulent l’émergence des CSH dans la niche hématopoïétique intra-embryonnaire. Nous avons démontré la présence dans cette région d’un Système Rénine- Angiotensine local et fonctionnel qui agit via la production de l’Angiotensine II sur les précurseurs pré-hématopoïétiques et les CSH émergentes. Egalement, nous avons mis en évidence la présence d’une accumulation de macrophages d’origine vitelline et démontré que ces cellules ont un rôle crucial dans l’émergence de l’hématopoïèse définitive en permettant la migration des précurseurs pré-hématopoïétiques. Une étude moléculaire nous a permis de démontrer que l’ACE - un marqueur des précurseurs pré-hématopoïétiques et CSH humaines - est une cible du facteur de transcription CDX2 qui en régule l’expression. Ces travaux contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de la mise en place du système hématopoïétique au cours du développement et sont prometteurs pour des fins thérapeutiques. / The continuous generation of blood cells throughout life relies on the existence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) generated during embryogenesis. The aim of my thesis was to understand the mechanisms underlying HSC emergence in the intra-embryonic hematopoietic niche. Many effectors have been detected in this region, including a functional and local Renin- Angiotensin System which acts directly on pre-HSC precursors and HSC emergence through the production of Angiotensin II . We have also observed an accumulation of yolk sac-derived macrophages in the same region and demonstrated that these cells have a crucial role in the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis, allowing the migration of the pre-HSC precursors in the mesenchyme. In addition, by a molecular study, we have demonstrated that ACE - a cell surface marker of human HSC also expressed on pre-hematopoietic cells - is a transcriptional target of the CDX2 homeoprotein. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the hematopoietic system during development and are promising for therapeutic purposes.

Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) présente des mutations génétiques qui altèrent les principales voies de signalisation, notamment la voie Wnt/β-caténine. En absence de mutation génétique, certains CHC peuvent montrer une activité Wnt exacerbée suite à une inactivation épigénétique d’inhibiteurs ou à une surexpression de ligands Wnts ou de ses récepteurs. De plus, le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire favorise la progression du CHC. Nous avons montré une association entre l’activation du signal Wnt et le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire (MEC) dans les cirrhoses et le CHC. Puis modélisé in vitro, les effets des stimuli Wnt extracellulaires sur le phénotype de cellules hépatiques, en absence de mutation de la β-caténine. En effet, les cellules HepaRG ne présentent pas de mutations de la β-caténine, de l’axine et de p53. Ainsi, la stimulation Wnt3a des cellules HepaRG induisait la formation de palissades de cellules fusiformes. De plus, les cellules traitées exprimaient des taux élevés de αSMA, COLIV, c-MYC, CK19 et LGR5 suggérant un phénotype myofibroblastique, en accord avec l’expression des marqueurs de transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM), SNAIL et TWIST. Ces données sont en faveur du rôle déterminant du microenvironnement Wnt activé dans la progression du CHC entrainant les cellules vers un phénotype progéniteur plus agressif via une TEM. En outre, l'analyse in silico de la signature transcriptomique de l'activation non mutationnelle de la voie Wnt a révélé un réseau de gènes impliqués dans le remodelage de la MEC, la TEM et la différenciation cellulaire. Les résultats suggèrent le rôle de HAPLN1 qui affecterait la migration cellulaire et l'expression des gènes de la MEC. De plus, LGR5 semble favoriser la dédifférenciation des hépatocytes. Au total, 8 gènes marqueurs obtenus in vitro ont été validés in vivo dans une série de 81 CHC humains, par qPCR et immunohistochimie en utilisant des tissus micro-array (78 CHC et 5 foies contrôles). Au total, l'ensemble des données suggère que HAPLN1 a une valeur pronostique sur la récidive et la survie globale du CHC. HAPLN1semble être indépendant du statut mutationnel la β-caténine et des variables cliniques. De plus, sa valeur pronostique est additive avec celle de CK19 + EpCAM et il semble agir en synergie avec NOG. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) displays signaling pathway disorders, including Wnt/β-catenin. Up-regulation of extracellular Wnt pathway agonists and down-regulation of extracellular Wnt pathway inhibitors result in non-mutational activation of Wnt signaling. In addition, increased extracellular matrix remodeling fosters HCC progression. Thus, we showed that enhanced Wnt signaling is associated with extracellular matrix remodeling in human cirrhosis and cancer. To further investigate non-mutational Wnt pathway activation, we established a model of Wnt activation in HepaRG human HCC progenitor cells carrying wild-type β-catenin, axin and p53. HepaRG progenitor cells treated with Wnt3a became fusiform and grew in palisades with enhanced expression of αSMA, COLIV, CK19, c-MYC, LGR5, SNAIL and TWIST, suggesting that enhanced extracellular Wnt signaling may drive HCC cells toward a more aggressive progenitor and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Moreover, in silico analysis of the transcriptomic signature of non-mutational Wnt activation revealed a gene network involved in ECM remodeling, EMT and cell fate. Results suggest a role of HAPLN1, affecting extracellular matrix gene expression and cell migration and of LGR5 in hepatocyte dedifferentiation. Eight genes among the HepaRG gene expression dataset were validated in vivo in a collection of 81 human HCC samples and controls by qPCR and immunohistochemistry using tissue micro-arrays (78 HCC samples and 5 normal livers) in the light of β-catenin activation and mutational status. In conclusion, data suggest that HAPLN1 has a prognostic value on overall survival and recurrence of HCC. HAPLN1 appears to be independent of clinical features and β-catenin mutationnal status. Moreover, HAPLN1 appears to have an additive prognostic value with CK19 + EpCAM and act synergistically with NOG.

L’adénocarcinome pancréatique (PDA) présente une résistance accrue aux chimiothérapies. Un concept propose que sa composition cellulaire participe à ce processus en limitant l’accès aux drogues tout en modulant les capacités des cellules tumorales. En effet, les cellules non tumorales, principalement mésenchymateuses (CAFs) et immunitaires, représentent 70% de la masse tumorale et forment le microenvironnement intra-tumoral ou stroma. L’impact du stroma dans le développement et la progression des PDA se trouve être au centre d’un large champ d’investigations cliniques. Notre première étude a porté sur un facteur neurotrophique, Slit2, impliqué dans la guidance axonale est sécrété par les CAFs. Ce dernier induit une augmentation de la migration des cellules de Schwann et des changements morphologiques et quantitatifs des cellules neuronales. Ainsi, les nerfs se retrouvent plus nombreux et de taille plus importante dans la tumeur comparée à un pancréas sain, c’est ce qu’on appelle le remodelage neural. Notre second travail a permis d’identifier un complexe multi-protéique (ANXA6/LRP1/TSP1), associé au trafic vésiculaire, présent uniquement dans le compartiment stromal et plus particulièrement dans les CAFs. Ce complexe est porté par des vésicules extracellulaires et procure un avantage prolifératif et pro-migratoire aux cellules tumorales. Les données obtenues au cours de mon travail de thèse constituent un rationnel fort pour étudier le potentiel thérapeutique des éléments permettant le dialogue entre les différents compartiments de la tumeur dans le but de sensibiliser les cellules tumorales aux chimiothérapies et ainsi d’améliorer la survie des patients. / Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA) is particularly resistant to current therapies. A concept suggests that its cellular composition participates in this process, limiting drugs access and affecting tumor cells behavior. Indeed, non-tumor cells, mainly mesenchymal (including Cancer Associated Fibroblasts, CAFs) and immune cells display over 70% of the tumor mass and form the intra-tumoral microenvironment or stroma. The impact of stroma in PDA development and progression is at the center of many clinical investigations. Firstly, we studied a neurogenic factor, Slit2, implicated in axon guidance pathway and secreted by CAFs. Slit2 increases Schawnn cells migration and morphologic changes of neural cells. Indeed, nerve size and density are increased in a tumor compared to a healthy pancreas, that is called, neural remodeling. Secondly, we worked on a multi-proteic complex (ANXA6/LRP1/TSP1), associated to vesicular trafficking, only expressed in stromal compartment, and mainly in CAFs. This complex is present in extracellular vesicles and confers proliferative and pro-migratory capacities to tumor cells. Data obtained during my thesis constitute an important rationale to target the crosstalk between tumor and stromal compartment, in order to sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy and improve patient survival.

The aim of this thesis is to design a strategy for Vodafone Czech Republic, a.s. Using the open data an analysis of macroenvironment as well as microenvironment are performed, where a definition and a breakdown of telecommunication market into five segment is made. Following is the analysis of Porter five forces, which analyses competition forces on the market as well as to the Vodafone. Further on a financial analysis and product portfolio analysis is made, which serves as the basis of Ansoff matrix. In the conclusion a synthesis of the analyses is made and several strategies are designed.

Il existe une littérature abondante sur les mécanismes cellulaires de résistance à la chimiothérapie, décrivant notamment les pompes d’efflux, les modifications des cibles (comme les topoisomérases) ou les altérations de l’apoptose. Peu de publications s’intéressent aux mécanismes de chimiorésistance liée au microenvironnement tumoral. Les agents anticancéreux doivent traverser l’interstitium tumoral pour atteindre toutes les cellules (dont les cellules hypoxiques éloignées des vaisseaux sanguins) à des concentrations suffisantes pour être létales. Les modèles de culture cellulaire en couches multiples ont permis de montrer la faible pénétration des molécules de chimiothérapie. Les techniques d’immunohistochimie permettent une mesure quantitative de la distribution de ces molécules à partir des vaisseaux sanguins. Nous avons évalué la pénétration de plusieurs inhibiteurs de topoisomérases : topotécan, doxorubicine, mitoxantrone et banoxantrone. Nous avons comparé la distribution de ces molécules à travers des tissus sains et des tissus tumoraux, démontrant la pénétration limitée des molécules de chimiothérapie dans les tumeurs. Par contre, nous avons montré que la banoxantrone pénètre rapidement et de façon uniforme. Cette pro-drogue est convertit en AQ4 (un inhibiteur de topoisomérase II ressemblant à la mitoxantrone) en condition d’hypoxie. La mitoxantrone cible les cellules bien oxygénées et AQ4 cible les cellules hypoxiques. Cette combinaison de traitement aboutit à une distribution intratumorale complémentaire et à une amélioration de l’activité antitumorale. Ainsi, optimiser la pénétration des chimiothérapies et/ou cibler spécifiquement les cellules hypoxiques peut contourner la chimiorésistance liée au microenvironnement tumoral. / There is a vast literature about mechanisms that lead to drug resistance of individual cancer cells, including drug export pumps, changes in expression of targets (such as topoisomerases) or alterations in apoptosis. A smaller number of publications has drawn attention to causes of drug resistance that depend on the solid tumour microenvironment. Drugs must penetrate the extra-vascular space to reach all of the cancer cells (including cells far from blood vessels in hypoxic condition) in sufficient concentration to cause lethal toxicity. Model systems such as multilayered cell cultures provide direct evidence of poor drug penetration through tumour tissue. In vivo techniques using quantitative immunohistochemistry allow studying drug distribution as a function of distance from the nearest blood vessel. We have evaluated the penetration of several topoisomerase inhibitors: topotecan, doxorubicine, mitoxantrone and banoxantrone (AQ4N). We have compared the distribution of these drugs through normal and tumour tissue, demonstrating the limited perivascular distribution of conventional chemotherapies in tumour. We have also showed the rapid and uniform penetration of banoxantrone. This pro-drug is reduced to AQ4 (a topoisomérase II inhibitor of similar structure to mitoxantrone) under hypoxic condition. The targeting of mitoxantrone to oxygenated regions and AQ4 to hypoxic tumour regions resulted in effective drug exposure over the entire tumour and increased tumour growth delay compared with either drug alone. Improving drug penetration and/or targeting hypoxic tumour cells may overcome chemoresistance due to the tumour microenvironment.

O transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (CTHs) é o tipo mais bem-sucedido de terapia celular realizado até os dias atuais. No entanto, apesar do sucesso e da relevância clínica das CTHs isoladas a partir de fontes adultas, o uso destas células tem algumas limitações em relação à sua disponibilidade, compatibilidade imunológica e risco de contaminação. Desse modo, busca-se o desenvolvimento de soluções para as dificuldades apontadas para suprir a demanda de transplantes. Uma abordagem emergente para superar este problema é baseada na cultura e diferenciação de células-tronco embrionárias humanas (CTEhs). Estas são célulastronco pluripotentes e indiferenciadas com elevada capacidade de auto-renovação e diferenciação em todas as células derivadas dos três folhetos germinativos. No entanto, os métodos de diferenciação utilizados para a produção de CTHs a partir de células pluripotentes ainda não são eficientes. Os protocolos descritos até o momento têm gerado números variados e populações de células heterogêneas, e produz apenas CTHs muito primitivas e imaturas com baixa capacidade funcional in vivo. Parte desta dificuldade pode decorrer da ineficiência do microambiente de cultura para a diferenciação. Neste trabalho, nós demonstramos um eficiente protocolo de diferenciação hematopoética baseado em cocultivo de CTEhs com fibroblastos embrionários murinos com alto rendimento na geração de célulastronco/progenitoras hematopoéticas (CTPHs) que expressam os antígenos CD45, CD43, CD31 e CD34, e apresentam potencial clonogênico in vitro equivalente ao de células mononucleares isoladas de sangue de cordão umbilical. Nós fomos capazes de produzir todas as células das linhagens eritróide e mielóide em diferentes estágios de maturação, como também células positivas para marcadores linfóides. Demonstramos ainda que as células hematopoéticas surgem no sistema de cultura a partir de um endotélio-hemogênico constituído por células CD34+CD31+. No entanto, apesar das características maduras das CTPHs obtidas por tal método, os ensaios de reconstituição hematopoiética mostraram que estas células ainda possuem limitada capacidade funcional de enxertamento em camundongos imunocomprometidos quando transplantadas por via retro-orbital. / Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) transplant is the most successful type of cell therapy carried out to date. However, despite the success and the clinical relevance of HSC isolated from adult sources, these cells have some limitations regarding its availability, immunological compatibility and risk of contamination. Thus, we seek to develop solutions to overcome these difficulties to supply the demand for transplants. An emerging approach to overcome this problem is based on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) culture and differentiation. These are pluripotent and undifferentiated stem cells with high capacity for self-renewal and differentiation in all cells derived from the three embryonic germ layers. However, differentiation methods used for HSC production from pluripotent cells are not efficient yet. Protocols described so far have generated varying numbers and heterogeneous cell populations, and produce only very primitive and immature HSC with low in vivo functional capacity. Part of this difficulty may result from the inefficiency of the microenvironment of culture for differentiation. Here, we demonstrate an efficient protocol based on co-culture of hESCs with mouse embryonic fibroblasts for hematopoietic differentiation with high performance to generate in vitro hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) that express CD45, CD43, CD31 and CD34 antigens with high purity of positive cells. We were able to produce all cells of erythroid and myeloid lineages at different stages of maturation. Lymphoid potential of hematopoietic cells was also evidenced. We demonstrated the primitive origin of hematopoietic cells through capillary-like structures constituted by hemogenic CD34+CD31+ cells. However, despite mature features of HSPCs obtained by our protocol, hematopoietic reconstitution assays showed that these cells have yet limited functional capacity for grafting into immunocompromised mice when exogenously transplanted by retro-orbital route.

Le micro-environnement tumoral joue un rôle dans la croissance, l'invasion tumorale et la résistance aux traitements. Il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes qui régulent la communication entre les cellules tumorales et ce micro-environnement pour développer des thérapies efficaces. Dans ce contexte, les protéases extracellulaires de la famille des Adamalysines sont des acteurs importants dans la progression tumorale en agissant sur le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire (MEC) et la biodisponibilité des médiateurs de communication cellulaire tels que les cytokines, les chimiokines et les facteurs de croissance. Mes travaux ont mis en évidence une nouvelle interaction entre ADAM12, un marqueur mésenchymateux induit au cours de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT) dépendante du TGF-β et ZO-1, une protéine d’échafaudage exprimée dans des jonctions serrées de cellules épithéliales. Ces deux protéines sont redistribuées, dans des structures de type invadopodes pour promouvoir la dégradation de la MEC. Nous avons par ailleurs réalisé un criblage in silico qui nous a permis d’identifier un cluster d’adamalysines dont les gènes sont co-exprimés chez des patients atteints d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire. Parmi ces adamalysines, nous avons mis en évidence la protéine ADAMTS12, qui joue un rôle clé dans le développement de la fibrose hépatique en lien avec une réponse inflammatoire aigüe ou chronique. / Tumor microenvironment plays a major role in tumor growth, invasion and resistance to treatments. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment is essential to develop effective therapies. In this context, Adamalysin extracellular proteases play major role in tumor progression, by modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and the bioavailability of cell communication mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. My work revealed a new interaction between ADAM12, a mesenchymal marker induced during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) dependent on TGF-β and ZO-1, a scaffolding protein expressed in tight junctions of epithelial cells. Both proteins are redistributed in invadopodia-like structures to promote ECM degradation. In a second study, we carried out an in silico screening that allowed us to identify a cluster of Adamalysin genes co-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Among these Adamalysins we have studied the protein ADAMTS12 in more details, and shown that this protein plays a key role in the development of liver fibrosis involving an acute or chronic inflammatory response.