Rationnelle. La ventilation mécanique invasive (VI) s’accompagne lorsqu’elle se prolonge, d’une augmentation de la morbimortalité. Jusqu’à 64% des enfants hospitalisés aux soins intensifs sont ventilés et peu de données épidémiologiques existent afin d’estimer précocement la durée du support ventilatoire. Objectifs. Déterminer l’incidence et les facteurs de risque précoces de ventilation mécanique invasive prolongée aux soins intensifs pédiatriques. Méthode. Nous avons conduit une étude descriptive rétroélective sur un an. Tous les épisodes de VI aux soins intensifs du Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte Justine de Montréal ont été inclus. Les facteurs de risque de VI prolongée (≥ 96 heures) ont été déterminés par régression logistique. Résultats. Parmi les 360 épisodes de VI, 36% ont duré ≥ 96 heures. Les facteurs de risques de ventilation prolongée en analyse multivariée sont : âge <12 mois, score de PRISM ≥ 15 à l’admission, pression moyenne dans les voies aériennes ≥13 cm H2O au jour 1 de ventilation, utilisation de la sédation intraveineuse continue au jour 1 de ventilation et ventilation non invasive avant intubation. Conclusion. La VI prolongée survient chez environ un tiers des patients ventilés. Les patients de moins de 12 mois semblent être plus à risque que les enfants plus âgés et devraient bénéficier de stratégies différentes pour diminuer leur durée de ventilation mécanique. La sévérité de la maladie, l’agressivité du support ventilatoire, l’utilisation d’une sédation continue au premier jour de ventilation sont également des facteurs à considérer dans les études visant à diminuer la durée de support ventilatoire. / Rationale. Invasive mechanical ventilation is associated, if prolonged, with higher morbidity and mortality. Up to 64% of children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) require invasive ventilation but little epidemiological data are available on children requiring prolonged acute invasive mechanical ventilation. Objectives. To determine the incidence rate and early risk factors for prolonged acute invasive mechanical ventilation in children. Methods. We conducted a retrolective longitudinal cohort study over a one-year period. All consecutive episodes of invasive mechanical ventilation in the PICU of Sainte-Justine Hospital were included. Risk factors for prolonged (≥ 96 hours) versus short (< 96 hours) ventilation were determined by logistic regression. Results. Among the 360 episodes of invasive ventilation, 36% had a length ≥ 96 hours. Following multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for prolonged acute invasive mechanical ventilation were: age <12 months, PRISM score ≥ 15 at admission, mean airway pressure ≥13 cm H2O on day one, use of continuous intravenous sedation on day one and use of non-invasive ventilation prior to intubation. Conclusion. Prolonged acute mechanical ventilation occurs in approximately one third of ventilated children. Younger children (aged <12 months) may be different from older patients and may require different strategies to decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation. Severity of illness, the aggressiveness of ventilatory support required and the use of continuous intravenous sedation on the first day of ventilation are also risk factors to consider in trials aimed at reducing mechanical ventilation duration.

Résumé: Les progrès réalisés dans le domaine médical ont permis un prolongement de l’espérance de vie, l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients; ce qui implique aussi des changements dans des domaines comme l’assurance-vie. Le principe de la tarification en assurance-vie est basé sur la comparaison du risque (probabilité) de décès d’un individu candidat à une police d’assurance à celui d’une population de référence la plus proche possible du candidat. C’est ainsi que l’analyse de la littérature médicale est devenue un outil indispensable dans la sélection des risques. L’assurance-vie est présente en Afrique subsaharienne depuis environ deux cents ans, mais les assureurs ne disposaient pas jusqu'à nos jours d’outils de tarification spécifiques au contexte africain. A notre connaissance notre travail est le premier effort de ce type à s’intéresser à ce sujet. Son objectif est d’élaborer un outil de tarification qui tiendra compte des aspects spécifiques de la mortalité et de la morbidité sur le continent africain. Dans une première partie nous avons conduit une revue de la littérature médicale disponible sur différents problèmes de santé; dans une seconde étape nous avons identifié les facteurs de risque de morbidité et de mortalité afin de proposer une sélection des risques pour une tarification. Les résultats montrent que les études de mortalité, et principalement les cohortes de suivi à long terme sont rares en Afrique subsaharienne; la majorité des études sont de courte durée et en plus elles enrôlent un nombre restreint de patients. Ces insuffisances ne permettent pas une analyse actuarielle approfondie et les résultats sont difficiles à extrapoler directement dans le domaine de la tarification. Cependant, l’identification des facteurs d’aggravation de la mortalité et de la morbidité permettra un ajustement de la tarification de base. Le sujet noir africain présente un profil de mortalité et de morbidité qui est sensiblement différent de celui du sujet caucasien, d’où la nécessité d’adapter les outils de tarification actuellement utilisés dans les compagnies d’assurance qui opèrent en Afrique subsaharienne. L’Afrique au sud du Sahara a besoin aujourd’hui plus que jamais de données épidémiologiques solides qui permettront de guider les politiques sanitaires mais aussi servir au développement d’une sélection des risques adaptés au contexte africain. Ceci passera par la mise en place d’un réseau coordonné de santé publique, un système de surveillance démographique fiable et un suivi continu des mouvements de la population. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, une collaboration avec les pays développés qui sont déjà très avancés dans de tels domaines sera nécessaire. / Abstract: Progress in medical research has prolonged life expectancy, improved patient quality of life; these changes translate in such domain as life insurance underwriting. The principle of underwriting in life insurance is based on the comparison of the probability of death of an individual candidate for an insurance policy to the probability of death of a reference population closed to the candidate. A review and analysis then becomes an of the medical literature become an indispensable tool for risk selection. Life insurance has been present in sub-Saharan Africa for approximately two hundred years, but up to date the insurers do not have specific underwriting tools which are adapted to the African context. This work is the first one in our knowledge to explore risk selection for Life insurance in Africa. Its purpose is to elaborate underwriting tools which will take into account specific aspects of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we made a literature review of all available medical publications on different health problems; then, in a second step, we sorted out the risk factors for both morbidity and mortality, in order to suggest algorithms for underwriting risk selection. It appeared rapidly that mortality studies, and mainly long-term follow-ups, are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa. When they exist, they are of short duration, and enrol a limited number of patients. This makes our analysis and extrapolation of risk difficult for underwriting purposes. However identification of morbidity and mortality factors is important to allow some basic underwriting. The black African has a mortality and morbidity profile which are appreciably different from the one of a Caucasian subject. Consequently it will be important to adapt the underwriting tools used for underwriting life insurance in sub- Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa needs more than ever solid epidemiological data, and health policies implementation for the development of risk selection in insurance medicine. These changes mean the implementation of a coordinated public health network, a reliable demographic monitoring system and a continuous follow-up of the population’s migration. To reach such objectives, the collaboration with developed countries which are already very advanced in these fields will be very useful.

Les transfusions de culots érythrocytaires (CE) sont un traitement fréquent en soins intensifs pédiatriques. Des études chez l’adulte suggèrent qu’une durée prolongée d’entreposage des CE est associée à une mauvaise évolution clinique. Aucune étude prospective n’a été conduite en pédiatrie. Notre objectif était d’évaluer l’effet clinique de la durée d’entreposage des CE chez des patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques. Nous avons donc conduit une étude observationnelle prospective dans 30 centres de soins intensifs pédiatriques en Amérique du Nord, chez tous les patients consécutifs de moins de 18 ans, séjournant aux soins intensifs pendant plus de 48 heures. Le critère de jugement primaire était l’incidence de cas de syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale après transfusion. Les critères de jugement secondaire étaient la mortalité à 28 jours et la durée d’hospitalisation aux soins intensifs. En utilisant un modèle de régression logistique, les risques relatifs furent ajustés pour le sexe, l’âge, la sévérité de la maladie à l’admission, le nombre total de transfusions et la dose totale de transfusion. L’étude a montré que les patients recevant des CE entreposés pendant 14 jours ou plus avaient un risque relatif ajusté de 1.87 (IC 95% 1.04 :3.27, p=0.03) de contracter ou de détériorer un syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale après transfusion. Ces mêmes patients avaient une durée d’hospitalisation aux soins intensifs prolongée (+3.7 jours, p<0.001), mais pas de risque augmenté de mortalité. En conclusion, chez les patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques, la transfusion de CE entreposés 14 jours ou plus est associée avec une augmentation de l’incidence de syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale et une durée d’hospitalisation prolongée aux soins intensifs. / Transfusion is a common treatment in pediatric intensive care units. Studies in adults suggest that prolonged storage of red blood cell units is associated with worse clinical outcome. No prospective study has been conducted in children. Our objectives were to assess the clinical impact of the length of storage of red blood cell units on clinical outcome in critically ill children. We conducted a prospective, observational study in 30 North American centers, in consecutive patients aged <18 years with a stay ≥48 hours in a pediatric intensive care unit. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after transfusion. The secondary outcomes were 28-day mortality and pediatric intensive care unit length of stay. Odds ratios were adjusted for gender, age, number of organ dysfunctions at admission, total number of transfusions, and total dose of transfusion, using a multiple logistic regression model. Our study showed that for patients receiving blood stored ≥14 days, the adjusted odds ratio for an increased incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was 1.87 (95% CI 1.04;3.27, p=0.03). There was also a significant difference in the total pediatric intensive care unit length of stay (adjusted median difference +3.7 days, p<0.001) but no significant change in mortality. In critically ill children, transfusion of red blood cell units stored for ≥14 days is independently associated with an increased occurrence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and prolonged PICU stay.

Transition zone biopsies have been found to increase the detection rates of cancer of the prostate in patients with negative digital rectal examination. There are however no data available whether the higher biopsy rate is associated with greater morbidity. The present study was therefore designed to evaluate the complication rate of extended sextant biopsy. In this prospective study, 162 consecutive patients who presented for prostatic evaluation were included. After starting prophylactic antibiotic treatment 48 h prior to the procedure, transrectal ultrasound-guided core biopsies were obtained from each lobe: three each from the peripheral zone (apex, mid-zone and base) and two from the transition zone of each prostatic lobe. In all patients a questionnaire was obtained 10–12 days after the procedure. Major complications occurred in 3 patients. In 2 of the 3 cases major macroscopic hematuria was treated by an indwelling catheter for 1 or 2 days and 1 patient developed fever >38.5°C for 1 day. Minor macroscopic hematuria was present in 68.5% of the patients. In 17.9% of these cases, the hematuria lasted for more than 3 days. Hematospermia was observed in 19.8% and minor rectal bleeding occurred in 4.9%. Ten-core biopsies did not lead to an increase in adverse effects or complications when compared to the results of sextant biopsies reported in the literature. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Background:There is controversial evidence with regard to the significance of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as an indicator for future stroke risk. We aimed to quantify the risk increase for mortality and morbidity associated with PAD. Methods:In an open, prospective, noninterventional cohort study in the primary care setting, a total of 6,880 unselected patients ≧65 years were categorized according to the presence or absence of PAD and followed up for vascular events or deaths over 5 years. PAD was defined as ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.9 or history of previous peripheral revascularization and/or limb amputation and/or intermittent claudication. Associations between known cardiovascular risk factors including PAD and cerebrovascular mortality/events were analyzed in a multivariate Cox regression model. Results:During the 5-year follow-up [29,915 patient-years (PY)], 183 patients had a stroke (incidence per 1,000 PY: 6.1 cases). In patients with PAD (n = 1,429) compared to those without PAD (n = 5,392), the incidence of all stroke types standardized per 1,000 PY, with the exception of hemorrhagic stroke, was about doubled (for fatal stroke tripled). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios were 1.6 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.1–2.2) for total stroke, 1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.5) for ischemic stroke, 0.7 (95% CI 0.2–2.2) for hemorrhagic stroke, 2.5 (95% CI 1.2–5.2) for fatal stroke and 1.4 (95% CI 0.9–2.1) for nonfatal stroke. Lower ABI categories were associated with higher stroke rates. Besides high age, previous stroke and diabetes mellitus, PAD was a significant independent predictor for ischemic stroke. Conclusions:The risk of stroke is substantially increased in PAD patients, and PAD is a strong independent predictor for stroke. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Causes of morbidity and mortality were investigated for 108 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) stranded in south-east Queensland between 1990 and 1996. This study was undertaken as part of a broader carcass salvage program for south Queensland, and within the context of a population study of C. mydas in the Moreton Bay feeding ground. Accurate pathological characterisation of disease in C. mydas was achieved by detailed necropsy and histological examination. Varied inflammatory responses and degenerative changes were observed in stranded C. mydas. Supportive disciplines of microbiology, parasitology, and clinical chemistry were used to elucidate aetiology and pathogenesis of selected conditions. Heavy metal and pesticide levels were assessed in a sub-sample of turtles. Direct anthropogenic causes (including trauma, foreign body ingestion and drowning) accounted for 34% of mortalities of C. mydas in this study. The majority of the trauma cases were turtles with skull fractures resulting from blunt impacts. The remainder had boat propeller injuries, or miscellaneous trauma. Almost half of the turtles with lethal boat propeller damage had evidence of pre-existing disease which may well have predisposed them to boat strike, emphasising the importance of full necropsy examination, even when the cause of death appears obvious. Fishing line was the only ingested foreign body consistently implicated in the production of fatal intestinal obstruction. Marine turtle fibropapillomatosis, a panzootic viral disease which is considered to involve some indirect anthropogenic factors, accounted for 7% of mortalities. The findings in this study were consistent with much of the previously described pathology of this condition. Naturally-occurring diseases (for which human influences are unknown) accounted for the remaining 59% of strandings. Coccidiosis, caused by Caryospora cheloniae, was recorded for the first time in wild C. mydas. It occurred both as an epizootic (in 1991) and as sporadic cases. A variety of manifestations, including disseminated and enteric forms, were recognised. Infection with a Cryptosporidium-like protozoan appeared to occur concurrently with coccidiosis in one turtle in this study. Attempts to establish experimental coccidial infections in hatchling C. mydas were unsuccessful. Infections with cardiovascular (spirorchid) flukes were almost universal in stranded C. mydas in this study. They ranged from mild, incidental findings (such as occasional fluke vii egg granulomas evident microscopically in otherwise normal tissues) to a variety of severe changes, including thrombosis, which were likely to have produced morbidity. The present study clarified the range of cardiovascular lesions associated with spirorchidiasis, including the sequence of thrombus resolution and exteriorisation from vessels. In some cases spirorchid vasculitis was associated with fatal disseminated bacterial infections. Other sporadic, naturally-occurring diseases included mycotic pneumonia, bacterial meningoencephalitis and a miscellany of gastrointestinal conditions, including chronic intestinal tympany and obstipation, for which the underlying cause could not always be determined. Evidence indicated that gastrointestinal motility in C. mydas was prone to both direct and indirect disturbance and that tympany and obstipation could be final common outcomes of a range of insults. Eighteen abnormally buoyant turtles were examined during this study. The cause could usually be ascribed to an underlying disease, including (in decreasing order of frequency) trapped internal gas, usually intestinal; neurological disease such as traumatic brain injuries; and pulmonary disease. In two cases, no underlying cause was detected. Trace metal (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, selenium and zinc) concentrations were determined in the livers and kidneys of 50 turtles of mixed species (mostly C. mydas). These results were considered to provide baseline data for sea turtles in SE Qld. This study offered the largest dataset available for some metals in C. mydas, and provided evidence of high background levels of cadmium as a normal feature for the species. Some unusual age–related trends in metal accumulation were detected. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc and selenium in the kidney decreased with increasing age, whereas zinc concentrations in the liver tended to increase. Determining the impact of disease on wildlife populations is an increasingly necessary task, which will require multidisciplinary teams. Necropsy surveys like the present study are an essential component of the growing field of conservation medicine. In addition to providing data relevant to management, such as the relative proportions of anthropogenic and naturally-occurring mortalities, necropsy surveys can identify a range of endemic pathogens, and help to collect prevalence data for determining disease impacts at the population level.

Research report (MMed) -- Stellenbosch University, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Hypertension and its complications is responsible for a significant proportion of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Dora Nginza Hospital, clinical experience has shown that hypertension and its complications are common but despite this assumption, the overall prevalence of complications, social and demographic characteristics and various forms of presentations of hypertension in pregnancy is still largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of complications, risk factors, social and demographic characteristics of hypertensive complications of pregnancy in Dora Nginza Hospital. STUDY DESIGN: The study is a retrospective descriptive study performed on medical records. The study was carried out by looking at records of patients admitted with hypertension in pregnancy over a 2 year period (2007-2008). MS Excel was used to capture the data and STATISTICA version 9 was used for data analysis. SETTING: Dora Nginza hospital, Port Elizabeth Hospitals Complex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence, risk factors, maternal complications, perinatal outcome. RESULTS: A total of 22,711 deliveries were recorded in Dora Nginza hospital over the two year period (2007-2008). 1520 cases were complicated by hypertension giving an incidence of hypertension as 6.69% (66.9 per 1000 deliveries). The incidence of pre eclampsia is 35.40% and chronic hypertension 2.80%. Maternal complications occurred in 40.29% of the hypertensive women. Maternal deaths occurred in 0.79% (790 per 100000 deliveries) accounting for 38.71% of the total maternal deaths in the facility. Poor neonatal outcome was recorded in 5.90% of these women. The 2.30% stillbirths represent 3.30% of all fetal deaths in the facility for the study period. Prominent risk factors are age, race, low socioeconomic status, smoking and BMI CONCLUSION: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Dora Nginza hospital is common and is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Improved socioeconomic status, quality obstetric services which include early booking, proper antenatal care, early referral and proper documentation can minimise the effect of hypertension on pregnancy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Introdução. O aumento da complexidade e a melhoria dos cuidados de assistência e monitoração de crianças submetidas a procedimentos neurocirúrgicos tem sido marcantes nos últimos anos. Entretanto, são poucas as publicações sobre as principais características de morbimortalidade do período perioperatório e dos fatores de risco associados a piores desfechos dos mesmos. Objetivos. Estudar, de maneira retrospectiva e descritiva, os principais fatores determinantes de morbimortalidade em crianças submetidas a procedimentos neurocirúrgicos internadas na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Hospital Santa Catarina e caracterizá-los de maneira a conhecer o perfil do serviço estudado. Métodos. Foi realizado estudo de coorte retrospectivo através de análise de prontuários no período de 2005 a 2009 de todos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos neurocirúrgicos, de 1 mês a 16 anos completos, sendo levantados os principais dados referentes ao diagnóstico cirúrgico e a evolução pós-operatória, bem como descritas as principais complicações e a evolução dos pacientes durante a internação hospitalar. Resultados. Foram estudados dados de 198 pacientes durante o período do estudo. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram correções de cranioestenoses (31,3%), tumores supratentoriais (19,7%), shunts ventriculoperitoneais (16,7%), tumores raquimedulares (9,1%) e tumores infratentoriais (8,6%). Ao todo, 57,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 50 meses, tempo médio de internação em UTI Pediátrica de 3,4 dias e no hospital de 7,2 dias, com tempo médio de ventilação mecânica de 6,6 horas. As complicações mais freqüentes na população foram sangramento (48,5%), febre (30,3%), hipotermia (16,2%) e laringite pós-extubação (15,2%). Pela análise múltipla, os fatores de risco associados a maior tempo de internação em UTI foram febre (p = 0,001), laringite (p = 0,001) e infecção (p = 0,003); a maior tempo de internação hospitalar, febre (p = 0,001) e infecção (p = 0,003) e a maior tempo de ventilação mecânica febre (p = 0,015), sangramento (p = 0,04), laringite (p = 0,007), distúrbio de coagulação (p < 0,001) e uso de corticoides (p < 0,001). Houve 2 óbitos na população estudada devido à hipertensão intracraniana. Conclusões. É de grande importância o estudo das principais complicações associadas a pior prognóstico em neurocirurgia pediátrica. Febre e sangramento, além de muito frequentes, impactam em quase todos os desfechos estudados. Séries de casos com maior quantidade de pacientes são necessárias para o melhor estabelecimento dos fatores de risco. / Introduction. The increasing complexity and improving care assistance and monitoring of children undergoing neurosurgical procedures has been remarkable in recent years. However, there are few publications about the main characteristics of perioperative morbidity and risk factors associated with worse outcomes from them. Objectives. To study, retrospectively, the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing neurosurgical procedures hospitalized in the Hospital Santa Catarina’s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and characterize them in to know the profile of the service studied. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records review between 2005 to 2009 of all patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, from 1 month to 16 years, and the main data regarding the diagnosis and surgical postoperative outcome and main complications and outcome of patients during hospitalization were reviewed. Results. We studied data from 198 patients during the study period. The most common diagnoses were craniosynostosis (31.3%), supratentorial tumors (19.7%), ventriculoperitoneal shunts (16.7%), spinal cord tumors (9.1%) and infratentorial tumors (8.6%) . Altogether, 57.6% of patients were male with a mean age of 50 months, mean ICU stay of 3.4 days and hospital stay of 7.2 days with an average time of mechanical ventilation of 6.6 hours. The most frequent complications were bleeding (48.5%), fever (30.3%), hypothermia (16.2%) and post-extubation laryngitis (15.2%). In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with longer ICU lenght-of-stay were fever (p = 0.001), laryngitis (p = 0.001) and infection (p = 0.003); with greater hospital stay, fever (p = 0.001) and infection (p = 0.003) and with greater duration of mechanical ventilation, fever (p = 0.015), bleeding (p = 0.04), laryngitis (p = 0.007), coagulation disorders (p <0.001) and use of corticosteroids (p <0.001). There were two deaths in this population due to intracranial hypertension. Conclusions. It’s very important to study the major complications associated with poor prognosis in pediatric neurosurgery. Fever and bleeding were very frequent, impacting on almost all outcomes studied. Case series with the largest number of patients are needed to better establish the risk factors. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-29 / Objetivos: determinar a incidência de displasia broncopulmonar durante o período de um ano (março de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010) e analisar os fatores de risco neonatais associados ao desenvolvimento da doença em serviços públicos de referência para alto risco neonatal em Maceió, o Hospital Universitário Prof. Alberto Antunes e a Maternidade Escola Santa Mônica. Métodos: foram registrados dados de todos os prematuros de muito baixo peso admitidos nas duas instituições durante um ano. O diagnóstico de displasia broncopulmonar foi estabelecido naqueles prematuros com necessidade de oxigênio aos 28 dias de vida. A incidência foi calculada dividindo-se o número de casos pelo total de prematuros de muito baixo peso das duas maternidades, durante o período do estudo. Foram feitas análises das variáveis associadas com o teste do Quiquadrado, para as categóricas, e o teste T de Student ou Mann-Whitney para as numéricas. Para prever o valor dessas variáveis foi realizada a análise de regressão logística. Resultados: foram admitidos nas duas instituições 244 prematuros de muito baixo peso. A incidência observada foi 22,1%. Destes, 54 evoluíram com a doença e 94 não a apresentaram. Houve diferenças quanto às médias de peso dos grupos (1050g com displasia e 1275g sem displasia) e quanto às médias de idades gestacionais (30 semanas com displasia e 32 semanas sem a doença). Fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica 94% dos prematuros com displasia e 45,8% sem displasia, com p<0,01. Também houve associação com uso de surfactante no grupo com displasia (98% com e 71,7% sem displasia, com p<0,01). O modelo de regressão logística foi preditivo em 70% para ventilação mecânica ao nascer (RR=2,04; IC 95%: 1,62-2,55) e peso ao nascer inferior a 1000g (RR=1,89; IC: 1,19-3,00). Conclusões: a incidência de DBP foi similar à encontrada na literatura. Houve associação com, baixa idade gestacional, uso de surfactante, baixo peso ao nascer e ventilação mecânica, sendo esses dois últimos preditivos para a doença. / Objectives: To determine the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the period of one year (from March 2009 to February 2010) and analyze the associated neonatal risk factors to the development of the disease in Public Services in two references of high risk newborn in Maceió, the “Hospital Universitário Alberto Antunes” and the “Maternidade Escola Santa Mônica”. Methods: All very low birth weight preterm infants who were admitted in the both institutions were recorded during one year. The diagnosis was established in those preterm infants who needed oxygen at 28 days of life. The incidence was calculated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of preterm births in both hospitals during the study period. The associated variables were analysed with the “Chi-square” test and the T test of Student or Mann-Whitney. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the value of those variables. Results: 244 RNMBP were admitted in both institutions. The incidence was 22.1%. 54 evolved with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 94 without. There were differences regarding the average weight of the groups (1050g with and 1275g without dysplasia)) and also as to the gestational age (30 weeks with BPD and 32 weeks without the disease). 94% of the prematures with and 45,8% without the disease made use of mechanical ventilation, with p<0,01. There were association with surfactant in the group with bronchopulmonay dysplasia (98% with and 71,7% without displasia, com p<0,01). The logistic regression model was predictive in 70% of mechanical ventilation at birth (RR=2,04 IC 95% 1,62-2,55) and weight lower than 1000g (RR=1,89 IC 95% 1,19-3,00).Conclusions: The incidence of DBP was similar to the literature. There were association with low weight in born, with low gestational age, use of surfactant and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation and weight lower than 1000g were predictive for the disease. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Abstract The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta in the foetus. In normal neonatal transition, the ductus closes soon after birth. If the duct remains significantly open after birth, it may complicate the recovery of a very preterm infant. Present treatments of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) are either medical (ibuprofen or indomethacin) or surgical (ligation). However, these treatments can have serious side effects, especially in the most immature infants. This doctoral thesis studied the potential role of intravenous paracetamol for PDA treatment in very preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestation. Consequences of the PDA treatments in an epidemiological birth cohort were also studied. In retrospective Study I stated that treatments of PDA decreased after the introduction of IV paracetamol for early pain management in preterm infants. Study II showed in a randomised clinical trial for the first time that paracetamol has a biological effect on the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants soon after birth. The ductus closed significantly earlier in the paracetamol group than in the placebo group. The epidemiological cohort Study III showed evidence that both medical and surgical treatment of PDA associated with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants born very preterm. Additionally, surgical PDA ligation was associated with increased risk of necrotising enterocolitis and intraventricular haemorrhage. Study IV showed that treatment of PDA was not associated with increased mortality, even in the most immature preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation. / Tiivistelmä Valtimotiehyt on sikiöaikana avoimena oleva suoni, joka yhdistää keuhkovaltimon laskevaan aorttaan ja ohjaa vähähappisen veren istukkaan. Yhdessä soikean aukon kanssa suoni takaa sikiön verenkierron normaalin toiminnan ennen keuhkojen avautumista. Mikäli valtimotiehyt jää syntymän jälkeen pitkittyneesti auki, muuttaa se keskosen verenkiertoa siten, että osa aortan verenkiertoa ohjautuu keuhkoverenkiertoon vaikeuttaen pienen keskosen toipumista. Nykyhoitoina käytetään joko lääkkeellistä (ibuprofeeni tai indometasiini) tai kirurgista sulkua. Lääkkeellinen hoito ei ole kovin tehokas kaikista epäkypsimmillä keskosilla ja hoitoihin liittyy vakaviakin sivuvaikutuksia. Väitöskirjassa tutkittiin parasetamolilääkityksen vaikutusta hyvin pienen keskosen avoimen valtimotiehyen sulkeutumiseen. Epidemiologisessa osiossa tutkittiin nykyhoitojen sivuvaikutuksia hyvin pienillä keskosilla. Osatyössä I todettiin, että avoimen valtimotiehyen hoidon tarve väheni merkittävästi sen jälkeen kun parasetamoli oli otettu käyttöön kivun hoidossa vastasyntyneiden teholla. Osatyö II oli satunnaistettu ja sokkoutettu hoitotutkimus, jossa todettiin alkuperäishavaintona, että parasetamolilla on biologinen vaikutus keskosen avoimeen valtimotiehyeen. Parasetamolia saaneilla keskosilla valtimotiehyt sulkeutui aikaisemmin kuin verrokeilla. Hoidolla ei todettu merkittäviä sivuvaikutuksia. Osatöissä III ja IV tutkittiin kaikkien vuosina 2005−2013 Suomessa syntyneiden hyvin pienten keskosten avoimen valtimotiehyen hoitoja. Lääkehoidolla (ibuprofeeni ja indometasiini) ja kirurgisella hoidolla todettiin olevan yhteys keskosen kroonisen keuhkotaudin (BPD) vaikeimpaan muotoon. Kirurgisella hoidolla oli yhteys keskosen vaikeaan suolitulehdukseen ja vaikeaan aivoverenvuotoon. Kuolleisuuden riskin ei kuitenkaan todettu lisääntyneen valtimotiehyen hoitoihin liittyen.