Studien har för avsiktta reda på vilka motivationsfaktorer som finns bakom ett ideellt ledarskap i en idrottsförening. Med ideellt arbete menas ett arbete som utförs utan ersättning, alternativt med en symbolisk summa på fritiden. Syftet är att i ljuset av den ökade individualiseringen, undersöka och få en djupare förståelse för vilka motivationsfaktorer som ligger till grund för ett ideellt engagemang.Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ metod och baseras på 10 djupintervjuer med personer som arbetar ideellt i en idrottsförening dvs på sin fritid och utan ersättning (alt. med en symbolisk summa). För att få en djupare förståelse till vad som driver människor att arbeta ideellt har uppsatsen använt inre-och yttre motivation, Self-Determination,samt sociologiska teorier om socialt kapital och oegennyttiga handlingar som teoretiska perspektiv. Gemensamt för teorierna är att de alla ryms inom området motivation. Resultatet visar att motiven till att individer börjar arbeta och engagera sig ideellt i en idrottsförening beror på ett flertal olika inre-och yttre motivationsfaktorer. I resultatet framkommer det dock främst att inre motivation såsom glädje i andras glädje och utveckling förekommer som motivation till det ideella engagemanget, trots att ett mindre antal egoistiska motiv också framkom.Studien visar även att individualiseringen har haft påverkan på de ideella idrottsföreningarna och individen motivation att engagera sig ideellt som ledare. Slutligen kan det konstateras att resultatet i denna studie i överlag har likartade resultat som tidigare studier och forskning som har gjorts om detta ämne.

A presente tese tem como objetivo identificar e entender o processo de tomada de decisão dos produtores rurais de Sant’Ana do Livramento considerando os seus fatores motivacionais e critérios de escolhas. Para tanto, foi estudado a gênese histórico-social de ocupação da região pesquisada, a evolução das teorias de gestão organizacional, bem como o processo de tomada de decisão como elemento fundamental da gestão organizacional. Baseado nos fundamentos e princípios da Teoria da Decisão, na abordagem dos sistemas agrários e no estudo de Ruth Gasson (1973) sobre as orientações decisórias no âmbito dos produtores rurais elaborou-se o tripé para o desenvolvimento e compreensão da análise dos resultados obtidos junto aos produtores rurais de Sant’Ana do Livramento/RS/Brasil. Os dados evidenciaram uma estrutura agrária alicerçada em pequenos, médios e grandes produtores. A maior presença de pequenos produtores não alterou o sistema agrário pecuária de corte e ovinocultura como principal fonte de renda (56%). A pecuária de corte é a principal fonte de renda para 54,9% dos pequenos produtores, 94,3% para os médios produtores e 93,6% para os grandes produtores. A análise permitiu identificar o predomínio da pecuária de corte em áreas que as condições morfológicas dos solos impossibilitam a agricultura em larga escala, no entanto está presente em todos os distritos políticos do município. A informação é um elemento fundamental para o processo decisório e foi constatado que 67,86% dos produtores acessam algum meio de informação diariamente. Os meios de informação mais acessados são a televisão (28%) e o rádio (22,3%). A principal fonte de informação apontada foi os demais produtores rurais, (27,8%). As principais limitações para a expansão dos negócios residem nas estradas, crédito de custeio e comercialização. A análise permitiu identificar no processo de tomada de decisão que os fatores motivacionais não são somente de ordem econômica, mas também de ordem expressiva, social e intrínseca, conforme Gasson (1973). Os motivos que norteiam as decisões dos produtores são de ordem econômica (33,9%), entre estes predominando a motivação de transmitir os negócios para os filhos; contudo com valores próximos estão os motivos expressivos (32,7%), como o da satisfação em trabalhar na atividade rural; sequencialmente os motivos de ordem social (19%) e os de ordem intrínseca (13,7%), onde se ressalta como a quinta motivação mais relevante entre todos os produtores a qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que existe um processo cognitivo racional lógico que determinou uma racionalidade decisória dos produtores rurais, amparada no nível de conhecimento, valores e crenças e na capacidade e hábitos desenvolvidos. / This thesis aims to identify and understand the farmers’ decision-making process in Sant’Ana do Livramento, considering their motivational factors and selection criteria. Therefore, the social-historical genesis of the occupation of the researched region, the development of organizational management theories, and the decision-making, the latter as a crucial element for the organizational management, were studied. Based on the fundamentals and principles of the Decision Theory, in approaching agrarian systems, and on Ruth Gasson’s study (1973) about the decision-making guidelines of the farmers’ scope, the tripod for the development and understanding of the analysis of the results obtained with the farmers from Sant’Ana do Livramento, RS, Brazil, was, then, prepared. Data evidenced an agrarian structure grounded in small, medium and large farmers. The greater presence of small farmers did not change the agrarian, beef cattle and sheep husbandry system as the main income source (56%). Livestock farming is the main income source for 54.9% of the small producers, 94.3% for medium-sized producers, and 93.6% for large farmers. In addition, the analysis allowed identifying the predominance of beef cattle in areas that morphological soil conditions prevented large-scale farming, although being present in all political districts of the municipality. Moreover, information is a fundamental element for the decision-making process and it was found that 67.86% of the farmers access some media daily. The most accessed media are: television (28%) and radio (22.3%). The main source of information mentioned was other farmers, (27.8%). And the main constraints for business expansion occur on the roads, operating credit and marketing. The analysis also allowed identifying that in the decision-making process the motivational factors are not only from the economic order, but also from the expressive order, social and intrinsic, according to Gasson (1973). The reasons that guide the farmers’ decisions are from the economic order (33.9%), predominating, among them, the motivation of transmitting the business to their children; however, the expressive reasons demonstrate approximate values (32.7%), such as the satisfaction of working in the rural activity; subsequently, the social reasons (19%), and those from intrinsic nature (13.7%), where it emerges as the fifth most relevant motivation among all farmers, the quality of life. Finally, there is a logical-rational cognitive process that determined the interim rationality of the rural producers, sustained in the knowledge level, values and beliefs, and in the ability and habits developed.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, une grande évolution socio-économique apporte dans les entreprises chinoises des changements profonds sur les pratiques de la gestion. Face aux défis successifs de la concurrence, comment motiver efficacement les employés afin d’obtenir plus de performance devient une question majeure. Néanmoins, la motivation au travail est un phénomène complexe. Notre recherche mobilise une démarche qualitative et une analyse quantitative sur les pratiques de gestion de la motivation dans trois types d’entreprises chinoises, étatique, privée, et sino-étrangères, dans la perspective d’identifier les facteurs qui influencent effectivement la motivation des employés chinois dans leur travail. Noussouhaitons que notre recherche puisse être utile pour les managers chinois et les managers étrangers en Chine qui cherchent à améliorer la gestion de la motivation de leurs employés. / Since last 20 years, with the ongoing social and economic development, Chinese companies have profoundly changed their management practices. Facing the enormous challenges of the competition, how to motivate employees in a productive way and realize more performance has become a crucial issue for each enterprise. However, the motivation of Chinese employees in the workplace is a complex phenomenon. Our research adopts both qualitative and quantitative approaches to study the motivation practices in three kinds of Chinese companies: state-owned, private and Sino-foreign companies. Our research goal is to find out the factors that can effectively influence Chinese employees’ motivation in their workplace. This research can be useful for either Chinese managers or foreign managers that are working in China to improve their efficiency in motivating their employees.

Motivation to work is understood as an individual´s approach to work, his/her willingness to work. People are motivated when they expect to achieve goals or get rewards satisfying their needs. Currently health care facilities are facing the shortage and turnover of nursing staff. Therefore, hospitals are commissioned to create such an environment in which nurses become motivated, because only motivated nurses can provide a quality nursing care, which is expressed in patients´ satisfaction and rewarding feelings in nurses. The aim of the thesis was to identify and compare motivational factors of senior nurses and nurses working in shifts. The aim was fulfilled. Three hypotheses were set. First hypothesis: The most important motivating factor in nurses in senior positions is professional development was not confirmed. Second hypothesis: The most important motivating factor in nurses working in shifts is a financial reward was not confirmed. Third hypothesis: Motivational factors in nurses vary depending on the job assignment was confirmed. Results of the survey will be provided to medical officers to give them an overview of the most important motivational factors in nurses and the outcomes could also be a source of information for the hospital management how to effectively motivate the personnel. Senior nurses may focus on non-financial forms of rewards such as acknowledgements, thanks, appreciations, and good interpersonal relationships in the workplace.

A presente tese tem como objetivo identificar e entender o processo de tomada de decisão dos produtores rurais de Sant’Ana do Livramento considerando os seus fatores motivacionais e critérios de escolhas. Para tanto, foi estudado a gênese histórico-social de ocupação da região pesquisada, a evolução das teorias de gestão organizacional, bem como o processo de tomada de decisão como elemento fundamental da gestão organizacional. Baseado nos fundamentos e princípios da Teoria da Decisão, na abordagem dos sistemas agrários e no estudo de Ruth Gasson (1973) sobre as orientações decisórias no âmbito dos produtores rurais elaborou-se o tripé para o desenvolvimento e compreensão da análise dos resultados obtidos junto aos produtores rurais de Sant’Ana do Livramento/RS/Brasil. Os dados evidenciaram uma estrutura agrária alicerçada em pequenos, médios e grandes produtores. A maior presença de pequenos produtores não alterou o sistema agrário pecuária de corte e ovinocultura como principal fonte de renda (56%). A pecuária de corte é a principal fonte de renda para 54,9% dos pequenos produtores, 94,3% para os médios produtores e 93,6% para os grandes produtores. A análise permitiu identificar o predomínio da pecuária de corte em áreas que as condições morfológicas dos solos impossibilitam a agricultura em larga escala, no entanto está presente em todos os distritos políticos do município. A informação é um elemento fundamental para o processo decisório e foi constatado que 67,86% dos produtores acessam algum meio de informação diariamente. Os meios de informação mais acessados são a televisão (28%) e o rádio (22,3%). A principal fonte de informação apontada foi os demais produtores rurais, (27,8%). As principais limitações para a expansão dos negócios residem nas estradas, crédito de custeio e comercialização. A análise permitiu identificar no processo de tomada de decisão que os fatores motivacionais não são somente de ordem econômica, mas também de ordem expressiva, social e intrínseca, conforme Gasson (1973). Os motivos que norteiam as decisões dos produtores são de ordem econômica (33,9%), entre estes predominando a motivação de transmitir os negócios para os filhos; contudo com valores próximos estão os motivos expressivos (32,7%), como o da satisfação em trabalhar na atividade rural; sequencialmente os motivos de ordem social (19%) e os de ordem intrínseca (13,7%), onde se ressalta como a quinta motivação mais relevante entre todos os produtores a qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que existe um processo cognitivo racional lógico que determinou uma racionalidade decisória dos produtores rurais, amparada no nível de conhecimento, valores e crenças e na capacidade e hábitos desenvolvidos. / This thesis aims to identify and understand the farmers’ decision-making process in Sant’Ana do Livramento, considering their motivational factors and selection criteria. Therefore, the social-historical genesis of the occupation of the researched region, the development of organizational management theories, and the decision-making, the latter as a crucial element for the organizational management, were studied. Based on the fundamentals and principles of the Decision Theory, in approaching agrarian systems, and on Ruth Gasson’s study (1973) about the decision-making guidelines of the farmers’ scope, the tripod for the development and understanding of the analysis of the results obtained with the farmers from Sant’Ana do Livramento, RS, Brazil, was, then, prepared. Data evidenced an agrarian structure grounded in small, medium and large farmers. The greater presence of small farmers did not change the agrarian, beef cattle and sheep husbandry system as the main income source (56%). Livestock farming is the main income source for 54.9% of the small producers, 94.3% for medium-sized producers, and 93.6% for large farmers. In addition, the analysis allowed identifying the predominance of beef cattle in areas that morphological soil conditions prevented large-scale farming, although being present in all political districts of the municipality. Moreover, information is a fundamental element for the decision-making process and it was found that 67.86% of the farmers access some media daily. The most accessed media are: television (28%) and radio (22.3%). The main source of information mentioned was other farmers, (27.8%). And the main constraints for business expansion occur on the roads, operating credit and marketing. The analysis also allowed identifying that in the decision-making process the motivational factors are not only from the economic order, but also from the expressive order, social and intrinsic, according to Gasson (1973). The reasons that guide the farmers’ decisions are from the economic order (33.9%), predominating, among them, the motivation of transmitting the business to their children; however, the expressive reasons demonstrate approximate values (32.7%), such as the satisfaction of working in the rural activity; subsequently, the social reasons (19%), and those from intrinsic nature (13.7%), where it emerges as the fifth most relevant motivation among all farmers, the quality of life. Finally, there is a logical-rational cognitive process that determined the interim rationality of the rural producers, sustained in the knowledge level, values and beliefs, and in the ability and habits developed.

MAIA, SÃvio Roberto Rodrigues. GovernanÃa corporativa nas empresas cearenses: motivaÃÃes e prÃticas adotadas. 2014. 84 f. DissertaÃÃo (Mestrado Profissional em AdministraÃÃo e Controladoria) â Programa de PÃs-graduaÃÃo em AdministraÃÃo e Controladoria, da Faculdade de Economia, AdministraÃÃo, AtuÃria e Contabilidade, da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, Fortaleza, 2014. A reconfiguraÃÃo da economia do paÃs possibilitou a reconstruÃÃo do mercado de capitais, que, por conseguinte, alavancou o desenvolvimento da governanÃa corporativa. Esse ambiente propÃcio atualmente alcanÃa regiÃes como o Nordeste brasileiro, cujo PIB cresceu nos Ãltimos 10 anos acima da mÃdia nacional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar os fatores motivacionais para adoÃÃo da governanÃa corporativa e as prÃticas implementadas nas empresas cearenses, considerando-se suas caracterÃsticas institucionais. No sentido de facilitar o alcance do objetivo geral, foram delineados os seguintes objetivos especÃficos: (i) identificar os principais fatores motivacionais, (ii) investigar as prÃticas de governanÃa corporativa e sua aderÃncia Ãs melhores prÃticas preconizadas no CÃdigo do IBGC (2009) e (iii) verificar semelhanÃas e diferenÃas nas motivaÃÃes e nas prÃticas de governanÃa corporativa, considerando-se caracterÃsticas institucionais como setor econÃmico, porte econÃmico-financeiro, faixa etÃria, tipo de controle e tipo de capital. A metodologia da pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva, com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa dos dados, realizada por meio de pesquisa de campo. A populaÃÃo do estudo compreende as 62 empresas cearenses vencedoras do PrÃmio Delmiro Gouveia nos anos 2007 a 2012, optando-se por um censo com o intuito de oportunizar o mÃximo de participantes, 30 dos quais responderam ao questionÃrio enviado. Quanto à motivaÃÃo, replicou-se o questionÃrio de AragÃo et al. (2009), estruturado com 25 quesitos, em escala likert. No que tange Ãs prÃticas de governanÃa corporativa, consideraram-se no questionÃrio as prÃticas emanadas do CÃdigo do IBGC (2009), estruturado com 28 quesitos, focando osseguintes aspectos: propriedade, conselho de administraÃÃo, gestÃo, auditoria independente, conselho fiscal e conduta e conflito de interesses. Os resultados revelaram que os fatores motivacionais mais importantes para os respondentes foram: profissionalizar a empresa, perpetuar a empresa, melhorar a imagem institucional, garantir mais transparÃncia e relacionamento com o mercado de capitais, melhorar o relacionamento entre os acionistas componentes do bloco de controle, melhorar o processo sucessÃrio, viabilizar a abertura de capital e aumentar a captaÃÃo de recursos junto a credores e acionistas, nessa ordem decrescente de importÃncia. Quanto Ãs prÃticas de governanÃa corporativa, embora 83,3% dos participantes da pesquisa tenham respondido que implantaram a governanÃa, os resultados apontaram que apenas 46,7% das melhores prÃticas do IBGC (2009) sÃo observadas pelas empresas, denotando que ainda hà muito espaÃo para se avanÃar nesse tema. Foi possÃvel constatar ainda que para os principais fatores motivacionais, hà uma convergÃncia de importÃncia para as empresas de grande porte, com mais de 40 anos de existÃncia, de controle familiar e com governanÃa corporativa em estÃgio inicial ou em desenvolvimento. / The reconfiguration of the Brazilian economy allowed a reconstruction of capital market which, therefore, leveraged the development of corporate governance market. This current enabling environment reaches regions such as northeastern Brazil, which showed GDP growth above the national average in the last 10 years. The present study aimed to analyze the motivational factors for adopting the corporate governance and practices in the companies of CearÃ, considering business characteristics. In order to achieve the main goal, specific objectives were outlined as (i) identifying the main motivational factors, (ii) investigating the corporate governance practices and its adherence to best practices advocated in the Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance - IBGC (2009) code and ( iii) determine similarities and differences in the motivations and practices of corporate governance, considering their business characteristics. For this purpose, the following corporate characteristics were verified: economic sector, size, age, type of control and capital. The methodology of the research is characterized as descriptive, with predominantly qualitative data analysis, conducted through field research. The study population has included 62 GouveiaDelmiro award winning Cearà companies in the years 2007 to 2012, choosing a census in order to provide the opportunity for most participants, of which 30 had answered the questionnaire. As for motivation, it has been replied the questionnaire Aragon et al. (2009) structured with 25 questions, in Likert scale. Regarding the corporate governance practices, it was considered in the questionnaire issued by the practices of IBGC Code (2009), 28 structured questions focusing on the following aspects: ownership, board of directors, management, independent auditing, tax advice and conduct, and conflict of interest. The results have revealed that the most important motivational factors to the respondents were: professionalizing the company, perpetuating the company, improving the corporate image, ensuring greater transparency and relationship with the capital markets, improving the relationship between the components of the control block shareholders, the succession process improvement, enabling the IPO and increase fundraising to creditors and shareholders, in that order. Regarding corporate governance practices, although 83% of respondents had answered that they had implemented governance, the results have indicated that, on average, only 47% of best IBGC (2009) practices have been observed by firms, indicating that there is much room for progress on this issue. It was also possible to observe that for the main motivational factors there is a convergence of importance for large companies, with over 40 years of existence, of family control and corporate governance at an early stage or in development.

A presente tese tem como objetivo identificar e entender o processo de tomada de decisão dos produtores rurais de Sant’Ana do Livramento considerando os seus fatores motivacionais e critérios de escolhas. Para tanto, foi estudado a gênese histórico-social de ocupação da região pesquisada, a evolução das teorias de gestão organizacional, bem como o processo de tomada de decisão como elemento fundamental da gestão organizacional. Baseado nos fundamentos e princípios da Teoria da Decisão, na abordagem dos sistemas agrários e no estudo de Ruth Gasson (1973) sobre as orientações decisórias no âmbito dos produtores rurais elaborou-se o tripé para o desenvolvimento e compreensão da análise dos resultados obtidos junto aos produtores rurais de Sant’Ana do Livramento/RS/Brasil. Os dados evidenciaram uma estrutura agrária alicerçada em pequenos, médios e grandes produtores. A maior presença de pequenos produtores não alterou o sistema agrário pecuária de corte e ovinocultura como principal fonte de renda (56%). A pecuária de corte é a principal fonte de renda para 54,9% dos pequenos produtores, 94,3% para os médios produtores e 93,6% para os grandes produtores. A análise permitiu identificar o predomínio da pecuária de corte em áreas que as condições morfológicas dos solos impossibilitam a agricultura em larga escala, no entanto está presente em todos os distritos políticos do município. A informação é um elemento fundamental para o processo decisório e foi constatado que 67,86% dos produtores acessam algum meio de informação diariamente. Os meios de informação mais acessados são a televisão (28%) e o rádio (22,3%). A principal fonte de informação apontada foi os demais produtores rurais, (27,8%). As principais limitações para a expansão dos negócios residem nas estradas, crédito de custeio e comercialização. A análise permitiu identificar no processo de tomada de decisão que os fatores motivacionais não são somente de ordem econômica, mas também de ordem expressiva, social e intrínseca, conforme Gasson (1973). Os motivos que norteiam as decisões dos produtores são de ordem econômica (33,9%), entre estes predominando a motivação de transmitir os negócios para os filhos; contudo com valores próximos estão os motivos expressivos (32,7%), como o da satisfação em trabalhar na atividade rural; sequencialmente os motivos de ordem social (19%) e os de ordem intrínseca (13,7%), onde se ressalta como a quinta motivação mais relevante entre todos os produtores a qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que existe um processo cognitivo racional lógico que determinou uma racionalidade decisória dos produtores rurais, amparada no nível de conhecimento, valores e crenças e na capacidade e hábitos desenvolvidos. / This thesis aims to identify and understand the farmers’ decision-making process in Sant’Ana do Livramento, considering their motivational factors and selection criteria. Therefore, the social-historical genesis of the occupation of the researched region, the development of organizational management theories, and the decision-making, the latter as a crucial element for the organizational management, were studied. Based on the fundamentals and principles of the Decision Theory, in approaching agrarian systems, and on Ruth Gasson’s study (1973) about the decision-making guidelines of the farmers’ scope, the tripod for the development and understanding of the analysis of the results obtained with the farmers from Sant’Ana do Livramento, RS, Brazil, was, then, prepared. Data evidenced an agrarian structure grounded in small, medium and large farmers. The greater presence of small farmers did not change the agrarian, beef cattle and sheep husbandry system as the main income source (56%). Livestock farming is the main income source for 54.9% of the small producers, 94.3% for medium-sized producers, and 93.6% for large farmers. In addition, the analysis allowed identifying the predominance of beef cattle in areas that morphological soil conditions prevented large-scale farming, although being present in all political districts of the municipality. Moreover, information is a fundamental element for the decision-making process and it was found that 67.86% of the farmers access some media daily. The most accessed media are: television (28%) and radio (22.3%). The main source of information mentioned was other farmers, (27.8%). And the main constraints for business expansion occur on the roads, operating credit and marketing. The analysis also allowed identifying that in the decision-making process the motivational factors are not only from the economic order, but also from the expressive order, social and intrinsic, according to Gasson (1973). The reasons that guide the farmers’ decisions are from the economic order (33.9%), predominating, among them, the motivation of transmitting the business to their children; however, the expressive reasons demonstrate approximate values (32.7%), such as the satisfaction of working in the rural activity; subsequently, the social reasons (19%), and those from intrinsic nature (13.7%), where it emerges as the fifth most relevant motivation among all farmers, the quality of life. Finally, there is a logical-rational cognitive process that determined the interim rationality of the rural producers, sustained in the knowledge level, values and beliefs, and in the ability and habits developed.

IT står för 2 % av det globala utsläppet av koldioxid vilket kan jämställas med utsläppet från flygindustrin. Trots det, och ihop med det externa tryck från samhället att arbeta mer hållbart, har majoriteten av Sveriges kommuner inte en strategi för hållbar IT. Existerande litteratur inom området är främst inriktad på kommersiella verksamheter vilket bidrar till att denna studie avser undersöka hur arbetet med grön IT förhåller sig i en svensk medelstor kommun som aktivt arbetar med grön IT. Tidigare litteratur menar även att den huvudsakliga motivationsfaktorn till att initiera arbetet med grön IT grundar sig i finansiella motiv vilket bidrog till att studien även avser undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som underbygger arbetet i en kommun utan samma vinstintresse. Korrelationen mellan styrdokument och faktiskt arbete avses även att undersökas. Detta då tidigare studier visar att styrdokument kopplat till hållbar utveckling kan användas för att måla upp en falsk bild och vilseleda intressenter gällande det faktiska arbetet med syftet att förbättra sin image. För att uppfylla studiens syfte och tillhandahålla en tillräcklig förståelse genomfördes en kvalitativ undersökning i form av en fallstudie hos en svensk medelstor kommun. Tidigare litteratur låg som grund för den intervjuguide som arbetades fram och som användes vid en semistrukturerad intervju ihop med nyckelpersoner inom kommunen relaterat till arbetet med grön IT. Publika styrdokument, ihop med ett internt, undersöktes för att ta reda på vilken roll dessa spelar i det faktiska arbetet med grön IT. Studiens resultat visar på att grön IT är implementerat ur ett livscykelperspektiv där kommunen tar ansvar i alla dess faser. Vidare visar studien att miljömässiga motiv ligger som grund för arbetet snarare än ekonomiska motiv som tidigare litteratur påvisar. Styrdokumenten i kommunen spelar en viktig och grundläggande roll i arbetet med grön IT och hållbar utveckling, inte minst visionen som genomsyras av att inom en närtid vara framstående i arbetet med hållbar utveckling. / Information technology is accounted for 2 % of the yearly carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Due to this, the environmental impact from information technology can be compared with the one from the aviation industry. Despite this, and in addition to the pressure from the society to become more sustainable, most of the municipalities in Sweden don’t have an explicitly communicated strategy concerning green IT. The existing literature on the area is mainly focused on green IT in commercial companies. Because of this, and in regard to the low number of municipalities that have a green IT strategy, this study aims to examine how green IT is implemented in a Swedish midsize municipality that is openly working within the green IT-area. Existing literature claims that the main driver for the implementation of green IT is due to financial reasons. Since municipalities don’t have the same financial pressure, this led to further examinations in this study that involves what motivates the municipality to initiate their work concerning green IT. This study also aims to examine the correlation between control documents and the actual work regarding green IT. This is since studies show that existing control documents regarding sustainable development can be used to greenwash activities and therefore don’t matter in the actual work. To answer this and to get the necessary understanding to achieve the purpose of the study, the authors called for a qualitative approach and conducted a single case study in a Swedish midsize municipality. A review of the existing literature helped build an interview guide that was used to conduct a semi structured interview with key persons holding relevant positions in the municipality regarding the implementation of green IT. Public control documents, along with an internal one, were also reviewed to investigate which role they play in the actual implementation. The result of the study demonstrates that green IT is implemented with a life cycle perspective and that the municipality takes responsibility in all the included phases. The study also shows that environmental motivational factors initiate the work with green IT rather than financial ones. Additionally, the control documents play a major role in the work with green IT and sustainable development, especially the vision of the municipality as it’s a progressive one with the aim to be eminent in the sustainable development area in a near future.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en inblick i vilka faktorer som eleverna själva upplever ha betydelse för deras skolarbete i ämnet bild. Lärarna menar att låg motivation är ett stort problem i dagens skola och många elever upplever mötet med skolan som meningslös eftersom de inte känner sig delaktiga i det som händer i klassrummet. Eftersom forskning visat att all bildning bygger på motivation känns det viktigt för mig att ta reda på hur jag på bästa sätt ska kunna hjälpa mina elever att hitta den motivation och drivkraft som krävs för att klara av skolarbetet. Min studie bygger på en enkätundersökning där 62 elever i årskurs nio har fått svara på frågor om vilka motivationsfaktorer som de anser ha betydelse respektive sakna betydelse för deras motivation när det gäller det skolarbete som är kopplat till bildlektionerna. Enkätfrågorna är framtagna utifrån de faktorer som enligt litteraturstudier och forskningsresultat visat ha betydelse för motivation till skolarbete. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att eleverna först och främst vill känna sig nöjda med sitt arbete och hur de klarat av att genomföra sina uppgifter. På andra plats när det gäller viktiga motivationsfaktorer hamnar lärarens bemötande. Enkätresultaten bekräftade också min föreställning om att många elever ser bildämnet som ett roligt men tyvärr inte så viktigt skolämne. / The aim of this essay is to get an insight into what factors the pupils themselves perceive are important for their school work in the subject image. The teachers mean that motivation is a major problem in today's school and many students experience the meeting with school as meaningless because they do not feel involved in what is happening in the classroom. Since research has shown that all education is based on motivation, it feels important to me to find out how I can best help my students to find the motivation and driving force needed to cope with school work.   My study is based on a questionnaire survey, where 62 students in grade nine have answered questions about the motivational factors that they consider to be important and not relevant to their motivation regarding the school work associated with the image lessons. The survey questions are based on the factors that, according to literature studies and research results, have shown importance for motivation for school work. The results of the survey show that students first and foremost want to feel satisfied with their work and how they managed to fulfill their tasks. Secondly, when it comes to important motivational factors, the teacher's response ends. The survey results also confirmed my idea that many students view the subject matter as a fun but unfortunately not so important subject matter.

Motivation is considered to be an important factor for employees' well-being in their workplace, and is especially important in digital change work (Gilley et al., 2009). This is due to the company's changing environment since there is a risk that employees' motivation will be affected (ibid.). The problem is that there is still not much research on digital change work having any effect on employee motivation. The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze how digital change work affects employees' motivation in their workplace, as well as what factors influence employee motivation. The analysis is based on the employees and managers point of view from two medium sizes companies in Stockholm.  The study is based on a qualitative research method in form of semi-structured interviews which where conducted at two medium-sized companies in Stockholm. Both companies have an ongoing digital change work. To gain a deeper understanding, the authors interviewed a total of twelve respondents where ten of them are employees and two of them are leaders. The study's results show that digital change work has a positive impact on most employees. The majority have a positive attitude towards the new digital change and feel that the change will facilitate their tasks in the future. The result has also shown that the crucial factors such as appreciation, own responsibility and support from managers can lead to increased motivation among employees in a digital change work. / Motivation anses vara en viktig faktor för medarbetarnas trivsel på arbetsplatsen, och har speciellt stor betydelse vid ett digitalt förändringsarbete (Gilley et al., 2009). Detta med tanke på företagets föränderliga miljö då det finns risk att medarbetarnas motivation påverkas (ibid.). Problemet är att det fortfarande inte finns så mycket forskning om hur ett digitalt förändringsarbete påverkar medarbetarnas motivation. Syftet med denna studie är därför att analysera hur ett digitalt förändringsarbete påverkar medarbetarnas motivation på arbetsplatsen, samt vilka faktorer som har påverkan på medarbetarnas motivation. Detta ska analyseras utifrån medarbetarnas och ledarnas synvinkel. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer som utfördes på två medelstora företag i Stockholm, vilka har ett pågående digitalt förändringsarbete. För att få en djupare förståelse om ämnet och kunna besvara studiens frågeställning har totalt tolv respondenter intervjuats, varav tio är medarbetare och två ledare. Studiens resultat visar att ett digitalt förändringsarbete har en positiv påverkan på de flesta medarbetare som upplever att förändringen ska underlätta deras arbetsuppgifter i framtiden. Resultatet har även visat att de avgörande faktorerna som kan leda till ökad motivation hos medarbetarna vid ett digitalt förändringsarbete på arbetsplatsen är uppskattning, eget ansvar och stöd från ledare.