Introduced graduation thesis engaged in chosen implications on joining the euro area by the Czech Republic. The main target is to find the response for question: How much contributive is to enter the European Monetary Union (EMU)? The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first one includes historical and political development of European monetary integration, institutional effectiveness and economic development analysis of EMU. Following section considers the topic of EMU as a optimum currency area – objective conditions are also tested by way of Czech Republic example. Here I came to the conclusion that conditions of optimum currency area are not satisfied in many respects. Chapter number three describes the topic of nominal convergence, chapter number four describes the topic of real and price level convergence. Czech Republic is being characterized by low price level whose stepwise fitting is expected to become more complicated by virtue of using common monetary policy. Cost-benefit analysis of joining EMU is mentioned in last chapter. The most significant cost is accounted a loss of independent monetary policy, on the other hand the stable exchange rate is believed to be the most considerable benefit. The recommendation stating that Czech Republic is advised to join EMU later date is mentioned in final conclusion.

The thesis evaluates a need of the Fiscal compact measures, its adequacy and impacts on the Eurozone namely based on evaluation of indebtedness of selected member states. The evaluation is carried out by the empirical-analytic research, where the euro zone is analyzed from the perspective of the theory of optimal monetary area, the issue of member countries indebtedness and impacts of indebtedness on the entire euro zone. The thesis also evaluates the existing instruments of fiscal discipline and their deficiencies and new Fiscal compact as an instrument for stabilization and correction. The thesis examines the accuracy of the initial hypothesis that the Fiscal compact as an instrument of fiscal discipline is entirely essential measure of the future euro area functioning. It had been proven that a monetary union can not effectively operate without the long-term fiscal union.

La formation d'une union monétaire prive les États membres de l'utilisation unilatérale de l'outil monétaire. Dès lors, une orientation efficace des politiques économiques s'impose à travers (i) une hiérarchisation des cibles macroéconomiques, (ii) une identification des instruments appropriés et (iii) une mise en œuvre adaptée. Cette thèse fournit des réponses à cette orientation afin d'assurer une plus grande efficacité des politiques économiques à travers une analyse théorique et empirique appliquée au cas de l'UEMOA qui constitue un laboratoire exemplaire d'analyse des problématiques économiques en union monétaire. / The creation of a monetary union deprives the member States of the unilateral use of the monetary instrument. Therefore, an effective orientation of economic policies is required through (i) a hierarchy of macroeconomic targets, (ii) identification of appropriate instruments, and (iii) appropriate implementation. This PhD thesis provides answers to this orientation in order to ensure greater effectiveness of economic policies through a theoretical and empirical analysis applied to the case of the WAEMU which constitutes a singular analytical laboratory through which to study the economic policy of a monetary union.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic German-French cooperation on crisis management in the eurozone. Germany and France, represented by chancellor Merkel and president Sarkozy, cooperated together very closely during the crisis and contributed significantly to the further deepening of European economic and monetary union. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and compare the features of the German and French European policy and the German and French ideas about the functioning of economic and monetary union. Secondly, to examine the progress of the German- French cooperation on finding crisis solutions. And finally to define convergence and divergence in the crisis management of both countries. Due to different ideas about economic policy - the German ordoliberalism and French concept called Gouvernance économique - both countries were forced to make mutual concessions. The most important compromises within the anti-crisis measures are the bailouts to indebted countries, European rescue funds or tightening budgetary discipline of European countries by using the fiscal pact. Nevertheless, there are still areas in which both countries disagree, primarily the Eurobonds and other measures to support economic growth. The last part is devoted to the question of German models implementation into the EU and the...

År 2011 uppfyllde Estland Maastrichtkriterierna, kraven för att ingå i den Europeiska Monetära Unionen (EMU) och kunde därför ansluta sig till valutaunionen. Enligt teori och tidigare forskning förväntas ett lands ekonomiska tillväxt påverkas positivt av ett medlemskap i en valutaunion.Syftet med denna studie har varit att analysera huruvida Estlands anslutning till EMU genererat en positiv effekt på landets ekonomisk tillväxt. Analysen har genomförts genom en tidsserieanalys där åren 2002–2019 undersökts, nio år innan anslutningen till EMU samt nio år efter anslutningen till EMU.Resultatet visar att dummyvariabeln för EMU inte är signifikant, vilket resulterar i att det inte med säkerhet är möjligt att fastställa effekten på Estlands ekonomiska tillväxt. / In 2011, Estonia fulfilled the Maastricht criteria, the requirements for membership of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and was therefore able to join the monetary cooperation. According to theory and previous research, a country’s economic growth is expected to be positively affected by a membership into a monetary union.The purpose of this study has been to analyze whether Estonia's accession to EMU has generated a positive effect on the country's economic growth. The analysis was carried out through a time series analysis in which the years 2002–2019 was examined, nine years before joining EMU and nine years after joining EMU.The results are showing that the dummy variable for EMU is not significant. As a result of that, it is not possible to determine with certainty the effect on Estonia’s economic growth.

The aim of this work is to analyze the success of European monetary integration and it's contribution to countries, who's economics are, no matter if for the long lasting difficulties or recent transformation, likely to be called hazardous. In the first part, the work concerns itself with the very conception of the idea of European monetary integration and it's development, over the final form of the project, it's accomplishment up till current problem and challenges. The second part is an analysis of chosen countries who belong in the category named above. With this countries I will try to analyze the effect that joining the monetary union had on their economy. In the end I'll summarize the acquired knowledge to evaluate the effect of the common currency on the chosen group of countries.

Dans le contexte de la mondialisation, le projet d’émission d’une monnaie unique en Afrique de l’Ouest, initié par la CEDEAO en 1999, offre aux petites économies de la sous-Région de nouvelles opportunités. Le marché unique accroitrait la taille des marchés domestiques, favoriserait les économies d'échelle, simulerait la profitabilité des investissements et l’accroissement du Produit potentiel des économies. La présente Thèse étudie les implications associées à cette évolution monétaire projetée, dans la perspective des pays de la sous-Région qui conduisent actuellement une politique monétaire et de change autonome. Les résultats montrent que les économies de la CEDEAO ne sont pas synchrones, notamment par rapport à leur cycle de croissance. L’analyse des mésalignements établit que la non-Participation à une union monétaire ne protège pas contre les déséquilibres de change. Une participation de la Gambie, de la Guinée ou de la Sierra-Leone à l’UEMOA aurait été préférable, entre 1994 et 1999. Mais cet avantage se réduit ou disparaît à partir de 2000. Le bien-Être mesuré par la croissance du PIB ou par l’IDH n’est pas affecté par la participation à une zone ou à une union monétaire. Toutefois, une telle participation a un effet vigoureux, positif et significatif sur le bien-Être mesuré par la consommation par habitant. Globalement, malgré la faible synchronisation des économies, la participation à l’union monétaire en Afrique de l’Ouest est associée à un niveau de mésalignement équivalent ou plus faible que celui de la non-Participation, sauf pour le Ghana et le Nigéria. Mais une telle participation pourrait accroître la consommation par habitant. Le projet de monnaie unique de la CEDEAO est donc pertinent pour les économies de la ZMAO. / The context of the globalization suggests that the project of a West African common currency launched by the ECOWAS commission in 1999 is a potential source of opportunities for the small economies of the sub-Region. The common market will increase the scale of their small domestic markets; facilitate the realization of the scale economies; enhance the profitability of the investments and improve the potential product of the economies. Thus, this thesis aims to analyse the effect of that monetary evolution planned for countries following an autonomous monetary and exchange policy in the West African sub-Region. The results show that the economies of the sub-Region are not symmetric, especially because of their growth cycles. The equilibrium exchange rate analyse proves that the non-Participation in the common currency does not shield the West African economies against the exchange rate misalignment for them. Especially a participation of Gambia, Guinea or Sierra-Leone in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) between 1994 and 1999 would have generated a lower exchange rate misalignment for them. But that effect decreases or disappears as for 2000. On another hand, the participation in a common currency or in a monetary area in Sub-Saharian Africa does not affect the welfare measured by growth or HDI. But, both the participation in the monetary area or in the common currency improves the welfare, measured by consumption by head, strongly and significantly. Ultimately the ECOWAS economies are not robustly symmetric. Relative to the misalignment of the exchange rate the non-Participation in the WAEMU is not better, except for Ghana and Nigeria. For all ECOWAS economies, the participation in a common currency or in a monetary area is better for their welfare, measured by the consumption by head. The ECOWAS common currency project is subsequently relevant for monetary union non-Participants economies of the sub-Region.

The purpose of this thesis is to sum up the evolution of monetary policy of the European Union so far and to review the impact of the global financial crisis upon the euro area outlining its future. The other purpose is to analyze the Maastricht convergence criteria fulfillment by the Czech Republic and to sum up if the Czech Republic is or isn't ready to enter the euro area and to adopt the common currency. The first and the second part of the thesis are more descriptive of dealing with the historical evolution of monetary policy from the initial formation in the European Economic Community to the origin of the European Monetary system. The third part brings the reader particular information about the Economic and Monetary union and phases of its foundation. It also brings about the European Central Bank which is the most important institution for monetary policy of the European Union and in the end summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of adopting the common currency. In the fourth part I try to assess the impact of the global financial crisis upon the states of the euro area and mention the view of experts on its future. The last chapter deals with the potencial entry of the Czech Republic to the euro area. That review is based on the analysis of the Maastricht convergence criteria fulfillment.

Gegenstand dieser Dissertation ist die Rolle von Finanzmarktfriktionen für internationale Konjunkturzyklen und daraus resultierende Politikimplikationen. Die Analysen basieren auf Zwei-Länder DSGE Modellen mit international agierenden Finanzintermediären. Im ersten Aufsatz wird untersucht, ob der Anteil ausländischer Kapitalanlagen am Bankvermögen eine Rolle für die Übertragung von Schocks zwischen Ländern spielt. Es kann gezeigt werden, das dies von der Art des jeweiligen Schocks abhängt: Ein höherer Anteil ausländischer Kapitalanlagen führt nur dann zu einer höheren Synchronisierung von Konjunkturzyklen wenn letztere durch sogenannte Capital-Quality-Schocks verursacht werden. Im zweiten Aufsatz untersuche ich, ob es wohlfahrtssteigernd ist, unkonventionelle Geldpolitik zur Stabilisierung länderspezifischer Schocks in einer strukturell symmetrischen Währungsunion mit Finanzmarktfriktionen zu verwenden. Es wird gezeigt, das dies nicht immer der Fall ist: Wenn die Politikregeln auf Indikatoren beruhen, die hochkorreliert zwischen den Ländern sind, führen unionsweite Regeln zu höherer Wohlfahrt als länderspezifische. Der dritte Aufsatz liefert eine Erklärung für relativ geringe internationale Risikoteilung, verglichen mit dem was übliche Modelle, basierend auf dem hohen Grad an Finanzmarktintegration, vorhersagen: Ein internationales Portfolio, was von Finanzintermediären anstelle von Haushalten gewählt wurde, führt im gegebenen Modell zu suboptimaler Risikoteilung. / This thesis examines the role of financial frictions for international business cycles and policymaking in open economies. The analyses are based on two-country DSGE models with leverage-constrained financial intermediaries who can extend credit to home and foreign firms. In the first essay, I assess the role of banks’ balance sheet exposure to foreign assets for the cross-country transmission of shocks. It is shown that this role depends on the nature of a particular shock. Balance sheet exposure is essential for global co-movement in the case of capital quality shocks but does not play a decisive role conditional on other types of shocks. In the second essay, I analyze whether it is desirable to use unconventional monetary policy to stabilize country-specific shocks in a monetary union with financial frictions. It is shown that country-specific rules are not necessarily associated with higher welfare from the viewpoint of a structurally symmetric union. In particular, when the indicators of the rules are highly correlated, union-wide rules are preferable. In the third essay, I provide an explanation for the well-known puzzle that international consumption risk-sharing is relatively low compared to what theoretical models would predict given the high level of international financial-market integration. In particular, it is shown that a portfolio chosen by financial intermediaries instead of households does not necessarily yield the highest possible degree of international consumption risk-sharing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elcio Mitsuhiro Ito.pdf: 840981 bytes, checksum: 47ca5e0b9bbf2d22790cfd1c3800a15e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / This research analyzes the development of the financial integration in the euro area, a decisive process for the consolidation of the new common currency and the European Union itself. Since the beginning of the monetary union process, it was assigned to the financial integration the fundamental role for the countries to extract the maximum benefits from the monetary union with the least cost possible. Given the low labor mobility and lack of fiscal coordination within the euro zone, the financial integration received special attention as a mechanism to soften macroeconomic asymmetric shocks via reallocation of resources among segments and companies in the financial markets. Moreover, financial integration allows a more efficient transmission of monetary policies and also allows risk sharing within the monetary union. As a result, new members to the European Union do not necessarily need to wait to have symmetric business cycles before joining the euro. This research presents a selective review of main studies about measuring of financial integration and its current situation in the various segments of the financial markets in the euro area. We conclude that material improvements in the financial integration have been achieved after 10 years of the euro however further challenges are still present mainly in the stock market and retail banking sectors. The recent financial turmoil, which was originated in the U.S. during mid 2007, has resulted in inflexion of the trend in some financial integration indicators but it is still premature to affirm whether this is a trend reversal or a temporary movement / A dissertação analisa o desenvolvimento da integração financeira na área do euro, processo decisivo para a consolidação da nova moeda e da própria União Européia. Prevista desde o início do processo de unificação monetária, foi atribuído à integração financeira papel fundamental para que os países do bloco consigam obter o,máximo de benefícios da união monetária, com o menor custo possível. Diante da baixa mobilidade do mercado de trabalho e das dificuldades para a coordenação políticas fiscais na Europa do euro, a integração financeira ganhou destaque como um caminho para atenuar e suavizar os choques macroeconômicos assimétricos, por meio da realocação de recursos entre setores e empresas nos mercados financeiros. Além disso, a integração do mercado financeiro possibilita a transmissão mais eficiente da política monetária única e permite a diversificação de risco dentro de área monetária. Uma decorrência importante é que novos países da comunidade européia não precisariam esperar necessariamente por uma maior simetria dos ciclos de negócios para se unirem ao euro. A dissertação apresenta uma revisão dos principais referenciais sobre mensuração da integração financeira e seu atual estágio nos diversos segmentos dos mercados da área do euro. Conclui-se que houve avanços importantes na integração financeira em vários mercados ao longo de dez anos, maiores dificuldades para o avanço da integração em alguns deles, em especial o mercado de ações e o mercado bancário de varejo. A recente crise financeira mundial, que se originou nos Estados Unidos em meados de 2007, reverteu a tendência de alguns indicadores de integração financeira, mas é prematuro afirmar se a reversão de tendência se manterá ou se há apenas uma retração temporária