Regardless of the changes in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa No. 108. of 1996, in terms of the acceptance of individuals irrespective of their sexual orientation and the prohibiting of discrimination against anyone on the grounds of their sexual orientation, the concept of homosexuality in the workplace is still a relatively unexplored phenomenon in South Africa. Limited research studies focus on the perspectives of homosexual individuals regarding their perception and attitudes towards their working environments. Culture can affect the way in which individuals act due to the dominance of certain behaviours, beliefs, and norms that are accepted as the 'standard' way of living. Within companies, the employees are on average expected to be productive and effective, and to present fruitful behaviour to benefit the organisation. Individuals can also at times be tacitly encouraged to portray images according to the general norm in the organisation, whether or not this image is true to the individuals themselves. This type of accepted standard norms and behaviours are therefore wordlessly conveyed to the employees as the cultural accepted standard in the organisation. Heteronormative cultures are described as the instance when the accepted standard of male and female behaviour is viewed in terms of masculine men and feminine women. Individuals who do not fit these specific descriptions may experience either explicit or implicit discrimination. The reactions that employees can have because of organisational culture are referred to as affective reactions and can have adverse costs for the organisation as employees may engage in less productive behaviour. The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship between a heteronormative culture and the affective reactions of homosexual employees working in Johannesburg and Pretoria. Work engagement and job satisfaction of the individuals were assessed in relationship to heteronormativity. Research done for this study includes the various aspects of the academic topics related to the study. Given the limited amount of empirical research on the topic, a mixed method study was conducted. Quantitative questionnaires instigated the research, designed to measure the following concepts:<ul> <li> Organisational culture, in terms of heteronormativity.</li> <li> Two affective reactions of employees - work engagement and job satisfaction.</li></ul> Explanatory qualitative interviews followed the questionnaires with the intention of understanding the results found during the quantitative phase. A purposefully selected sample of one hundred and sixty four homosexual employees working in Johannesburg and Pretoria completed the quantitative questionnaire, and a sample of eight homosexual individuals were selected out of the original sample to participate in the qualitative interview stage. Previously developed instruments were used to measure heteronormativity, work engagement and job satisfaction. The results indicated that homosexual employees within Gauteng do experience the culture of their respective organisations to support the perceptions of heteronormativity. Two hypotheses were tested which indicated a significant but small correlation between perceptions of heteronormativity and work engagement and job satisfaction. The qualitative results provided insight into how homosexual employees experienced heteronormative cultures in the workplace as well as how they react to the cultures encountered. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Mothers with intellectual disabilities (ID) have been for a long time a marginalised population, both from a research perspective, as well as from the everyday practice of social workers and medical personnel. The first aim of the research presented in this thesis was to analyse how women with intellectual disabilities expereinece their motherhood and what are their experiences with formal and informal support. The second aim of this thesis was to explore how professionals (i.e., social workers and medical personnel), accept women with intellectual disabilities and how they perceive support they provide to these women. The author used mixed method approach, specifically interview and survey approaches. There were 19 women with intellectual disabilities and 504 professionals (175 medical workers and 329 social workers) who took part in this study. The author also developed four case studies which illustrate the development of mother's identity across divere contexts. This research concluded that women with intellectual disabilities experience their mother's role in the same way as their peers without disabilities, however they need adequate support for performing their role of a mother and for daily tasks. This research also found that professionalism and support offered by social workers and...

Bakgrund: Sexuell hälsa utgörs av fysiskt, känslomässigt, psykiskt och socialt välbefinnande. Sjuksköterskan har som uppdrag att främja sexuell hälsa. Depression och ångest är faktorer som kan påverka kvinnors sexuella hälsa. Syftet: Syftet var att beskriva hur sexuell hälsa påverkas hos kvinnor med depression och ångestsyndrom. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med mixad metod användes. Eftersom syftet var förutsättningslöst utfördes studien med induktiv ansats. Till resultatet användes 14 artiklar som granskades, analyserades och presenterades med huvudkategorier och underkategorier. Artiklarna hämtades från tre databaser; Pubmed, Cinahl och psycINFO och genom manuell sökning. Resultat: Huvudfynd i litteraturöversikten utgjordes av fysiska förändringar i form av lägre sexuell tillfredställelse, lust, orgasm och upphetsning. Huvudfynd bestod även av ett påverkat känsloliv och påverkad relationen med partnern. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att kvinnor kan ha lägre sexuell funktion vid depression och ångest. Både fysiska och psykosociala faktorer påverkas hos kvinnorna där några av faktorerna är tillfredsställelse och lust. En viktig del i personcentrerad omvårdnad är ömsesidig respekt för varandras kunskap. / Background: Sexual health consists of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being. The nurse has the task of promoting sexual health. Depression and anxiety are factors that can affect women’s sexual health. Aim: The aim was to describe how sexual health affects in women with depression and anxiety syndrome. Method: Mixed literature review was used. Since the purpose was unconditional, the study was performed with an inductive approach. Where 14 articles were used that have been reviewed, analyzed and presented with main categories and subcategories. The articles were retrieved from three databases: Pubmed, Cinahl and psycINFO and by manual search. Results: The main findings in the literature review consisted of physical changes in form of lower sexual satisfaction, desire, orgasm and arousal. The main findings also consisted of an affected emotional life and an affected relationship with the partner. Conclusion: The results show that woman have lower sexual function in depression and anxiety. Both physical and psychosocial factors are affected in women, where some of the factors are satisfaction and desire. An important part in person-centered care is mutual respect for each other´s knowledge.

La consommation de suppléments alimentaires (DS) est répandue chez les athlètes et peut entrainer des conséquences telles que de faciliter la transition vers la consommation de substances prohibées ou échouer un contrôle anti-dopage causé par la consommation de DS contaminés. Une recherche utilisant des méthodes mixtes a été mené pour étudier le processus décisionnel sous-tendant la consommation de DS chez les athlètes. Dans la partie qualitative de l’étude, des athlètes universitaires (n=10) ont participé à des entrevues semi-structurées. L’analyse thématique des entrevues indique que les athlètes consommant des DS pour augmenter leurs performances sans obtenir les bénéfices escomptés seraient plus à risque de consommer des substances prohibées. Selon les données quantitatives (n=162), la prévalence de consommation des DS est élevée chez les athlètes et les hommes consommeraient plus de DS différents. La majorité des participants considéraient les nutritionnistes comme la source d’information la plus importante, mais peu d’entre eux (4%) ont utilisé leurs services. La participation d’athlètes élites à des entrevues semi-structurées (n=7) et à un questionnaire (n=36) dans le cadre d’une recherche préliminaire a permis une comparaison entre ces deux populations. Minimiser les risques susmentionnés pourrait être fait en ciblant les athlètes les plus vulnérables selon les critères suivants : 1) être un homme; 2) ne pas être inscrit dans un programme académique dans le domaine de la santé; 3) n’avoir jamais suivi de formation sur les DS; 4) consommer des DS pour améliorer ses performances sans obtenir les bénéfices escomptés ou 5) consommer plus de 3 DS différents. / Dietary supplements (DS) consumption is widespread among athletes. Despite evidence-based benefits, DS have proven to represent a risk for transitioning toward prohibited substances and even failing an anti-doping test due to contamination. A sequential mixed-method research design was used to explore the factors affecting athletes’ decision-making process underlying DS use. Varsity athletes (n=10) participated in semi-structured interviews that were thematically analyzed. In addition, a survey was conducted (n=162). Results indicated that athletes who consume DS to improve performance and experiencing little to no benefits could be more prone to transition toward prohibited substances. A high prevalence of DS use in varsity athletes was also observed (>90%), with males consuming more DS products. Nutritionists were ranked as the most importance source of information regarding DS; however, only 4% of athletes consulted one. A follow-up preliminary study conducted on elite athletes (semi-structured interviews: n=7; questionnaire: n=36) was also performed to compare those athlete populations. Minimizing DS consumption risks could be achieved by targeting the most vulnerable segment of the athletics population based on the following criteria: 1) being a male; 2) not being enrolled in a health program; 3) not having followed a DS workshop; 4) consuming DS to improve performance without experiencing significant improvements; or 5) consuming more than three different DS.

Abstract When personal data are collected and utilised to produce personal data intensive services, users of these services are exposed to the possibility of privacy losses. Users’ information privacy concerns may lead to non-adoption of new services and technologies, affecting the quality and the completeness of the collected data. These issues make it challenging to fully reap the benefits brought by the services. The evaluation of information privacy concerns makes it possible to address these concerns in the design and the development of personal data intensive services. This research investigated how privacy concerns evaluations should be developed to make them valid in the evolving data collection contexts. The research was conducted in two phases: employing a mixed-method research design and using a literature review methodology. In Phase 1, two empirical studies were conducted, following a mixed-method exploratory sequential design. In both studies, the data subjects’ privacy behaviour and privacy concerns that were associated with mobility data collection were first explored qualitatively, and quantitative instruments were then developed based on the qualitative results to generalise the findings. Phase 2 was planned to provide an extensive view on privacy behaviour and some possibilities to develop privacy concerns evaluation in new data collection contexts. Phase 2 consisted of two review studies: a systematic literature review of privacy behaviour models and a review of the EU data privacy legislation changes. The results show that in evolving data collection contexts, privacy behaviour and concerns have characteristics that differ from earlier ones. Privacy concerns have aspects specific to these contexts, and their multifaceted nature appears emphasised. Because privacy concerns are related to other privacy behaviour antecedents, it may be reasonable to incorporate some of these antecedents into evaluations. The existing privacy concerns evaluation instruments serve as valid starting points for evaluations in evolving personal data collection contexts. However, these instruments need to be revised and adapted to the new contexts. The development of privacy concerns evaluation may be challenging due to the incoherence of the existing privacy behaviour research. More overarching research is called for to facilitate the application of the existing knowledge. / Tiivistelmä Kun henkilötietoja kerätään ja hyödynnetään dataintensiivisten palveluiden tuottamiseen, palveluiden käyttäjien tietosuoja saattaa heikentyä. Käyttäjien tietosuojahuolet voivat hidastaa uusien palveluiden ja teknologioiden käyttöönottoa sekä vaikuttaa kerättävän tiedon laatuun ja kattavuuteen. Tämä hankaloittaa palveluiden täysimittaista hyödyntämistä. Tietosuojahuolten arviointi mahdollistaa niiden huomioimisen henkilötietoperusteisten palveluiden suunnittelussa ja kehittämisessä. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, kuinka tietosuojahuolten arviointia tulisi kehittää muuttuvissa tiedonkeruuympäristöissä. Kaksivaiheisessa tutkimuksessa toteutettiin aluksi empiirinen monimenetelmällinen tutkimus ja tämän jälkeen systemaattinen kirjallisuustutkimus. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tehtiin kaksi empiiristä tutkimusta monimenetelmällisen tutkimuksen tutkivan peräkkäisen asetelman mukaisesti. Näissä tutkimuksissa selvitettiin ensin laadullisin menetelmin tietosuojakäyttäytymistä ja tietosuojahuolia liikkumisen dataa kerättäessä. Laadullisten tulosten pohjalta kehitettiin kvantitatiiviset instrumentit tulosten yleistettävyyden tutkimiseksi. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa toteutettiin kaksi katsaustyyppistä tutkimusta, jotta saataisiin kattava käsitys tietosuojakäyttäytymisestä sekä mahdollisuuksista kehittää tietosuojahuolten arviointia uusissa tiedonkeruuympäristöissä. Nämä tutkimukset olivat systemaattinen kirjallisuuskatsaus tietosuojakäyttäytymisen malleista sekä katsaus EU:n tietosuojalainsäädännön muutoksista. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että kehittyvissä tiedonkeruuympäristöissä tietosuojakäyttäytyminen ja tietosuojahuolet poikkeavat aikaisemmista ympäristöistä. Näissä ympäristöissä esiintyy niille ominaisia tietosuojahuolia ja huolten monitahoisuus korostuu. Koska tietosuojahuolet ovat kytköksissä muihin tietosuojakäyttäytymistä ennustaviin muuttujiin, arviointeihin voi olla aiheellista sisällyttää myös näitä muuttujia. Olemassa olevia tietosuojahuolten arviointi-instrumentteja on perusteltua käyttää arvioinnin lähtökohtana myös kehittyvissä tiedonkeruuympäristöissä, mutta niitä on mukautettava uusiin ympäristöihin soveltuviksi. Arvioinnin kehittäminen voi olla haasteellista, sillä aikaisempi tietosuojatutkimus on epäyhtenäistä. Jotta sitä voidaan soveltaa asianmukaisesti arviointien kehittämisessä, tutkimusta on vietävä kokonaisvaltaisempaan suuntaan.

Context: The amount of Mobile Health (mHealth) applications to cultivate a healthy lifestyle or rehabilitate patients with physical or mental disabilities are increasingly available on app stores[1]. However, without a validation process, satisfactory results may not be obtained, especially for behaviour change apps.  Objectives: Discover validation tools with high adaptability and design a validation process of mHealth apps for behaviour change involving theoretical frameworks.  Methods: The author conducted a literature review of previous behaviour change theories, validation tools, and research methods to design a validation process for behaviour change apps. A mixed research method of preliminary questionnaire followed by semi-structured interview for limited amount of participants was proposed to empathy with users and evaluate features in the app. Lastly, a case study of a smoking cessation app (Myli) was practiced to examine the feasibility of the designed validation process. Results: A four-step validation process was designed as an instruction to validate mHealth apps step by step, especially behaviour change apps. From the case study, we obtained the knowledge and opinions through the survey and interview such as smoking behaviours, expectations and requirements on user experience, recommendations on features,etc, with five elder smokers and five younger medical students.  Conclusions: This paper contributes a validation study of mHealth apps that applying behaviour change theories and validation tools. Furthermore, the proposed validation process allows app developers or medical professions to adapt their own requirements in validation to meet the app users’ needs. / Sammanhang: Mobile Health (mHealth) applikationer för att bilda hälsosam livsstil eller att rehabilitera patienter med fysiska eller psykiska funktionsnedsättningar är alltmer tillgängliga i appbutiker [1]. Men utan en valideringsprocess kan tillfredsställande resultat inte erhållas, särskilt i appar för beteendeförändringar. Mål: Upptäcka valideringsverktyg med hög anpassningsförmåga och designa en valideringsprocess för mHealth-appar för beteendeförändringar som involverar teoretiska ramverk. Metoder: Författaren genomförde en litteraturgenomgång av tidigare beteendeförändringsteorier, valideringsverktyg och forskningsmetoder för att utforma en valideringsprocess för appar avsedda till beteendeförändringar. En blandad forskningsmetod av ett preliminärt frågeformulär som följs upp med en semistrukturerad intervju med ett begränsat antal deltagare föreslogs för att bättre förstå användare och utvärdera funktioner i appen. Slutligen praktiserades en fallstudie av en rökavvänjningsapp (Myli) för att undersöka genomförbarheten av den designade valideringsprocessen. Resultat: En valideringsprocess i fyra steg utformades som en instruktion för att validera mHealth-appar steg för steg, särskilt appar avsedda för beteendeförändringar. Genom fallstudien fick vi kunskaper och åsikter såsom rökbeteenden, förväntningar och krav på användarupplevelse, rekommendationer om funktioner etc genom enkäten och intervjun med fem äldre rökare och fem yngre läkarstudenter. Slutsatser: Denna artikel bidrar med en valideringsstudie av mHealth-appar som tillämpar teorier för beteendeförändringar och valideringsverktyg. Dessutom möjliggör den föreslagna valideringsprocessen apputvecklare eller de medicinska yrkesverksamma att anpassa sina krav i validering för att möta appanvändarnas behov.

ABSTRACTObjectification of especially women have often been mentioned in connection to discussions concerning negative body image wherein individuals have been claimed to evaluate their body and look based on standardized societal ideals (Nash:2015, Hodgkinson, Wittkowski & Smith:2014). Studies have also shown that newspapers, magazines, and movies routinely present post-pregnancy bodies as something temporarily that women should strive to improve (Breda et al.:2015, Roth et al.:2012, Williams et al.:2017). Although, it has been stated that social media can work as a supportive and inspirational tool for this specific group of women (Baker & Yang:2017, Jarvis:2017) as well as platform of expression where users can shape and spread their own beauty standards (Cwynar-Horton:2016a, Guha:2014, Earl & Rohlinger:2018). Women’s thoughts of their post-pregnancy bodies in connection to the motivations behind their bodily exposure on social media platforms have not yet been examined, even though it has been claimed that this group is particularly vulnerable to body image concerns due to social media representations (Coyne et al.:2017). As a contribution to the field of post-pregnant body advocates affordances of Instagram, this paper has focused on Swedish post-pregnant women that have posted images of their bodies under the hashtags #mammamage (mum tummy) and/or #mammakropp (mum body). By applying affordance theory’s suggestion that environments afford different affordances for individuals, this paper has asked 94 post-pregnant women how they feel about their bodies and what they think of societal body ideals, as well as examined their motivations behind their use of Instagram with the aim to identify prominent emotional affordances. Here, objectification theory, comparison theory, postmodern feminism, and feminist reflexivity were used as supporting theories in the analysis of the data which was conducted through a mixed methods survey.The main findings have been that Instagram is seen as a platform that enables its users to experience emotional affordances of 1) criticism and comparisons, 2) inspiration and support and 3) acceptance, where post-pregnant body advocates are using the affordances primarily to visualize average post-pregnancy bodies, challenge standardized body ideals and get inspired or inspire other women into re-thinking the notion(s) of their post-pregnancy bodies. What this paper further has contributed with is a greater understanding of post-pregnant body advocates experiences of their own bodies, a broader perspective on post-pregnant body advocates thoughts of societal ideals, a more profound comprehension behind post-pregnant body advocates motivation(s) behind their use of Instagram, and new knowledge to the field of emotional affordances among Instagram users.Keywords: post-pregnant women, body advocates, Instagram, affordances, affordance theory, emotional affordances, objectification theory, feminist reflexivity, comparison theory, postmodern feminism, survey, mixed method

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Why does it appall us if the CEO of a German prime bank lays off his employees despite sufficient revenue? Why do we feel contempt for Klaus Zumwinkel, a well-known tax evader? Why is Bill Gates admired for donating billions of dollars to a foundation? The answer to these questions appears to be remarkably simple: Because one seems wrong whereas the other right. More precisely, it is either morally right or morally wrong. This dissertation deals with emotions that arise when we assess peoples’ actions. Such emotions can be described as moral emotions. On the one hand, I am particularly interested in how these emotions are created. On the other hand, the consequences of identifying these emotions and therefore the function of moral emotions take on a significant role for me as well. I proceed on the assumption that these emotions have a mediating role for subsequent actions. Therefore, the key issues are why we experience the emotions we have and moreover, what is to be expected when we feel these emotions. Here, moral emotions are of major importance when transitioning from thinking to acting. Weiner (2006) and Rudolph, Roesch, Greitemeyer and Weiner (2004) previously described emotional reactions as mediating factors between cognitive processes (attributions) and subsequent behavior. Similar to this sequential model, moral emotions supposedly serve as a quick and efficient basis for decision-making regarding subsequent behavior as the heuristics advocated by Gigerenzer and Todd (1999). Here, moral emotions function as ‘heuristic cues’ that can channel our behavior. Even modern theories in computer and information science depict the human being as an “emotional machine” making use of emotionally driven programs in order to mediate between dynamic input factors from nature and adaptive output processes in terms of behavioral reactions. (Minsky, 2007) The methods of my research rely on a true role model: Charles Darwin. In his work “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” from 1872, Darwin also considered the question of what role emotions play and how they are created. Darwin (1872) proposed six potential methods to examine emotions in more detail (for an overview see Meyer, Schützwohl, & Reisenzein, 2008). Although Darwin mainly focused on the phylogenetic history and particularly dealt with the expression of mimicking as well as the congenital and inherited trigger conditions of emotional reactions, his findings and methods nevertheless were the role model for generations of emotion researchers and are still of great relevance (Izard, 1971, 1991, 1992; Lazarus, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988; Rudolph, Schulz, & Tscharaktschiew, 2013; Rudolph & Tscharaktschiew, 2014; Tomkins, 1963, 1962; Weiner, 2006). So far, Rudolph, Schulz and Tscharaktschiew (2013) have presented an empirically supported taxonomy of moral emotions and thereby have identified universally valid leading conditions of moral emotions. They are guided by attributional concepts as previously described by Heider (1958) in the context of his naïve analysis of action using forced-choice methods for selecting emotions with their subjects. Rudolph et al. (2013) divided moral emotions into emotions that assess one’s own actions (so-called actor emotions) or other people’s actions (so-called observer emotions). It becomes apparent that our moral identification of emotions depends on whether a) this action was considered as good or bad in terms of a moral standard, b) the goal of an action was or was not attained and c) the acting person made or did not make an effort in doing so. These dimensions are known as ought (a), goal-attainment (b) and effort (c). I am particularly interested in whether the dimensions discovered by Rudolph et al. (2013) will appear in autobiographical and free reports. Furthermore, I will examine more in depth the scenarios predicted by the theory and individual emotions in different test settings. All studies are conducted on an empirical basis using quantitative and qualitative methods that were previously applied by Darwin (1872) in modified form. First, I will examine whether the categories ought, goal-attainment and effort established by Rudolph et al. (2013) could be traced in recalled reports of emotional episodes using qualitative methods. Afterwards, extremely similar emotions will be distinguished in enhanced detail using a category system. Emotions such as anger, disgust and despite will be scrutinized in an experimental setting for the first time. It will be determined whether a sequential model of cognition emotion behavior already develops by the early stages using the complex emotions schadenfreude and sympathy with preschool children. For prisoners and people suffering from a personality disorder, the emotions of guilt and shame will be distinguished. In addition, the link to future behavior as well as neurological particularities of such groups of people will be taken into consideration. In my work, I will intensively scrutinize the category system assumed by Rudolph et al. (2013). Simultaneously, emotions that have been extremely similar or strongly connected thus far will be analyzed and described to a finer extent. Eventually, results will allow for a better understanding regarding the prediction of subsequent behavior.:Acknowledgments I Danksagung III Preliminary Remarks V Summary VI Zusammenfassung VIII List of Contents X List of Figures XII List of Tables XIV 1. Introduction 1 1.1. What is an Emotion? 1 1.2. The Case of Moral Emotions – Naïve Scientists and Everyday Judges 3 1.3. A Classification of Moral Emotions 4 1.4. Social Functions of Moral Emotions 7 1.5. Expanding a Coherent Theory of Moral Emotions – A Darwinian Perspective 9 1.6. Aims and Scopes / Overview of Several Chapters Within this Monograph 12 2. The Everyday Moral Judge – Autobiographical Recollections of Moral Emotions 17 2.1. Abstract 17 2.2. Introduction 18 2.3. Method 25 2.4. Results 29 2.5. Discussion 51 3. Emotional Disapproval – Cognitive and Social Determinants of Anger, Indignation, and Contempt 57 3.1. Abstract 57 3.2. Introduction 58 3.3. Method 64 3.4. Results 68 3.5. Discussion 77 4. Causes and Consequences of Schadenfreude and Sympathy: A Developmental Analysis. 81 4.1. Abstract 81 4.2. Introduction 82 4.3. Study 1: Goal-Attainment and Approach 87 4.4. Study 2: Type of Relation and Granted Benefit 98 4.5. Study 3: Valence of Behavior, Responsibility and Granted Benefit 105 4.6. Overall Discussion 116 5. Shame or Guilt – How Moral Emotions Affect the Probability of Relapse 119 5.1. Abstract 119 5.2. Outline 120 5.3. Testing the Relation of Emotional Reactions and Recidivism Rates in a Forensic Sample 127 5.4. Shame and Guilt as Predictors for Recidivism 131 5.5. Practical Implications and Outlook 135 6. Psychopathy and Spatial Abilities – Reduced Navigation-Performance as a Result of Structural Brain Changes? 139 6.1. Abstract 139 6.2. Introduction 140 6.3. Method 145 6.4. Results 151 6.5. Discussion 156 7. Overall Discussion 159 7.1. Implications for a Theory of Moral Emotions 159 7.2. A Few Concluding Remarks and Outlooks 163 8. References 165 9. Curriculum Vitae 186 10. Scientific Publications 190 10.1. Paper, Books, Book Chapter 190 10.2. Presentations, Talks 192 / Wieso empört es uns, wenn der Vorstandsvorsitzende einer deutschen Großbank trotz sprudelnder Kassen Mitarbeiter entlässt? Wieso empfinden wir Verachtung für Klaus Zumwinkel, einen prominenten Steuersünder? Warum bewundern wir Bill Gates für seine Milliardenschenkung an eine Stiftung? Die Antwort auf diese Fragen scheint denkbar einfach: Weil das eine falsch, das andere dagegen richtig erscheint. Genauer gesagt: Es ist moralisch richtig oder moralisch falsch. In meiner Arbeit geht es um eben jene Emotionen, die entstehen, wenn Handlungen von Personen bewertet werden. Solche Emotionen kann man als moralische Emotionen bezeichnen. Dabei interessieren mich einerseits die Entstehung, andererseits die Konsequenzen eines solchen Emotionsempfindens und damit die Funktion der moralischen Emotionen. Ich gehe dabei davon aus, dass diese Emotionen einen vermittelnden Charakter für nachfolgende Handlungen haben. Die entscheidenden Fragen sind also: Warum haben wir die Emotionen, die wir haben? Und: Was ist zu erwarten, wenn wir diese Emotionen verspüren? Dabei nehmen die moralischen Emotionen eine Schlüsselrolle auf dem Weg vom Denken zum Handeln ein. Bereits Weiner (2006) oder Rudolph, Roesch, Greitemeyer und Weiner (2004) haben emotionale Reaktionen als vermittelnde Größen zwischen kognitiven Prozessen (Attributionen) und nachfolgendem Verhalten beschrieben. Ähnlich diesem Sequenzmodell sollten moralische Emotionen wie die von Gigerenzer und Todd (1999) propagierten Heuristiken als schnelle und sparsame Entscheidungsgrundlage für das nachfolgende Verhalten dienen. Bei einer solchen Betrachtung fungieren die moralischen Emotionen als ‚heuristic cues’, die unser Verhalten bahnen können. Sogar moderne Theorien im Fachbereich Informatik zeichnen das Bild vom Menschen als „emotionale Maschine“, die gefühlsgesteuerte Programme benutzt, um zwischen dynamischen Input-Größen aus der Natur und adaptiven Output-Prozessen im Sinne von Verhaltensreaktionen zu vermitteln (Minsky, 2007) Meine Untersuchungen folgen in der Auswahl der Methoden einem großen Vorbild: Charles Darwin. In seinem Werk „Der Ausdruck der Gemütsbewegungen bei dem Menschen und den Tieren“ (im englischen Original: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals) geht Darwin (1872) ebenfalls den grundlegenden Fragen nach, welche Funktion Emotionen haben und wie sie entstehen. Dabei legt Darwin sechs mögliche Methoden vor, um sich mit Emotionen genauer zu beschäftigen (für einen Überblick siehe Meyer et al., 2008).Zwar liegt Darwins Fokus dabei eher auf der Stammesgeschichte und er beschäftigt sich vor allem mit dem mimischen Ausdruck sowie den angeborenen und vererbten Auslösebedingungen emotionaler Reaktionen. Dennoch waren und sind seine Erkenntnisse und die von ihm verwendeten Methoden das Vorbild für Generationen von Emotionsforschern (Izard, 1971, 1991, 1992; Lazarus, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Ortony et al., 1988; Rudolph et al., 2013; Rudolph & Tscharaktschiew, 2014; Tomkins, 1963, 1962; Weiner, 2006) Bisher haben Rudolph, Schulz und Tscharaktschiew (2013) eine empirisch gestützte Taxonomie moralischer Emotionen vorgelegt und damit allgemeingültige vorauslaufende Bedingungen moralischer Emotionen identifiziert. Sie orientieren sich dabei an attributionalen Konzepten, wie sie bereits Heider (1958) mit seiner naiven Handlungsanalyse beschreibt und benutzen dabei vor allem hypothetische Szenarien und vorgegebene Emotionswörter zur Untersuchung der Emotionen ihrer Probanden. Moralische Emotionen unterscheiden Rudolph et al. (2013), in solche Emotionen welche eigene Handlungen (so genannte Actor Emotionen) oder die Handlungen anderer (so genannte Observer Emotionen) bewerten. Es zeigt sich, dass unser moralisches Emotionsempfinden davon abhängt, ob diese Handlung a) bezogen auf einen moralischen Standard als gut oder schlecht gilt, b) das Ziel der Handlung erreicht wurde oder nicht und c) sich der Handelnde dabei angestrengt hat oder nicht. Diese Dimensionen bezeichnen wir als ought (a), goal-attainment (b) und effort (c). Mich interessiert in dieser Arbeit vor allem, ob sich die von Rudolph et al. (2013) gefundenen Dimensionen auch in autobiografischen Schilderungen und in freien Berichten wiederfinden. Darüber hinaus nehme ich die Voraussagen der Theorie und einzelne Emotionen in verschiedenen Untersuchungssettings genauer unter die Lupe. Alle Untersuchungen sind empirischer Natur und orientieren sich an den quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden, die in abgewandelter Form bereits Darwin (1872) benutzte. Als erstes prüfe ich anhand qualitativer Methoden, ob sich die von Rudolph et al. (2013) gefundenen Kategorien von ought, goal-attainment und effort auch in erinnerten Schilderungen emotionaler Episoden nachzeichnen lassen. Stark ähnliche Emotionen werden anschließend mithilfe eines Kategoriensystems noch besser unterschieden. Die Emotionen Ärger, Empörung und Verachtung werden in einem experimentellen Setting erstmals genauer unterschieden. Die Frage, ob sich ein Sequenzmodell von Kognition  Emotion  Verhalten bereits in frühen Entwicklungsstadien ausbildet, wird anhand der komplexen Emotionen Schadenfreude und Mitleid mit Vorschulkindern untersucht. Bei Strafgefangenen und Personen mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen werden die Emotionen Scham und Schuld näher unterschieden. Außerdem werden hier Zusammenhänge mit zukünftigem Verhalten sowie neurologischen Besonderheiten solcher Personengruppen betrachtet. Meine Arbeiten unterziehen einerseits das postulierte Kategoriensystem von Rudolph et al. (2013) einem harten Test. Gleichzeitig werden bisher stark ähnliche oder zusammenhängende Emotionen feiner analysiert und beschrieben. Schließlich ermöglichen die Ergebnisse ein besseres Verständnis für die Vorhersage von nachfolgendem Verhalten.:Acknowledgments I Danksagung III Preliminary Remarks V Summary VI Zusammenfassung VIII List of Contents X List of Figures XII List of Tables XIV 1. Introduction 1 1.1. What is an Emotion? 1 1.2. The Case of Moral Emotions – Naïve Scientists and Everyday Judges 3 1.3. A Classification of Moral Emotions 4 1.4. Social Functions of Moral Emotions 7 1.5. Expanding a Coherent Theory of Moral Emotions – A Darwinian Perspective 9 1.6. Aims and Scopes / Overview of Several Chapters Within this Monograph 12 2. The Everyday Moral Judge – Autobiographical Recollections of Moral Emotions 17 2.1. Abstract 17 2.2. Introduction 18 2.3. Method 25 2.4. Results 29 2.5. Discussion 51 3. Emotional Disapproval – Cognitive and Social Determinants of Anger, Indignation, and Contempt 57 3.1. Abstract 57 3.2. Introduction 58 3.3. Method 64 3.4. Results 68 3.5. Discussion 77 4. Causes and Consequences of Schadenfreude and Sympathy: A Developmental Analysis. 81 4.1. Abstract 81 4.2. Introduction 82 4.3. Study 1: Goal-Attainment and Approach 87 4.4. Study 2: Type of Relation and Granted Benefit 98 4.5. Study 3: Valence of Behavior, Responsibility and Granted Benefit 105 4.6. Overall Discussion 116 5. Shame or Guilt – How Moral Emotions Affect the Probability of Relapse 119 5.1. Abstract 119 5.2. Outline 120 5.3. Testing the Relation of Emotional Reactions and Recidivism Rates in a Forensic Sample 127 5.4. Shame and Guilt as Predictors for Recidivism 131 5.5. Practical Implications and Outlook 135 6. Psychopathy and Spatial Abilities – Reduced Navigation-Performance as a Result of Structural Brain Changes? 139 6.1. Abstract 139 6.2. Introduction 140 6.3. Method 145 6.4. Results 151 6.5. Discussion 156 7. Overall Discussion 159 7.1. Implications for a Theory of Moral Emotions 159 7.2. A Few Concluding Remarks and Outlooks 163 8. References 165 9. Curriculum Vitae 186 10. Scientific Publications 190 10.1. Paper, Books, Book Chapter 190 10.2. Presentations, Talks 192

Weeding is one of the central tasks of collection management at academic libraries but is often not prioritized. Digital collections are constantly growing and soon there will be a need to manage these resources. This master thesis explores the general state of weeding and e-resource weeding to uncover how these practices are understood and enacted at Swedish academic libraries, while also introducing the term e-weeding. A mixed method study was conducted and both quantitative and qualitative content analysis were performed on policy documents and interview transcripts respectively. Sentiments, opinions and current practices surrounding weeding and e-weeding at Swedish academic libraries were investigated and discussed. It was observed that most policy documents did not mention practices that could be understood as e-weeding, but some presented guidelines for print weeding. From the interviews, respondents had no consensus around a definition of e-weeding but practices commonly thought of as digital collection management could be tied to this term. In addition, print weeding was considered by respondents as more acute than e-weeding due to the intangible nature of digital resources. Lastly, it was revealed that criteria used for print weeding could sometimes be used for evaluating digital resources, although unique aspects of e-resources need to be considered. Nevertheless, respondents were open to the idea of e-weeding their digital collections in the future.