The aim of this essay is to show how the relationship between credit and critique is important for Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction of law. I will start from Force of Law, in which law, as well as justice, is deconstructed by Derrida. My purpose is further to show how the two concepts, credit and critique, are intertwined in the discourse of law and thereby crucial for Derrida’s deconstruction. As Derrida always states, the rational projects need to have a master concept, which the project revolves around, and this master concept needs at least one other subordinate concept to contrast itself against. In this context, I argue that critique can be that master concept. I base this argument upon the fact that critique in its ancient Greek sense, krinein, can be translated into the verb ‘to separate’, ‘to decide’ or ‘to judge’, which shows that there is an obvious link to the task of a judge. This puts critique in center of the discourse of law. Credit on the other hand is not rational, which makes it opposed to critique, but it is still important for law. It is a typical subordinated concept that just appears in the discourse without any further explanation but is present by its implicit importance to the discourse. I argue that credit is the subordinate concept that is needed for the concept of critique to be a master concept. Both concepts are important for the foundation of law, and this is why I believe that Derrida in the end states the importance to take responsibility for the law. In other words, one must take responsibility for both founding aspects of credit and critique when deconstructing the law.

This thesis provides a full-length critical treatment of the Essayes (1600-01) of Sir William Cornwallis (c.1579-1614). Cornwallis' Essayes are the first examples of the ‘familiar’ essay in English: to which the rhetorical shaping of persona and the use of the personal voice are central. This is the first such study of Cornwallis since the first half of the twentieth century, and situates his Essayes within their cultural, social, and material contexts. The thesis draws upon previous work on Cornwallis and his Essayes from the 1930s and 1940s, but also on recent developments in early-modern English studies, especially in the fields of the history of rhetoric and the history of reading. The thesis challenges the assumptions behind two major critical approaches to the early-modern essay: firstly that it is a form in which the personal voice can be unambiguously expressed, and secondly that it is an essentially unoriginal genre which is more closely related to reading than to writing. This thesis qualifies these approaches, while demonstrating that the origins of each are found in the rhetorical practices of early English essays. This thesis argues however that Cornwallis’s essays are elaborate fusions of classical commonplaces, humanistic rhetoric, and ethical theories of how to live, resulting from complex interactions between different strands of humanistic educative practices, and that Cornwallis’s use of the personal voice is shaped by ethically-inflected rhetorical theories of affect and imitation. The thesis further attempts to think about how essays were being read in this period, and to do so offers a study of the material traces of reading, in the form of annotations and commonplace books, left by early-modern readers of John Florio’s English translation of Montaigne (1603).

Att måla essäistisktDenna uppsats beskriver hur ett konstnärligt samarbetsprojekt utvecklades mellan två konstnärer.Målet med projektet var att komma fram till ett dialogiskt arbetssätt utan att använda det verbalaspråket och beskriver hur arbetet förvandlades från egna monologer till ett måleriskt samtal.Med utgångspunkt i renässansförfattaren Michel de Montaigne och hans arbete med att iessäform reflektera och få kunskap om tillvaron undersöks essäskrivandet både somforskningsmetod och förhållningssätt. Centrala begrepp är Friedrich Nietschzes apollinskt kontradionysiskt och Friedrich Schillers beskrivningar av form-, sinnlig- och lekdrift. Uppsatsen är enmeta-essä med syfte att visa hur ett essäistist arbetssätt kan reflektera och lyfta fram den egna levdapraktiska kunskapen. / Painting essayisticThis essay-form paper depicts the development of an artistic collaboration between two artistswhere the purpose was to come up with a dialogical way of working without using verballanguage. It describes how this work developed from separate monologues to a conversation inpainting.Based in the the renaissance essayist Michel de Montagne and his reflections over andattempts to understand our existence I try to approach the essay as a form that can be utilized asa method as well as an attitude towards this. Central concepts are Friedrich Nietzsche´s »theApollonian» versus »the Dionysian» as well as Friedrich Schiller's descriptions of the formaldrive, the sensuous drive and the play drive. The paper is a “meta essay” about how theessayistic method can be used to reflect over and emphasize personal practical knowledge.Keywords:Essay,

This thesis provides an interpretative study of Augustine of Hippo’s City of God, book 14. The introduction explains how the thesis demonstrates that Augustine only partially endorses a model of emotional control through reason, and asserts that the key to his emotions doctrine is not to be found in an affections-passions dichotomy. It also addresses Augustine’s engagement with Platonism in the text, and, using work by Volker Drecoll, explains how the commentary-style project is able to situate City 14 within the Pelagian controversy ca. A.D. 419. The following seven chapters proceed uninterruptedly through City 14, clarifying Augustine’s argumentative aims and making use of secondary scholarship and philological tools to investigate points of fine detail. Chapter 1 explores City 14.1, his recapitulation of City 11-13 and his setting out of the initial two-cities dichotomy. Chapter 2 explores City 14.2-5, in which Augustine critiques Manichean or Platonist positions that the body is bad or evil. Chapter 3 explores City 14.6-9, and Augustine’s explication of the Biblical doctrine of emotions. Chapter 4 explores City 14.10-15, and the theme of the primal Fall and the will being ‘spontaneous’. Chapter 5 explores City 14.16-20, and Augustine’s exploration of the disobedience of the genitals in all forms of sex, including married life. Chapter 6 explores City 14.21-25, in which Augustine discusses the workings of Adam and Eve’s hypothetical sexual experience in the Pre-Fall Paradise. Chapter 7 explores City 14.26-28, in which Augustine recapitulates City 14.10-25, and comments on the workings of Providence, before hurtling towards the final dichotomy about the two cities being separated by their ‘loves’. A conclusion reviews the main points of the thesis. The thesis makes extensive use of German and French scholarship, of the CCL 48 Latin text, and the tools of the CAG 3 Augustine database; it occasionally contests the chapter divisions found in modern editions.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-07T11:14:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Maria Brechó da Silva.pdf: 1743917 bytes, checksum: 4264c2b3b0b81216f0b0d958b0f697f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T11:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Maria Brechó da Silva.pdf: 1743917 bytes, checksum: 4264c2b3b0b81216f0b0d958b0f697f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis has a target to show the friendship as exercise of judgment in Montaigne, inspired by his friend La Boetie. From this famous friendship, which was disrupted by the death of La Boetie, follows, on the one hand, a study of the concept of friendship on Montaigne’s Essais and his main partners. On the other hand, the humanistic traits of the essayist in the passage from alterity to identity. The interpretation of the text allows reflections about friendship according to the image of the writing, painting, transfiguration and mirror / A presente tese pretende situar a amizade como um exercício do julgamento em Montaigne, que evoca a figura de seu amigo La Boétie. A partir dessa célebre amizade que foi rompida com a morte de La Boétie, segue-se, por um lado, uma análise do conceito de amizade nos Essais de Montaigne e de seus interlocutores. Por outro, os traços humanísticos do ensaísta na passagem da alteridade à identidade. A interpretação do texto permitirá reflexões sobre o sentido maior da amizade à luz da imagem da escrita, da pintura, da tranfiguração e do espelho

La seconde moitié du XVIe siècle en France se caractérise par un conflit général des autorités. L'essor de la notion de liberté individuelle, les progrès de l'imprimerie et l'activité des humanistes ont multiplié le nombre de livres disponibles chez les particuliers afin de favoriser l'affirmation de la confiance en l'homme par les seules forces de sa raison. Paradoxalement, en même temps que le lecteur se retrouve davantage en compagnie de livres, il risque de se limiter à la répétition bornée et à la compilation de citations qui nuisent à l'élaboration d'une pensée à soi. Dans sa réflexion sur la lecture, Montaigne affirme que l'autorité de l'écrivain ne doit pas assujettir la liberté du lecteur. Au contraire, il revendique pour son lecteur et lui-même une position de non-assimilation. Cette affirmation devient toutefois problématique dans la mesure où l'on sait que la couche la plus ancienne des Essais est issue de citations trouvées dans ses lectures des auctoritates de l'Antiquité. L'objectif central de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les liens entre la lecture et le libre exercice de la pensée dans les Essais de Montaigne. Comment est-il possible de transformer et d'assembler les emprunts à la tradition littéraire pour en faire un ouvrage personnel? Aussi, comment les lectures peuvent-elles asservir le lecteur ou à l'inverse, le libérer? L'hypothèse de ce mémoire est que la lecture que Montaigne a faite du Discours de son ami La Boétie, avec sa critique décapante des autorités politiques et des auctoritates de la littérature, fut déterminante dans l'exercice autonome de sa pensée. Partant de ce constat, le premier chapitre de ce mémoire portera sur la critique boétienne des autorités politiques sur les thèmes de la liberté, l'amitié et la servitude. Quels en sont les effets sur la manière dont s'inscrivent les auctoritates de la littérature dans le Discours et que peuvent-elles nous apprendre sur la façon dont La Boétie les lit et veut que son lecteur le lise? À cette fin, la nature des liens qui l'unit aux auctoritates et à sa façon de les critiquer sera examinée. Puisque Montaigne a écrit dans les Essais que le Discours de La Boétie fut en quelque sorte l'amorce de leur amitié, le deuxième chapitre examinera la lecture qu'en a faite Montaigne et le dialogue qui va s'instaurer entre les deux œuvres, notamment pour ce qui est de la question des auctoritates et des rapports que Montaigne établit entre liberté, amitié et servitude. Enfin, il faudra examiner minutieusement, dans le troisième chapitre, la réception que les protestants ont réservée au Discours ainsi que la défense aux aspects souvent contradictoires qu'en fit Montaigne dans l'essai De l'amitié. De plus, il sera pertinent d'étudier comment la réception protestante du Discours se répercute jusque dans les rapports complexes et variés que ce texte entretient, à son tour, avec le lecteur des Essais. En vue de mieux circonscrire cette pratique originale de la lecture montaignienne, qui ne doit pas tout au Discours de La Boétie et qui est intimement liée avec notre étude du statut et de la critique de l'auctoritas, ce mémoire privilégiera une approche à la fois intertextuelle et dialogique du texte qui permettra de faire un bilan critique sur les différentes formes de la présence de La Boétie dans les Essais, question que l'on trouvait jusqu'ici éparse dans les études montaigniennes. En procédant de la sorte, notre recherche se donne comme objectif non seulement de mieux comprendre des notions de lecture, de liberté, d'amitié et de servitude dans les Essais de Montaigne, mais aussi d'innover en caractérisant mieux le type de rapport non-autoritaire existant entre le lecteur idéal représenté dans les Essais et Montaigne, lui-même lecteur des auctoritates. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Littérature de la Renaissance, Discours de La Boétie, Essais de Montaigne, lecture critique des auctoritates, tradition littéraire et critique, intertextualité, dialogisme.

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L’association des concepts de tourisme et de santé, est marquée par une opposition qui découle de la nature des deux concepts. Le lien entre ces deux domaines de la vie des sociétés est protéiforme, et s’inscrit dans l’histoire, les pratiques sociales et l’actualité. Cette relation se décline sous la forme du thermalisme de l’Antiquité, à la création des premiers hôpitaux pour héberger les pèlerins du Moyen Âge, et l’organisation du premier voyage à forfait par Thomas Cook en 1841, dans une campagne contre l’alcool en Angleterre. Aujourd’hui la médecine du voyage et ses recommandations pour les séjours dans les pays tropicaux, de même que les récentes épidémies de portée mondiale, et leurs incidences sur l’économie touristique, ajoutent de nouveaux démembrements à la relation entre la santé et le voyage. Mais c’est par le biais du tourisme médical que cette étude tente d’approfondir le rapport entre les deux concepts. Forme de migration moderne, on découvre un secteur économique rapportant en 2013, près de 60 milliards de dollars, et un modèle économique que tentent de dupliquer de nombreuses destinations. Dans les préalables de ce phénomène, il y a pour ces destinations, une économie touristique efficace, et un secteur de la santé irrigué par un système d’assurance santé, sous son trait universel. Enfin le tourisme médical, dévoile sa face controversée, celle de l’Ethique re-questionnée dans la PMA, ou pour les suites médicales de la pratique, avec les problèmes post-opératoires. Mais c’est surtout sous la forme d’une nouvelle mise en valeur des territoires urbains, que pèse désormais le tourisme médical, en France et ailleurs aussi. / Tourism and health are two concepts, at first sight in opposition. If tourism "is not based on any necessity," health, "engages the lives of individuals and societies." By scrutinizing the two concepts, it emerges a protean relationship that fits into history, social practices and current events. Despite the progress made in medicine, some tourist destinations, for specific epidemiological reasons are still destinations at risk. The current context of globalization, has influences in the field of health. The recent epidemics, H1N1 flu, Coronavirus etc., are today a threat to the planet. These experiences have shown the subjection of the tourism sector to the epidemiological state of the world. At this first connection between health and tourism, there is the one that makes health a consumer good, a design on which medical tourism is based. Medical tourism is a phenomenon brought to life by the media. The ambiguity of the term leads us to confess at the epistemological level of an inappropriate formula. However, it refers to a phenomenon that brings in nearly $ 60 billion in global revenue a year.These economic spinoffs support the expansion of the practice: Asia, Eastern Europe, North Africa, Latin America, and North America. The cost of care on these destinations, mostly emerging countries, Are much lower than in the countries of origin of patients. Legislation on certain medical acts is also important in medico-tourist motivations. PMA, transplants, abortion, participate motivations of medical tourism. However, the observations show a correlation between the emergence of this economic model, and the existence on the one hand, on the one hand, of a rich tourist activity, and on the other,of health insurance mechanism, covering the majority Population. In France we find the conditions for the development of a medical-tourist activity. However, the contribution of the Hexagon to this segment of the world economy is below its capacity, although it must be admitted that some cities are famous for hosting foreign patients. In city marketing, hospital facilities also define the importance of agglomerations. On this fact the cities of Paris, Marseille and Lyon, each has a medical-tourist activity. This study analyzes this segment in each of these cities, with their tourist and sanitary features.Thus, medical tourism is emerging as a new form of development of the territory, in France and elsewhere as well.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_nmb_me_mar.pdf: 707547 bytes, checksum: 078177719f55660111e5a7fc64744f72 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho pretende situar a amizade e sua descrição em Montaigne, que evoca a figura de seu amigo La Boétie. A partir dessa célebre amizade que foi rompida com a morte de La Boétie, segue-se uma análise do conceito de amizade nos Essais de Montaigne e de suas principais fontes. Resta ao autor apenas escrever incessantemente para garantir a presença de si mesmo e do amigo. A interpretação do texto permitirá reflexões sobre o sentido maior da amizade à luz da imagem da escrita, da pintura, do amor e da fraternidade / This research has a target to show the friendship and her description in Montaigne, inspired by his friend La Boetie. From this famous friendship, which was disrupted by the death of La Boetie, follows a study of the concept of friendship on Montaigne’s Essais and his main sources. Remain for actor only to write incessantly for to guarantee the present myself and of friend. The interpretation of the text allows reflections about friendship according to the image of the writing, painting, love and fraternity

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