Sedan början av det nya millenniet har forskare varnat för att ekosystemtjänster (EST) försvagas i en ohållbar takt. Detta är extra känsligt i tätbefolkade urbana områden, där den exploaterade marken har en reducerad förmåga att kunna tillhandahålla viktiga EST. Bland dessa finns de reglerande tjänsterna, som innefattar hur grönområden bidrar till exempelvis luftrening, reglering av buller, och reglering av lokalklimat. Detta examensarbete har fokuserat på värdering (med hjälp av expertinput och multikriterieanalys (MKA)) och kartläggning av sju reglerande EST och deras relation till urbana marktäcken, kartlagda i Nationella Marktäckedata (NMD). Syftet med studien har varit att bidra med kunskap till hur EST kan kartläggas med hjälp av NMD och MKA, samt att underlätta för framtida studier av EST i urbana områden. Yrkesverksamma inom området EST ombads först att utvärdera marktäcken utifrån dess kapacitet att kunna tillhandahålla reglerande EST, och sedan att prioritera dessa EST utifrån deras betydelse för människor i en urban miljö med hjälp av Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Baserat på de resulterande värdena utfördes en spatial MKA och tematiska kartor både med och utan EST-prioriteringar producerades. Slutligen jämfördes värdena med en liknande studie, som även innefattade en metod för att implementera total ekosystemarea i värderingen. Experterna visade en hög konsensus angående EST-prioriteringar. Dock finns det svagheter i att de flesta tillhör samma yrkesgrupp. De tematiska kartorna visade vilka områden som hade höga och låga värden av utvalda EST i det valda studieområdet, men själva värdena är svåra att utvärdera innan metoden har applicerats på ett annat område. Endast små skillnader observerades mellan kartorna med och utan EST-prioriteringar. Den jämförande analysen visade att en mer nyanserad relation mellan marktäcke och EST kan påvisas med vår metod, men också att det finns problem med hur värderingen av total ekosystemarea implementerades. / Since the beginning of the new millennium researchers have warned that ecosystem services (ES) are weakening at an unsustainable pace. This is particularly important in densely populated urban areas, where developed land has a reduced ability to provide important ES. These include the regulating ES that define how green spaces contribute to, for example, air purification, noise regulation, and local climate regulation. This thesis has focused on the valuation (using expert input and multi-criteria analysis (MCA)) and mapping of seven regulating ES, as well as their relationship to urban land covers as defined by Nationella Marktäckedata (NMD). The purpose has been to contribute knowledge to ES mapping with the help of NMD and MCA, and to help facilitate future studies of ES in urban areas. Professionals working within the field of ES were first asked to evaluate land covers based on their ability to provide regulating ES, and to prioritize these ES based on their importance to people in an urban environment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the resulting values a spatial MCA was performed, and thematic maps both with and without the ES prioritization were produced. Finally, the values ​​were compared with a similar study which also included a method for implementing total ecosystem area in the valuation. The experts showed a high consensus regarding ES valuation. However, there is a potential weakness in the fact that most experts belong to the same occupational group. The thematic maps, on the other hand, showed areas with high and low values ​​of ES in the chosen study area, but the values are hard to evaluate until the method is applied to another area. Only small differences were observed between maps with and without ES prioritization. The comparative analysis showed that a more nuanced relationship between land covers and ES can be demonstrated using our method, but there are problems with the way total ecosystem area was implemented.

New technological advancements such as the “Hyperloop” touted as “the fifth mode of transport” could be an answer to the problems ailing the current transport industry. Hyperloop consists of transport pods running through low pressure tubes for the high speed(upto 1000 km/hr) transportation of goods and people. This technology came into prominence after the open design concept “Hyperloop Alpha” was published by Musk (2013) and since then several governments, academia and private firms have shown interest in the technology with a few test tracks being built in the U.S and Europe. The first Hyperloop human passenger tests at 48m/s (173kmph) inside the vacuum tube were successfully carried out by Virgin Hyperloop at Las Vegas, U.S.A in November 2020 (Mlot, S., 2020). Hardt in collaboration with the Province of North Holland had published a concept study on the impact of 5 proposed Hyperloop routes in Northern Holland (Prov. N-Holland & Hardt, 2020). This research project explores the proposed Hyperloop transport solution in North Holland and its neighbouring areas from a social, socio-economic and environmental perspective as a comparison with existing rail and aviation transport alternatives. A Multi-Criteria Analysis of one of the proposed Hyperloop transport project routes was conducted as a comparison with existing rail and aviation transport alternatives. Results showed that Hyperloop was the highest ranked transport alternative overall in this study, closely followed by Rail, and Aviation was ranked last. Within the social criteria, Hyperloop was ranked best whereas within socio-economic and environmental criteria, Rail was ranked as the best alternative. This MCA could be useful as an aid to decision makers such as regional and national governments, transport policymakers or investors for any similar Hyperloop transport projects within Europe. / Nya tekniska framsteg som ”Hyperloop” som ”femte transportsättet” kan vara ett svar på de problem som drabbar den nuvarande transportbranschen. Hyperloop består av transportbälgen som går genom lågtrycksrör för transport av gods och människor med hög hastighet (upp till 1000 km / tim). Denna teknik kom till framträdande efter att det öppna designkonceptet ”Hyperloop Alpha” publicerades av Musk (2013) och sedan dess har flera regeringar, den akademiska världen och privata företag visat intresse för tekniken med några testspår som byggs i USA och Europa. De första Hyperloop-testningarna för mänskliga passagerare vid 48m / s (173kmph) inuti vakuumröret utfördes framgångsrikt av Virgin Hyperloop i Las Vegas, USA i november 2020 (Mlot, S., 2020). Hardt i samarbete med provinsen Nordholland hade publicerat en konceptstudie om effekterna av 5 föreslagna Hyperloop-rutter i norra Holland (Prov. N-Holland & Hardt, 2020). Detta forskningsprojekt utforskar den föreslagna Hyperloop-transportlösningen i Nordholland och dess närliggande områden ur ett socialt, socioekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv som en jämförelse med befintliga tåg- och flygtransportalternativ. En multikriterieanalys av en av de föreslagna vägarna för Hyperloop-transportprojekt genomfördes som en jämförelse med befintliga järnvägs- och flygalternativ. Resultaten visade att Hyperloop var det högst rankade transportalternativet totalt sett i denna studie, tätt följt av Rail, och Aviation rankades sist. Inom de sociala kriterierna rankades Hyperloop bäst medan inom socioekonomiska och miljömässiga kriterier rankades Rail som det bästa alternativet. Denna MCA kan vara användbar som ett hjälpmedel för beslutsfattare som regionala och nationella regeringar, transportpolitiker eller investerare för liknande Hyperloop-transportprojekt inom Europa.

Sweden has a great potential for offshore wind energy production. As technology develops and policies change, construction of offshore wind farms in the country is likely to increase. The presented methodology is to apply MCDM and AHP methods in a GIS to produce an evaluation map of potential sites for offshore wind energy production.  The aim of this thesis was to determine what data is relevant and needed to translate Swedish and international standards and regulations regarding offshore wind farm siting into one or more layers of GIS data within the exclusive economic zone of Sweden. Furthermore the locations of the existing Areas of National Interests for offshore wind energy production have been evaluated using the evaluation map. The evaluation map has been obtained using several exclusionary criteria and buffer distances as well as four evaluation criteria. In addition, the results of this study have been used to calculate a potential net annual energy production for offshore wind energy in Sweden. The analysis considers some of the social, technical and environmental constraints present in offshore wind farm siting. The exclusion, buffer and evaluation criteria were determined in the initial literature review of previous studies on the topic. Datasets were collected from several different open online resources and Swedish government agencies, the analysis was performed using the QGIS software. To assess the results, the resulting evaluation map has been classified into four different categories: poor, average, good and excellent. The analysis shows that it is possible to translate Swedish and international standards into one layer of GIS data. Furthermore the results of this study show that 52% of the defined Areas of National Interest for offshore wind energy production should not be considered for wind farm siting according to the exclusion constraints, additionally only 19% of the Areas of National Interest for offshore wind energy production are classified as good or excellent. In contrast, 20.3% of the entire study area is deemed to be suitable for offshore wind farm siting, out of which 62.7% is classified as good or excellent. The potential net annual energy production has been estimated to be 56.1 TWh annually within the Areas of National Interest for offshore wind energy production and 915.3 TWh annually within the entire study area. / Sverige har en stor potential för produktion av havsbaserad vindkraft. När teknologin utvecklas och de politiska förutsättningar förändras, kommer konstruktionen av havsbaserad vindkraft i landet troligtvis öka. Den presenterade metodologin går ut på att använda MCDM och AHP metoder i ett GIS för att producera en utvärderingskarta för potentiella platser att producera havsbaserad vindenergi.  Målet med den här studien har varit att ta reda på vilken data som krävs och är relevant för att överföra svensk samt internationell standard och regler kring placeringen av havsbaserad vindkraft till ett eller flera lager av GIS data inom Sveriges exklusiva ekonomiska zon. Vidare har de existerande riksintressena för havsbaserad vindkraft utvärderats med hjälp av utvärderingskartan. Denna karta har blivit framtagen med hjälp av flertalet buffertzoner samt exkluderings- och fyra stycken utvärderingskriterier. Slutligen har studiens resultat används för att beräkna en potentiell årlig energiproduktion för offshore vindkraft i Sverige. Studien beaktar några av de sociala, tekniska och miljömässiga begränsningar som finns för havsbaserad vindenergi. Buffertzonerna samt exkluderings- och utvärderingskriterierna har bestämts med hjälp av en inledande litteraturstudie av tidigare forskning på ämnet. Den datan som använts i analysen har inhämtats från flera olika öppna onlineresurser samt från svenska myndigheter. Den efterföljande analysen har genomförts med hjälp av programmet QGIS. För att möjliggöra en kvantifiering av resultaten har utvärderings kartan omklassificerats till fyra olika kategorier: “poor”, “average”, “good” samt “excellent”. Studien visar att det är möjligt att överföra svensk samt internationell standard och regler till ett lager av GIS data. Resultatet visar att att enbart 48% av arean inom de definierade riksintressena för havsbaserad vindkraft bör beaktas vid allokering av havsbaserad vindenergi, enligt de begränsningar som definierats i denna studie. Vidare påvisar resultatet att enbart 19% av arean inom de utpekade riksintressena för vindkraft kan klassificeras som “good” eller “excellent”. Samtidigt påvisar studien att 20.3% av studieområdet bedöms som lämpligt för allokering av havsbaserad vindkraft, av dessa lämpliga områden klassificeras 62.7% som “good” och “excellent”. Den potentiella årliga energiproduktionen uppskattas till 56.1 TWh inom riksintressena för havsbaserad vindkraft samt till 915.3 TWh inom hela studieområdet.

Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka möjligheterna och begränsningarna i användning av en GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys för markanvändningsplanering. Syftet var även att undersöka skillnader i arbetsgång och resultat mellan användning av en beslutsteoretisk modell vid genomförande av en GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys och en GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys utan användning en beslutsteoretisk modell. Arbetet har haft ett särskilt fokus på att samordna samhällsbyggnadsprocessens stora aktörers, kommuners och byggherrars, intressen. Metoden för arbetet var GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys, där en analys genomfördes enligt analytisk hierarkisk process (AHP) och en analys genomfördes utan beslutsteoretisk modell. En fallstudie av Höörs kommun genomfördes för att exemplifiera och illustrera metoden och dess resultat. Kriterier för den GIS-baserade multikriterieanalysen togs fram genom en litteraturöversikt och genom en särskild sammanställning av kriterier som använts i liknande studier. Resultatet visadeatt en GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys med AHP gav ett mer tillförlitligt resultat, med en jämnare spridning av lämplighetsvärden än en GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys genomförd utan en beslutsteoretisk modell. Vidare konstateras att GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys kan vara ett värdefullt verktyg för markanvändningsplanering då det bedöms vara tids- och resursbesparande i förhållande till traditionell framtagning av planeringsunderlag. Däremot poängteras att GIS-baserad multikriterieanalys inte bör användas som ensamt beslutsunderlag och att platsanalyser behöver genomföras för att kontrollera resultatens riktighet. / The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of using spatial multi criteria analysis for land use planning, as well as to examine the benefit of using a decision-theoretic model when conducting a spatial multi criteria analysis. The work focused particularly on coordinating the interests of major actors in the urban development process, including municipalities and developers. The method that was used was a spatial multi criteria analysis. One analysis was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and another was conducted without a decision-theoretic model. A case study of Höör municipality in the Scania region in southern Sweden was carried out to exemplify and illustrate the method and its results. Criteria for the spatial multi criteria analysis were derived through a literature review and through a compilation of criterias used in similar studies. The results showed that a spatial multi criteria analysis conducted with AHP provided a more reliable outcome, with a more even distribution of suitability scores than spatial multi criteria analysis conducted without a decision-theoretic model. Furthermore, it is noted that spatial multi criteria analysis can be a valuable tool for land use planning as it is considered to be time- and resource saving compared to traditional methods for acquiring a knowledge basis for planning. However, it is emphasized that spatial multi criteria analysis should not be used as the sole basis for decision making and that site visits needs to be conducted to verify the accuracy of the results.

Övergödning är ett utbrett miljöproblem i hav och sjöar, som yttrar sig i toxiska algblomningar och en minskad biodiversitet. Eftersom kväve är en betydande källa till övergödning, har flera avloppsreningsverk (ARV) krav på kväveavskiljning innan utsläpp i recipient. Tierp ARV omfattas [TA1] för närvarande inte av sådana utsläppskrav på kväve, men förväntas bli det i och med kommande lagstiftning. En utbyggnad av det biologiska reningssteget, som idag endast medför viss kväveavskiljning, kan därför bli nödvändigt för att åstadkomma fullständig kväverening.  Syftet med examensarbetet var att föreslå reningstekniker som kan åstadkomma tillräcklig kväveavskiljning vid Tierp ARV och bedöma vilken av dessa som är mest fördelaktig för implementering. Vidare utvärderades nuvarande reduktion av kväve och organiskt material samt rådande nitrifikation i det biologiska reningssteget. Massbalanser upprättades utifrån provtagning på dessa parametrar. Lämpliga kvävereningstekniker föreslogs med hänsyn till lokala krav och förutsättningar. Dessa tekniker jämfördes därefter i en multikriterieanalys med avseende på platsåtgång, växthusgasutsläpp, drift- och underhållskostnader, kapitalkostnader och arbetsinsats.  Massbalanserna uppvisade en reduktion på 31 % för totalkväve, 10 % för ammoniumkväve, 63 % för nitratkväve, 7 % för nitritkväve, 62 % för COD och 67 % för BOD7. Nuvarande nitrifikation bedömdes vara relativt låg, vilket troligtvis är resultatet av den låga temperaturen på avloppsvattnet, eventuell otillräcklig syretillförsel samt ogynnsamt pH. De reningstekniker som föreslås kunna minska kväveutsläppen från Tierp ARV är aktivslamprocess, membranbioreaktor (MBR) och hybridprocess med biofilmsbärare och aktivslam (IFAS). Utifrån en samlad bedömning av kriterierna i multikriterieanalysen bedömdes IFAS som mest fördelaktig för etablering och MBR som minst gynnsamt. / Eutrophication is a major environmental problem in oceans and lakes, which manifests itself intoxic algal blooms and reduced biodiversity. As nitrogen is a significant contributor toeutrophication, numerous wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) have requirements for nitrogenremoval before discharge into the recipient. Tierp WTP is not currently subject to suchregulation, but is expected to be so with forthcoming legislation. Consequently, an expansion ofthe biological treatment, which presently facilitates only partial nitrogen removal, may becomepertinent to achieve complete nitrogen removal. The objective of this thesis was to propose treatment methods capable of achieving adequatenitrogen removal at Tierp WTP and evaluate the most suitable option for implementation.Furthermore, the current nitrogen and organic material reduction, as well as present nitrificationin the biological treatment, were assessed. Mass balances were established based on sampling ofthese parameters. Suitable nitrogen purification techniques were proposed, considering localrequirements and conditions. These techniques were then compared through a multi-criteriaanalysis, taking into account space occupancy, greenhouse gas emissions, operation andmaintenance costs, capital costs and workload. The mass balances revealed reductions of 31% for total nitrogen, 10% for ammonium nitrogen,63% for nitrate nitrogen, 7% for nitrite nitrogen, 62% for COD and 67% for BOD7. The currentnitrification was assessed as relatively low, likely attributable to the low temperature of thewastewater, possibly insufficient oxygen supply and unfavourable pH. The treatment methodsproposed in the thesis to achieve sufficient nitrogen removal at Tierp WTP are the activatedsludge process, membrane bioreactor (MBR), and hybrid process with biofilm carriers andactivated sludge (IFAS). According to the multicriteria analysis, IFAS was deemed the mostadvantageous option for implementation, while MBR was evaluated as the least favourable.

Face à la forte concurrence internationale, de nombreuses entreprises manufacturières orientent leurs investissements vers les marchés africains pour accroître leur part de marché et rester compétitives sur le marché mondial. Ces marchés sont effet en plein essor mais demandent des produits de grande diversité. En dépit de cette attractivité, les flux commerciaux en Afrique demeurent faibles en raison de la faible qualité des infrastructures et de l’absence d’écosystèmes logistiques régionaux connectant les pays africains de manière fiable et efficace.C’est pourquoi cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la modélisation et à la résolution du problème de conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides en Afrique, intégrant des plateformes de distribution et de personnalisation finale des produits. Ces réseaux incluent, en amont, des hubs régionaux servant de porte d’entrée vers les marchés d’une région continentale. Le report de la personnalisation finale en aval du réseau logistique permet de réduire les délais de livraison aux marchés et le coût de distribution tout en maintenant une économie d’échelle. La méthodologie que nous proposons repose sur deux grands axes de recherche :▪ Le premier axe vise à définir la localisation des hubs logistiques régionaux, sur la base d’une analyse multicritères floue, version améliorée de TOPSIS floue et d'AHP ;▪ Le deuxième axe aborde conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides servant des marchés fortement diversifiés (exemple : marchés des engrais). Nous avons proposé deux nouveaux modèles d'optimisation multi-objectifs minimisant le coût total d’exploitation et d’investissement, maximisant la proximité des produits aux marchés et minimisant les dommages sur les produits finis durant leur distribution. Le premier modèle est déterministe tandis que le deuxième propose une conception flexible alignée sur la dynamique et l’incertitude de l’évolution des marchés africains. / In the context of intense international competition, many manufacturing firms are directing their investments toward African markets to increase their market share and maintain their competitiveness in the global market. These markets are rapidly growing but require customized products. Despite their attractivity, trade flows in Africa remain low due to the poor quality of infrastructure and the lack of regional logistic ecosystems, connecting African countries through reliable and efficient services.This doctoral thesis therefore focuses on modelling and solving the problem of designing hybrid distribution networks in Africa, integrating distribution and final customization platforms. These networks incorporate, upstream, regional hubs that serve as gateways to regional markets. The postponement of final customization downstream of the logistics network reduces the delivery times and downstream distribution costs while maintaining upstream economies of scale.The methodology we suggest is based on two main areas of research:▪ The first axis aims to define the location of regional logistics hubs, based on a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis approach, which is an improved version of TOPSIS fuzzy and AHP;▪ The second axis focuses on the design of hybrid distribution networks serving highly diversified markets in Africa (for example: fertilizer markets). To this aim, we propose two new multi-objective optimization models minimizing total operating and investment costs, maximizing product proximity to markets and minimizing damage to finished products during their distribution. The first model is deterministic while the second one proposes a flexible design in response to the dynamics and uncertainty of the evolution of African markets.

Les grands réaménagements urbains génèrent d’importants volumes de terres excavées, dont la valorisation est désormais possible si elles sont compatibles avec le fond pédo-géochimique du site receveur. Afin de faciliter cette valorisation, cette thèse s’intéresse à des méthodologies de traitement de données acquises à d'autres fins que la détermination du fond pédo-géochimique, afin de fournir un référentiel de qualité géochimique des sols urbains à l'échelle d'un quartier ou d'une ville. Les premiers tests montrent les limites des calculs statistiques, usuellement utilisés avec des données dédiées au fond pédo-géochimique du fait de leur sensibilité à la limite de quantification, à la loi de distribution ou encore au pourcentage d'anomalie. Le découpage du territoire en entités géographiques cohérentes à partir de la nature des sols et sous-sols et des pressions anthropiques (actuelles ou passées) permet la constitution de différents niveaux de fond suivant la qualité géochimique des sols, mais une des difficultés concerne le renseignement de l'ensemble des entités. La classification statistique des échantillons, même spatialisée, n'apporte, actuellement pas de résultats exploitables pour la gestion des terres excavées. Enfin, le filtrage géostatistique via un modèle linéaire de corégionalisation présente une alternative solide pour le filtrage des anomalies et l'estimation du fond à l'échelle d'un quartier. / Large urban redevelopments generate large volumes of excavated soils whose reusability is now possible if they are compatible with the pedo-geochemical background of the receiving site. In order to facilitate this valorization, this thesis focuses on processing methodologies on data acquired for other purposes than the determination of the pedo-geochemical background, in order to provide a geochemical quality reference system for urban soils at the scale of one neighborhood or city. The first tests show the limits of the statistical stresholds, usually used with data dedicated to the pedo-geochemical background because of their sensitivity to the limit of quantification, to the distribution law or to the percentage of anomaly. The segmentation of the territory into coherent geographical entities based on the nature of the soil and subsoil and the anthropogenic pressures (current or past) allows the constitution of different geochemical background levels according to the geochemical quality of the soils, but one of the difficulties concerns the information of all entities. The statistical classification of the samples, even if spatialized, does not currently provide usable results for the management of the excavated earth. Lastly, geostatistical filtering via a linear model of coregionalisation provides a solid alternative for anomaly filtering and background estimation at a neighborhood scale.

Efficient management of natural resources (NRM) needs to be built on a correct understanding of the objectives of different stakeholders. Therefore, it is required to actively involve experts and stakeholders in the decision making process. However, the introduction of these knowledge claims is controversial. This is due to differences in the quality of the underlying involvement methods. The principle objective of this study was therefore to develop, apply and critically analyse improved (hybrid) methodologies to integrate expert and local knowledge in existing NRM decision making frameworks. Research is performed on 2 case studies. The SAFE case study deals with the development of a framework for evaluating sustainability levels in agricultural systems in Belgium, while the ALERT case study deals with sustainable management of water resources in semi-arid regions, applied to the Andarax catchment in Spain. The analysis of pro's and contra's of both the technocratic and the pure participatory approaches sets the blueprint for a hybrid decision making framework. Experience shows that decision support is improved when an indicator-based assessment structure is embedded in the participatory approach. This is facilitated through the use of soft operational research techniques. A sound methodology for participatory indicator selection is presented and clear-cut answers to problems with reliability of judgments are provided. The design of different typologies of membership functions is an important step to future deliberation of participatory-based norms. A computerized decision support system (DSS) is developed as it proves to be an important means to deal with increased information and complexity in decision support for NRM. In response to calls for greater collaboration with local actors, the DSS contains different functionalities that are designed to be interactive, while optimal default values ensure basic quality standards. Multi-criteria analysis allows an evaluation of alternatives and scenarios in the hybrid decision making framework. We deal with important choices that have to be made when interpreting spatio-temporal variabilities in management performances and the implications thereof on the final projections towards decision makers. The propagation of uncertainty in the hybrid decision making frameworks is critically evaluated. In order to consider uncertainty in an integrated way, a combined uncertainty/sensitivity analysis is presented. This analysis includes uncertainty related to norms, weights and indicators. Finally, guidelines for communication of the findings towards decision makers are drafted. / Pour être efficace, la gestion des ressources naturelles (GRN) doit prendre en compte correctement les objectifs de différents acteurs. Il est dès lors recommandé d’inclure activement les experts et les parties prenantes dans le processus de prise de décision. Cependant, la meilleure manière de prendre en compte différents types de savoir est sujette à controverse. L’objectif principal de cette étude est donc de développer, appliquer et évaluer des méthodes améliorées (hybrides) de prise en compte du savoir des parties prenantes et des experts dans les systèmes actuels de prise de décision pour la GRN. Cette recherche a été appliquée sur deux cas d’étude. Le premier, appelé SAFE, traite du développement d’un cadre pour évaluer la durabilité des systèmes agraires en Belgique. Le second, ALERT, traite de la gestion durable de l’eau dans des régions semi-arides, appliquée ici au bassin de l’Andarax (Espagne). L’analyse comparée des points forts et des points faibles des approches participatives et technocratiques fournit le cadre pour une approche hybride de prise de décision. Les expériences montrent que l’aide à la décision est améliorée lorsqu’une évaluation par des indicateurs est ancrée dans une approche participative. Des techniques de « recherche opérationnelle douce » permettent cette prise en compte. Nous présentons une méthode pour définir les indicateurs d’une façon participative qui permet de donner des réponses claires aux problèmes liés à la fiabilité des jugements. La définition d’une typologie de fonctions d’appartenance spécifique pour les indicateurs est une étape importante pour le choix participatif des normes. Un système informatisé d'aide à la décision (SIAD) a été développé afin de faire face à l’accroissement de la quantité d’information et de la complexité dans l'aide à la décision. En réponse à la demande d'une plus grande collaboration avec les acteurs locaux, le SIAD contient différentes fonctionnalités qui peuvent être configurées interactivement. Par default on propose des valeurs optimalisées pour assurer des standards de qualité. L'analyse multicritère permet une évaluation des alternatives de gestion et des scénarios dans le cadre de la prise de décision hybride. Nous traitons des choix importants à faire lors de l'interprétation des variations spatio-temporelles des performances de gestion et des implications de ceux-ci sur les avis finaux relayés aux décideurs. La propagation des incertitudes dans la prise de décision des cadres hybrides est aussi évaluée. Afin d'examiner l'incertitude d'une manière intégrée, une analyse mixte de sensibilité et d’incertitude est présentée. Celle-ci porte sur l’incertitude liée aux normes, aux poids et aux indicateurs. Afin de mener à une gestion efficace et durable des ressources naturelles, nous proposons des solutions techniques aux décideurs pour mieux valoriser la connaissance intrinsèque des acteurs de terrain et des gestionnaires.

Having been running for over 10 years, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is considered an innovative and successful mitigation initiative. CDM has the dual aims of helping industrialised countries achieve compliance with their emission limitation and reduction commitments in a cost-effective way, while simultaneously assisting developing countries in sustainable development. This thesis does a comprehensive analysis of the dual aims of CDM and is intended to assist in discussions about the post-2012 regime regarding CDM. To analyse the aim of assisting mitigation in a cost-effective way, the prices of certified emission reductions (CERs) on the international carbon market was studied and the provision of CDM was tested by comparing the amount of CERs with the mitigation commitments of the Annex I countries. It was found that CDM plays an important role in maintaining the international carbon price at a low level and that the total amount of CERs alone had already reached up to 52.70% of the entire mitigation commitments of industrialized countries by the end of 2010 and was continuing to grow before 2012. A theoretical analysis of the impacts of CDM showed that CDM has a double mitigation effect in both developing countries and industrialised countries, without double counting at present. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of China’s CDM projects on China’s total emissions showed that the contribution of CDM projects to limiting total emissions is small due to the dominance of fossil fuels, but CDM’s role in stimulating renewable energy is significant, e.g. about 11% of hydropower and 93% of wind power was generated by CDM projects in 2010. The results provide strong evidence in support of CDM’s contribution under the current Kyoto Protocol mitigation regime. To analyse the aim of promoting sustainable development in developing countries, popular methods such as checklist, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) were reviewed, a CBA of co-benefits of China’s CDM projects was carried out, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied in an experimental study. The results showed that every method has its own advantages and problems. In other words, neither the CBA of co-benefits nor the AHP method alone is able to assess sustainable development in a completely satisfactory way. Currently, a bottom-up approach through engaging local stakeholders in CDM design and approval, combining a mandatory monitoring and evaluation of co-benefits, could be more effective for safeguarding local sustainable development than any consolidated standards. The future of the CDM is still unclear mainly due to uncertainties about the post-2012 regime. This thesis shows that there is more than sufficient reason for CDM to continue after 2012. Industrialised countries in general should make more substantial efforts to reduce their domestic emissions rather than blaming developing countries. For developing countries, learning from the CDM projects and further applying the knowledge, technology and experiences to their domestic development agenda could be more valuable than the present CER revenues. CDM can be an important starting point for developing countries to gradually make incremental greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and limitation efforts. / QC 20110817

La recherche développée dans cette thèse propose une méthodologie pour faciliter la recherche d'un site favorable à I'installation d'un parc d'énergie marine, ainsi qu'un ensemble de solutions techniques appropriées au site lui-même et aux contraintes économiques. Dans le but de simplifier les processus de décisions, une approche multicritère est proposée. La méthode développée intègre un système d'information géographique, une méthode d'analyse multicritère et un algorithme d'optimisation. Cette stratégie est appliquée dans le cadre d'un projet d'implantation d'un parc d'hydroliennes. Trois critères sont utilisés : I'acceptation sociale, l'énergie produite et le coût global du projet.Le premier critère à modéliser est I'acceptation sociale qui permet de discrétiser spatialement la zone d'étude. Cette modélisation vise une segmentation de I'espace maritime suivant son potentiel à réduire les conflits. L'agrégation des différentes contraintes spatiales est obtenue en utilisant la méthode Electre III. Des modèles de coût et de production énergétique ont été ensuite intégrés en prenant en compte la possibilité de combiner plusieurs technologies. Les sites d'installations proposés sont définis par I'intersection de la carte d'acceptabilité avec les cartes relatives aux contraintes géographiques intervenant dans I'estimation du coût de l'énergie produite. La technologie utilisée, les principaux paramètres de dimensionnement des machines et les caractéristiques géographiques des sites d'installation permettent l'évaluation des deux derniers critères. Pour chaque site d'implantation, les machines offrant le meilleur compromis coût/ énergie produite sont identifiées grâce à un algorithme génétique. La méthode d'analyse multicritères Electre III est également appliquée dans le processus de décision final incluant les trois critères. Un classement des différentes régions de I'espace maritime, auxquelles une machine optimisée est associée, est obtenu. Ce classement est adapté à la vision du problème des décideurs grâce aux possibilités de paramétrage des différents critères dans Electre. / The research developed in this thesis introduces a methodological approach whose objective is to facilitate the search of a favorable site for the installation of a marine energy converter park in the maritime domain. In order to efficiently install a marine energy farm in a suitable region, two main objectives are considered. The first one is to identify the best location for a given technology, and the second one aims is to find the optimal farm configuration and the most adequate technologies for a given region.The introduced methodology is based on a combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and an optimization algorithm. Three main criteria are considered in the approach: the global cost of the project, quantity of energy produced and social acceptance. The social acceptance criterion is evaluated by the MCA. The MCA retained is Electre III. The research develops a combination of Electre and GIS analysis that takes into account the conflicting nature of the different spatial constraints. The geographical dimension is taken into account thanks to a grid-oriented structural representation in which each elementary region is ranked according to the potentialities and the conflicts that may arise. The approach is complemented by the application of a genetic algorithm whose objective is to select the technical options for each spatial subdivision in order to optimize the criteria of cost and produced energy by the converters. The last step of the methodology applies Electre again to provide a decision-aid support. The whole approach generates a potential classification of the different sub-regions of the maritime space considered, according to the different technologies considered, and this by summarizing the three main criteria. Overall the method provides a decision-aid system based on the flexibility offered by the Electre parameters that can be used by both engineers and decisionmakers when studying the potentiality offered by the development of marine energy converters.