This thesis demonstrates how the film High Fidelity successfully adapts the book through both point of view and the sound track to reveal Rob's narcissism and his growth as a character.

Tax evasion is a serious issue that influences governmental revenues, IRS enforcement strategies, and tax policy decisions. While audits are the most effective method of enforcing compliance, they are expensive to conduct and the IRS is only able to audit a fraction of the returns filed each year. This suggests that audits alone are not sufficient to curb the billions of dollars of tax evaded by taxpayers each year and that a better understanding of factors influencing compliance decisions is needed to enable policymakers to craft tax policies that maximize voluntary compliance. Prior research tends to model compliance as economic, environmental, or personal decisions; however, this study models it as a multifaceted decision where these three perspective individually and interactively influence compliance. It is the first to decompose perceived detection risk into two dimensions (selection risk and enforcement risk) and investigates how these two dimensions of risk, decision domains (refund or tax due positions), and three personal factors (mental accounting, narcissism, and proactivity) influence taxpayers’ compliance decisions. I conducted a 2x2 fully crossed experiment involving 331 self-employed taxpayers. These taxpayers have opportunities to evade that employed taxpayers do not. For example, they can earn cash income that is not reported to the IRS by third parties. For self-employed taxpayers (especially those wanting to evade), perceived selection and enforcement risks may be distinctly different depending on a taxpayer’s situation, what they believe they can control, and what risk they are willing to accept. For example, selection risk may be perceived as the greatest risk for those with unreported items on their return, while enforcement risk may be more prominent for those perceiving certain levels of selection risk. Thus, I believe self-employed taxpayers are the most appropriate population to sample from and are likely have reasonable variation in the three personal factors of interest. I find that taxpayers do differentiate between selection and enforcement risks but the difference only manifests for taxpayers in certain decision domains. Taxpayers in a refund position (i.e. conservative mindset) had a greater sensitivity to the form of payment (cash vs. check) and appeared to use this information to make inferences about enforcement risk which was significantly different from their perceptions of selection risk. Conversely, tax due taxpayers (i.e. aggressive mindset) appeared to overlook the form of payment and did not assess these two risks as significantly different. Evaluating the full sample suggests that both selection risk and enforcement risk have a positive influence on compliance. Further, these risks interact to influence compliance. Specifically, compliance is greatest when taxpayers perceive a high likelihood of being selected for an audit and enforcement risk only matters when selection risk is low. This finding is interesting and suggests that avoiding interaction with the IRS is a primary objective of taxpayers. In line with my findings of taxpayers perceiving different risks in refund and tax due positions, the influence of risk perceptions on compliance differed for taxpayers in these positions. Refund taxpayers were influenced by both selection and enforcement risk, similar to the full model; however, tax due taxpayers were only influenced by selection risk and appeared to completely overlook enforcement risk when making their reporting decision. Lastly, the study shows that personal characteristics can also influence compliance in the presence of economic and environmental determinants, but some characteristics only manifest in specific decision domains. Of the three personal characteristics investigated, only mental accounting orientation was a significant predictor for the full sample. When the sample was split by decision domain, only proactivity was a predictor of compliance for refund taxpayers, while only mental accounting orientation was a predictor of compliance for due taxpayers. While I did not find results for narcissism and compliance, my subsequent analysis suggests that individual dimensions of narcissism may be better predictors of compliance than the full measure. Specifically, the exploitation dimension was a significant predictor of compliance for those in a tax due position. This study make several contributions to the accounting and tax literatures. First, this study provides support for a two-construct conceptualization for perceived detection risk that includes both selection and enforcement risks. Second, it answers calls to investigate more comprehensive compliance models and finds economic, environmental, and personal characteristics individually and interactively influence compliance. Third, this study investigates three personal factors that have not been investigated in the tax compliance literature. Finally, this study answers calls for research on self-employed taxpayers and suggests that the IRS will be more successful in increasing compliance by playing on taxpayers’ aversion to being selected for an examination than communicating information on the IRS’ ability to detect noncompliance during an examination.

Plusieurs études ont déjà relevé la place singulière qu’occupe le personnage dans la dramaturgie de Larry Tremblay. Les œuvres de cet auteur québécois regorgent effectivement d’individus tourmentés par l’environnement dans lequel ils évoluent. Durant les 20 dernières années, la thématique des médias a particulièrement été l’objet de l’attention de l’auteur. En créant des pièces ayant comme centre l’univers médiatique, Larry Tremblay entreprend de poser un regard critique sur cet aspect important touchant la société actuelle. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, l’objectif est donc d’étudier plus spécifiquement les différents personnages du dramaturge lorsque ceux-ci sont placés dans des contextes où ils sont envahis par les médias. Il s’agira de montrer comment le dramaturge expose les effets néfastes du pouvoir des médias en abordant la question du regard, de la banalité, du vide, du narcissisme ainsi que de la désillusion marquant l’époque contemporaine. L’analyse des œuvres Ogre (1995), Téléroman (1997) et Grande écoute (2015) permettra de montrer que c’est par l’intermédiaire de personnages dont l’identité se morcelle et se transforme, que Larry Tremblay expose les conséquences les plus importantes qu’entraine la société médiatique sur l’individu. L’objet de ce mémoire est de saisir l’évolution de la pensée de l’auteur à l’égard des médias et de comprendre comment ses personnages ont évolué au fil du temps parallèlement au domaine médiatique. / Many studies have already examined the singular place occupied by the character in Larry Tremblay’s dramaturgy. This Quebec author’s works are filled with many individuals who are deeply affected by the environment they live in. For the past 20 years, the playwright’s particular interest in the theme of media has been observed. By creating plays in which the media are at the forefront, Larry Tremblay takes a critical look at an important aspect of current society. In the context of this thesis, the objective is therefore to study more specifically Tremblay’s characters who are in environments pervaded by the media. In order to show how the author exposes the negative impacts of the power of the media, we will address the question of the gaze, the banality, the void, the narcissism, as well as that of the disillusion that touches our time. The analysis of Ogre (1995), Téléroman (1997) and Grande écoute (2015) will demonstrate that it is through characters whose identity is crumbling and changing that Larry Tremblay denounces the most disastrous consequences stemming from the media for individuals. The purpose of this thesis is to grasp the evolution of the author’s thought regarding media and to understand how his characters have evolved over time alongside the media.

Existe, en la literatura académica del área de gestión, una controversia acerca de cómo los rasgos o características de autopercepción / autoestima elevada (inclusive con tendencias narcisistas) de los altos directivos afecta positiva o negativamente en las organizaciones. Por tanto, cabe hacerse la pregunta: ¿cuáles son los efectos de la autopercepción del CEO en las organizaciones? El presente Substantial Research Paper (SRP) tiene como objetivo principal analizar cuáles son los efectos de la autopercepción del CEO en las organizaciones. Para lo cual, esta investigación se realizó bajo la selección de artículos académicos que poseen alto factor de impacto (FI) y están publicados en revistas indexadas. Como consecuencia del análisis de los artículos, se ha desarrollado una breve descripción de los conceptos relacionados a la percepción de los CEO, así como las principales teorías relacionadas como marco de referencia del conocimiento. Asimismo, se describe cómo han evolucionado los indicadores de medición del narcisismo en el management. Finalmente, se exponen los efectos positivos y negativos que generan contar con un CEO con autopercepción elevada o tendencia narcisista en las organizaciones, en la búsqueda de exponer la controversia identificada sobre la existencia de posiciones encontradas por diferentes autores en esta materia. / There is a controversy in the academic literature of the Management area about how the traits or characteristics of self-perception / high self-esteem (even with narcissistic tendencies) of senior managers positively or negatively affect organizations. Therefore, it is worth asking the question: What are the effects of the CEO’s self-perception in organizations? The present Substantial Research Paper (SRP) has as its main objective to analyze what are the effects of the CEO's self-perception in organizations. For which, this research was carried out under the selection of academic articles that have a high impact factor (FI) and are published in indexed journals. As a result of the analysis of the articles, a brief description of the concepts related to the perception of CEOs has been developed, as well as the main theories related as a frame of reference for knowledge. Likewise, it describes how the indicators for measuring narcissism in Management have evolved. Finally, the positive and negative effects generated by having a CEO with high self-perception or a narcissistic tendency in organizations are exposed, in the search to expose the controversy identified about the existence of positions found by different authors in this matter. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

[pt] Os estados-limite têm feito parte da literatura psicanalítica desde os primórdios da psicanálise. A partir da última metade do século passado, entretanto, o interesse pelo assunto aumentou consideravelmente e a produção de artigos e matérias vem tomando um vulto cada vez maior. Não obstante, a polêmica em torno do tema parece também crescer na mesma proporção. Este trabalho apresenta um pequeno histórico do termo estados- limite e algumas controvérsias nos diferentes meios psicanalíticos, principalmente no que diz respeito às relações entre a clínica dos estados-limite e a das personalidades narcísicas. São tratadas também questões ligadas à constituição da subjetividade e à sua incidência na clínica dos estados-limite. Finalmente, são revistas algumas patologias limítrofes e alguns aspectos clínicos importantes, como as implicações transferenciais e contratransferenciais dos estados-limite. A preferência pelo termo estados-limite tem por objetivo ampliar o escopo que outros termos, tais como casos-limite, ou distúrbios limítrofes, possam sugerir. Enquanto que estes últimos possuem conotações marcantemente patológicas, pertencendo, portanto a uma clínica psicanalítica específica, o termo estados-limite permite também designar situações com características semelhantes, porém episódicas e suscetíveis de ocorrer em qualquer tipo de clínica psicanalítica, inclusive a da neurose. / [en] Borderline conditions have been part of psychoanalytical literature since the early stages of psychoanalysis. However, since the second half of the last century, interest in this subject has grown considerably and there has been a steady increase in the number of articles and essays published. Nevertheless, polemic around this theme seems also to grow in the same proportion. This work covers a brief history of the term borderline and some of the controversies in the different psychoanalytical environments, principally as to the relationship between the borderline treatment and that of narcissistic personalities. Issues regarding the constitution of subjectivity and its incidence in the borderline therapy are also dealt with. Finally, some forms of borderline pathology and important clinical aspects, such as transference and counter transference implications, are reviewed. The preference for the term borderline conditions aims to broaden the scope that other terms, such as borderline cases or borderline disturbances may suggest. While these latter possess strong pathological connotations, belonging, therefore, to a specific psychoanalytical treatment, the term borderline conditions allows for the designation of situations with similar characteristics, although episodic and liable to occur in any type of psychoanalytical treatment, including the neurotic.

La littérature analytique tend à situer l'enjeu du désir de la femme comme celui d'être désirée, c'est-à-dire à réduire l'expression de son désir à celui d'un consentement au désir de l'Autre. Mais que se trame-t-il du désir chez la femme, au-delà du consentement à « se faire objet » ? Il n'est là nullement question de dégager un désir féminin pur, mais bien de repérer les spécificités de la mise en jeu du désir chez la femme dans la relation sexuelle, c'est-à-dire d'explorer les enjeux et les angoisses spécifiques à l'expression de son désir, au regard de son inscription particulière dans la castration et de la place que lui assigne la relation sexuelle. La dimension du désir féminin ne semble pas pouvoir être abordée indépendamment de la façon dont chaque femme se confronte à la possible mise en énigme de la féminité, telle que celle-ci émerge, ou non, à travers le ravage de la relation à la mère. Le déploiement d'une réflexion sur les avatars de la construction de la féminité – dont l'étude du ravage se prolonge par l'exploration des vicissitudes du rapport de la femme à l'image et au corps – constitue donc le préalable nécessaire à l'abord de la problématique du désir. S'ouvrirait ainsi le repérage de trois logiques soutenant le mode particulier avec lequel la femme « se fait objet » : la logique du tout ou rien, relative à un traitement de l'énigme de la féminité saturée par un idéal et un appel au savoir ; la logique du court-circuit, révélant la non-advenue de la féminité comme énigme, féminité de l'ordre du trou noir ; la logique du pas-tout, signant l'acceptation de cette énigme et la latitude que génère cette négociation quant à l'angoisse. / The psychoanalytic literature tends to locate women's desire stake as to be desired, that is reducing her desire's expression to a consent of the Other's desire. But what weaves beyond the consent of « making oneself an object » ? There's not about distinguish a pure feminine desire, but to identify the specificities of a women desire playing in sexual relationship ; that is, to explore the specific stakes and angst of desire's expression, regarding her special registration in castration and the place that the sexual relatioshipn assigns her. The feminine desire's dimension can not be tackled regardless of the way each women confront herself to the mystery of femininity – as it emerges or not through the ravage of the mother's relation. The deployment of a thought based on the transformations of feminine construction forms the condition necessary to approach the problematic focusing on desire – the study on ravage explores the tribulations of women's relation to image en body. It is then possible to distinguish three logics by which women « make themselves an object » : the everything or nothing logic, the mystery of femininity is here saturated by an ideal and a call of knowledge ; the short-circuit logic , femininity is here approached on the bases of a black hole ; the not-all logic, based on the acceptation of this mystery and the latitude that this negotiation generates.

The dissertation thesis focuses on the topic of individualism and non-clinical narcissism. The issue is seen first in the broad context of social sciences and also the results of empirical researches published hitherto are summarized in the first part. Subsequently, based on three questionnaire surveys (two of them have representative character), is researched the incidence of individualism and non-clinical narcissism in the Czech population as well as the interaction between these two phenomena. For the purposes of measuring of their incidence we adopted the scale of individualism and collectivism (INDCOL) and constructed our own valid instrument for measuring non-clinical narcissism. In the text there is also described the process of construction and application of these two instruments. The thesis pursues also wider consequences of non-clinical narcissism, emphasizing one's self-conception, sexual life, partner and other interpersonal relationships, professional life and occurrence of social-pathological behaviour.

Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de traiter de la question des répercussions de l'expatriation sur l'identité. L'expatriation est ici utilisée comme moyen pour analyser le déplacement sur son versant corporel en appréhendant la culture comme une manière sensorielle d'être au monde. Dans cette perspective, nous apportons une définition métapsychologique de l'identité comme la résultante du travail du narcissisme, des enveloppes psychiques et enfin des identifications. Dans cette étude, le narcissisme est étudié dans son rapport originel avec la culture et les sensations. Ainsi les éléments culturels composent un miroir pour le moi qui permet au sujet de se reconnaitre dans le monde. Les enveloppes psychiques rendent compte des variations des frontières du moi et donc des éventuels vacillement identitaires. Enfin l'identification est étudiée à la lumière des théories de la psychanalyse de groupe et de la notion de lien. L'hypothèse métapsychologique qui a guide cette recherche est que l'expatriation soumet le sujet à un vacillement identitaire qui affectera l'articulation entre les différents espaces psychiques. Notre méthode s'appuie sur l'utilisation d'entretiens, du Rorschach et du TAT que nous avons fait passer lors d'un voyage de recherche auprès de la communauté expatriée française en Chine. / This present research deals with the impact of expatriation on identity. Expatriation is here used to analyse the displacement on a corporal level by apprehending culture as a sensorial manner of being to the world. In this perspective, we apprehend a metapsychological definition of identity as the result of the work of narcissism, psychic envelopes, and identification. Narcissism is studied in its original links with culture and the senses. The cultural elements compose a mirror for the self that allows the subject to recognize himself in the world. The psychic envelopes show the variation of the frontier of the self. Finally, identification is studied based on the theories of group psychoanalysis and the notion of link. The metapsychological hypothesis that guided this research is that expatriation submits the subject to a vacillating of identity that will affect the articulation between the different psychic spaces. Our method is based on the use of interviews, Rorschach and TAT (Thematic apperception test) that we conducted among the French expatriate community in China during a travel research.

Comment ce qui s'est produit à une génération précédente est fondateur de l'identité subjective à la génération suivante ? Plus spécifiquement, comment la guerre du Liban (1975-1990/91), vécue par les parents, peut être constructive ou désorganisatrice du sujet (enfant) dans sa singularité ? La transmission psychique est inévitable et fondatrice de l'identité subjective. L'étude des éléments psychiques, relevant de cette expérience violente passée, vécue par la génération précédente, permet de comprendre la participation des processus psychiques générationnels à la formation de l'identité singulière, facilitant ou entravant le travail psychique à la génération suivante. Nos hypothèses envisagent la transmission dans la relation entre le père et le fils, à partir de l'exploration des processus d'identification et de conflictualité dans le lien père-fils, de la part négative (voire traumatique) du contenu transmis et des investissements narcissiques établis entre le père et le fils. Des entretiens de recherche ont été réalisés auprès de dix familles, dont le père était un combattant pendant la guerre, ayant des enfants (garçons, adolescents). L'objectif principal est d'interroger les effets psychiques de la guerre sur le père combattant et le vécu subjectif de l'enfant, examinant les traces de l'expérience violente vécue par le père chez l'enfant. L'analyse des processus en jeu dans le lien père-fils montre des caractéristiques de transmission différentes relatives à chaque lien étudié, et des mouvements généraux de transmission. Une étude plus approfondie de trois cas accentue, principalement, trois aspects de transmission : la violence, l'énigmatique et le narcissique. Ce travail rend compte : - de la part active et créative de l'individu dans l'élaboration de ce qui est transmis à partir de la guerre du Liban ; - des fonctions intrusive et aliénante de la transmission, par rapport à des fonctions constructive et créatrice ; - de la fonction fondatrice du collectif au niveau individuel. Dans le contexte du Liban, il s'agit, principalement, d'une transmission idéologique violente de la guerre, qui paraît être un détournement de la conflictualité oedipienne et intrapsychique. / How is it that the experiences of a preceding generation are foundational to the subjective identity of the following generation? More specifically, how can the Lebanese civil war, witnessed by parents, be constructive or destructive to the subject (child) in his/her singularity? The psychological transmission is inevitable and foundational to the subject's identity. Studies on psychological elements related to that violent experience could help us comprehend the influence of generational psychological processes on singular identity formation. This facilitates or hinders the psychological development of the second generation. The principal objective of this research is to explore the effects of the war on the father (combatant) and the subjective experiences of the child through intergenerational psychological transmission. This study examines the psychological transmission through analysis of the identification process and the ensuing rivalry between father and son. This study also seeks to analyze the negative part (traumatic) of the transmitted heritage and the narcissistic investment between parent and child. Our research interviews were conducted with ten families in which the father was a combatant during the war and have adolescent children. The analysis of these processes between father and son has revealed some common characteristics among the subjects. A more detailed study of three of those cases accentuated three aspects of the transmission process: Violent, Enigmatic and Narcissistic. The study has revealed an active and innovational role by the subject in the transmission process. The results have also revealed the function of a collective component among the individuals studied. The transmission process had an intrusive and alienating function as well as a constructive and creative function. In the Lebanese context, there's a violent ideological transmission related to the war, which seems to be a diversion of the Oedipian and intrapsychic conflict.

Maladie de l'homme mûr, le cancer de la prostate nécessite des traitements qui rendent le patient impuissant, parfois de manière irréversible. Cela fait écho psychiquement à l'appréhension d'une castration qui n'a pas attendu l'avènement de cette quasi-réalité pour s'avérer l'un des moteurs psychiques de l'angoisse des hommes et de leur dynamique identificatoire, narcissique et objectale. Le cancer de la prostate se révélant être tabou dans notre société, ces hommes sont sommés de souffrir en silence. À l'appui d'une double méthodologie composée d'entretiens et d'épreuves projectives auprès de 17 patients atteints d'un cancer de la prostate (et, dans une visée comparative, de 2 patients atteints d'un cancer du rein et de 2 patients venant pour un simple dépistage), nous nous sommes proposée de discerner comment cette détresse interdite pouvait expliquer en partie la mise en avant d'une position hyper phallique ("même pas peur, même pas triste, même pas mal"). Revendiquer de n'être ni touché ni ébranlé par ce qui arrive permettrait ainsi à ces hommes de pallier une décompensation dépressive, peut-être pire que tout pour eux, car "anti-virile", dans le sens où un homme n'est censé ni chuter, ni s'effondrer, ni se plaindre. C'est pourquoi, dans la filiation des travaux de C. Chabert et de F. Neau, nous avons proposé l'idée d'un "masculin hypomane" ; il serait une défense contre le mouvement mélancolique (à entendre comme traitement narcissique de la perte) insupportable et comme retournement de la passivité en activité contre l'être pénétré (par la maladie, les explorations médicales), l'être traversé (par l'angoisse, le temps qui passe) et l'être excité (par l'autre, son désir). Portée par un faux masculin abritant le genre neutre dans le latent et durcie par un hyperinvestissement narcissique, cette solution serait à la fois coûteuse et mortifère, mais aussi salvatrice et trophique pour le sujet, déplaçant alors les frontières entre normal et pathologique. En effet, elle protégerait le sujet contre les affres de l'effondrement dépressif dans le manifeste, soutiendrait son identité virile déjà bien malmenée. Elle lui permettrait de se défendre contre le mouvement mélancolique qui infiltre le latent et, enfin, elle contiendrait l'excitation désorganisatrice de la pulsion sexuelle derrière les remparts de la pulsion de mort dans sa valence anarchiste. La dimension performative de la virilité nous a ainsi permis d'envisager la clinique de la passation (mais également la relation clinique et les mouvements transférentiels pendant les entretiens) comme un espace potentiellement traumatique (car elle peut, certes, mettre en lumière et révéler une sensibilité à la castration à travers l'implicite de performance) mais aussi, comme un espace transitionnel et thérapeutique. Ce qui semble très important pour la construction future de projets thérapeutiques concernant ces patients. / A disease affecting older men, prostrate cancer requires treatment that renders patients impotent, sometimes permanently. Psychically speaking, this resonates with the fear of castration, which does not await the advent of this quasi-reality to emerge as one of the psychic driving forces of men's anxiety and of their identity-related, narcissistic and objectal dynamic. In today's society, prostrate cancer is a taboo subject; men suffering from the condition are thus forced to suffer in silence. We met 17 patients with prostate cancer and, in a comparative way, 2 patients with kidney cancer and 2 healthy patients. Using projective methods and semi-directive interviews, we attempted to discern how this forbidden distress could partly explain why patients chose to adopt a hyperphallic stance ("Ain't scared, ain't sad, doing just fine !"). Claiming to be neither affected nor shaken by unfolding events would allow these men to mitigate depressive decompensation, which might be the worst thing for them because it would be unmanly insofar as a man must never fall, collapse or complain. Drawing from the studies undertaken by C. Chabert and F. Neau, we thus put forward the notion of "masculine hypomania". This would not only be a defense against unbearable melancholia (construed as the narcissistic treatment of loss), but would also be the reversal of passivity into action against the penetrated being (by disease and medical explorations), the permeated being (by anxiety and the passing of time) and the excited being (by the other and his desire). Driven by narcissistic hyperinvestment, this solution would be costly and mortifying on the one hand, and life-saving and nourishing on the other, moving boards between normality and pathology. Indeed, it would enable patients to defend themselves against depressive decompensation, to support shaken male identity, to defend themselves against melancholic movement and, at last, to contain excitation of the sexual drive through the death instinct in its anarchist valency. The performative dimension of manhood allowed to consider the clinical perspective of test administration (but also clinical relationship and transference during interviews) as a potentially traumatic space (because it could reveal a sensitivity to castration behind the implicit of performance), but also as a transitional and therapeutic space, which seems very important for the construction of therapeutic projects for these patients in the future.