Bakgrund: Många kvinnor upplever förlossningsrädsla. Föda utan rädsla är en naturlig metod som främjar trygghet och optimerar födandets fysiologi och stärker det positiva i förlossningsupplevelsen. Kvinnans stödperson har en viktig roll under förlossningsarbetet.Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva och undersöka om användandet av metoden Föda utan rädsla (FUR) påverkar den födande kvinnans upplevda vårdkvalitet samt upplevelse och känslor i samband med förlossningen jämfört med tidigare insamlat material.Metod: Mixad metod av fall-kontrollstudie med kvantitativ ansats och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv metod. Data samlades in genom QPP-I-enkät och analyserades genom Mann Whitney U-test.Resultat: De kvinnor som upplevde god effekt av FUR upplevde bättre stöd från personal, att partnern fick bättre stöd, uppmuntrades att delta och fick sina fysiska behov tillgodosedda under förlossningen. Kvinnorna upplevde även andra faktorer som påverkade den upplevda vårdkvaliteten.Slutsats: Genom förberedelse i FUR-metoden kan det födande paret upplevaökad trygghet och självförtroende inför förlossning och förlossningsrädsla kan motverkas. FUR kan ge upplevelse av ett bättre bemötande från personal, ökat stöd och respekt. Partnern blir stärkt i sin roll, vågar ta plats och ge stöd till den födande kvinnan.Klinisk tillämpbarhet: FUR-utbildningen är kort och ger en stor vinst tillbaka till både det födande paret samt förlossningspersonalen. / Background: Many women experience fear of childbirth. Confident Birth is a natural method that promotes security and optimizes the physiology of childbirth and strengthens the positive in the birth experience. The woman's support person has an important role during the labor. Aim: The aim is to investigate whether the use of the method Confident Birth affects the woman giving birth's perceived quality of care and delivery experience compared with previously collected material. Method: Mixed method of case-control study with quantitative approach and a qualitative content analysis with inductive method. Data are collected through the QPP-I survey and analyzed by the Mann Whitney U-test. Resultats: Women who experienced good effect of Confident Birth, experienced better support from caregivers, that the partner received better support, was encouraged to participate and had their physical needs met during childbirth. The women also experienced other factors that affected the perceived quality of care. Conclusion: Through preparation in the Confident Birth method, the birthing couple can experience increased security and self-confidence before childbirth and fear of childbirth can be counteracted. Confident Birth can provide an experience of a better response from healthcare personal, increased support and respect. The partner dares to act and provide support to the woman giving birth and the partner´s role is strengthened. Clinical application: Preparation in the Confident Birth method is short and gives a big profit back to both the birth couple and the delivery staff.

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The concept sharing economy (collaborative economy or collaborative consumption) has recently gained attention in several cities over the world, with its promotion offering a prospective new path to sustainable development. In current research, most scholars cover global initiatives or initiatives in larger cities, but very few to none of them seem to have investigated the situation and potential in smaller cities. This empirical study therefore investigates both existing initiatives and work with collaborative consumption as well as the future potential and possible challenges for further promotion in a small town context, using Norrtälje town in Sweden as a case study for exploring the topic. In this study, a sharing economy is defined as a socio-economic system enabling consumers to gain access to commonly under-utilized physical assets in collaborative practices of sharing, borrowing, bartering, swapping, renting, redistributing, buying second-hand, repairing and rebuilding goods, instead of consuming new goods and/or owning privately, taking place either via online platforms or through physical infrastructure, possibly in exchange for financial compensation. A mixed method approach, including both qualitative and quantitative methods, was used in this study. The data collection included semi-structured interviews with both sharing economy initiators and the Norrtälje municipality Sustainability strategist, an online survey shared with residents in Norrtälje, as well a qualitative desk-based study. The collected results were then analysed though the lens of a formed theoretical framework, covering the themes of conditions for success and important stakeholders in a sharing economy context, as well as drivers for starting or using these initiatives and possible environmental, social and economic benefits of implementing a sharing economy. The findings showed that 11 initiatives currently exist in Norrtälje, and that the Norrtälje residents generally are very positive towards using sharing economy services. Further, it was found that the municipality is not actively working with collaborative consumption, but has been, and still is, involved in a few sharing economy activities. The findings of this study contribute to discussions on the actual role of the municipality in a sharing economy context, suggesting that the involvement of the municipality indeed is very important in regards to sharing economy initiatives, but that it is unclear from a municipal perspective whether it is actually included in the role of the municipality to promote and work with sharing economy initiatives. The results from this study suggests that the future for sharing economy initiatives in Norrtälje town looks bright. However, some challenges were found in relation to the promotion of a sharing economy in a small town context, including the current political situation not prioritising municipal involvement, the economic situation of the municipality not being able to prioritise municipal involvement, difficulties in understanding the concept among those who work for the municipality, negative mindsets among municipal workers, and lack of funding to existing and possible future initiatives. These challenges might have to be overcome in order for sharing economy initiatives to be able to grow and thrive. Further, this study found that it is believed from a small town municipal perspective it most likely is easier for a larger city to work with sharing economy initiatives, while on the contrary existing scholars suggest that the small town context might indeed be more beneficial for these types of initiatives.

Introduction: The Swedish population is ageing – resulting in an increase in the number of elderly people and higher socioeconomic demands that the society needs to support them with. In Sweden, frail elderly people with for example mobility and cognitive problems, have the opportunity to attend a day care center where they can join activities and to socialize. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to investigate to what extent virtual reality technology could contribute to improved well-being for frail elderly at day care centers. Method: This study was conducted via a mixed method consisting of a survey and a semi-structured interview. 19 participants (15 male and 4 female) from three day care centers in Södertälje participated in this study. Results: By allowing frail elderly at day care centers to experience virtual reality, quantitative and qualitative data was collected. Both indicating that the experience of using virtual reality was positive and comfortable. 7 themes were identified through a thematic analysis demonstrating what was repeatedly mentioned by the participants. The themes were: (1) immersion & interaction, (2) usage, (3) nature movies, (4) visit places, (5) talking about things that are dear to them, (6) being limited and (7) thinking that VR could affect well-being. Conclusion: This study showed that the subjective well-being of frail elderly was arguably partially improved with virtual reality. The participants were overall positive, enjoyed the experience with a sense of immersion and awakening memories. / Introduktion: Den svenska populationen åldras - vilket resulterar i en ökning av äldre personer och högre socioekonomiska krav som samhället måste stödja dem med. I Sverige har äldre personer med till exempel rörlighet och kognitiva problem möjlighet att delta i dagverksamheter där de kan delta i aktiviteter och umgås. Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning virtuell verklighet skulle kunna bidra till förbättrad välmående hos äldre på dagverksamheter. Metod: Detta projekt var genomfört med hjälp av en mixed method så som en enkät och en semi- strukturerad intervju. 19 äldre person (15 män och 4 kvinnor) från tre dagverksamheter i Södertälje deltog i denna studie. Resultat: Genom att låta äldre personer vid dagverksamheterna uppleva virtuell verklighet, så samlades det in kvantitativ och kvalitativ data. Där båda indikerar att det, till exempel, var en positiv och bekväm erfarenhet. 7 teman identifierades genom en tematisk analys som illustrerade vad som ofta upprepades av deltagarna. Teman var: (1) immission & interaktion, (2) användning (3) naturfilmer, (4) besöka platser, (5) pratar om saker som ligger dem kärt om hjärtat, (6) att vara begränsad och (7) tror att VR kan påverka välmående. Slutsats: Denna studie visade att det subjektiva välmåendet hos äldre delvist var förbättrad med virtuell verklighet. Deltagarna var generellt positiva, njöt av upplevelsen av immersion samt minnen som väcktes.

When designing websites or applications, being able to allocate visual attention to specific parts of an interface is important. One powerful tool that can be used for this is Gaze Cues, which is a social cue that makes use of gaze direction to allocate visual attention in the same direction. Gaze mechanisms such as gaze cues have been tested on virtual characters, also known as avatars, and show potential. This study aims to compare how gaze cues with avatars allocate visual attention compared to gaze cues with humans. An eye tracking case study with 30 participants was conducted, with gaze cues presented from either avatars or humans, measuring time to first fixations on a certain object. In combination with post-session interviews, results showed that there was no significant difference if the stimulus that presented the gaze cue was human or avatar. These results imply that avatars can make use of gaze cues as effectively as humans, to allocate visual attention in settings where they appear such as video games, animated series and/or animated movies. / Vid design av hemsidor och applikationer, är det viktigt att kunna dra visuell uppmärksamhet till specifika delar av ett gränssnitt. Blickar är ett kraftfullt verktyg som kan användas för att skapa en social signal som använder riktningen av blickar för att leda visuell uppmärksamhet i samma riktning. Olika blickmekanismer har testats på virtuella karaktärer, eller avatarer, och påvisar potential. Denna studie fokuserar på att jämföra hur blickar med avatarer drar visuell uppmärksamhet i jämförelse med mänskliga blickar. En eye tracking studie med 30 deltagare hölls, med blickar som presenterades av antingen avatarer eller människor, med tiden till första fixering på ett visst objekt som mått. I kombination med efterföljande intervjuer, visade resultaten att det inte fanns någon signifikant skillnad ifall stimulen som presenterade blickarna var människa eller avatar. Utifrån dessa resultat kan man se att avatarer kan utnyttja blickar lika effektivt som människor kan för att leda visuell uppmärksamhet i miljöer där de förekommer, såsom datorspel, animerade serier och/eller animerade filmer.

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