The human trait of entitlement, although currently very topical, has only recently come under serious scrutiny by behavioural psychologists (Campbell, Bonacci, Shelton, Exline & Bushman 2004:30). This study examines the modifying effects of these psychological elements on the spiritual aspects of disease and healing. Other modifiers are the personal spiritual beliefs or dogmas of the clergy within the paradigm of a particular denomination, and the beliefs and expectations of the adherents. Two Christian denominations were chosen for the study: The Methodist Church of Southern Africa, in particular the home church of the writer, The Bedfordview Methodist Church, and Afmin, an organisation that trains and equips students, mainly African, for Christian ministry. Structured face to face interviews were conducted with pastors and church leaders, interviews with medical professionals were conducted and a wide ranging review of relevant literature undertaken. It was found that while the trait of entitlement was a constant in human nature, there were modifying factors. These included the personal beliefs of pastors and youth leaders, often founded on personal experience instead of denominational dogma. The influence of Pentecostal / Charismatic teaching was very evident. It was also found that the church, in a drive to become increasingly relevant to current norms and social trends, tended to have a rather confused understanding of biblical healing and the role of God in disease and suffering. While the inevitability of death, suffering and disease cannot be denied, the role of the church is complex and controversial. Unrealistic expectations, based on teaching that encourages a sense of entitlement can lead to great challenges regarding faith in both the clergy and adherents. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

La présente thèse a pour but de ressortir l’implicite de l’œuvre de Tierno Monénembo. Elle se structure autour de trois axes principaux ; le premier étudie les instances narratives ; le deuxième porte sur les principaux actants du récit ; le troisième axe permet d’élaborer la genèse du mythe personnel de l’écrivain à travers l’exil. L’analyse psychocritique de l’œuvre de Monénembo se veut être aussi une étude portant sur la psychologie des personnages, elle tâche de mettre en exergue le malaise identitaire des personnages et celui de l’exilé en somme, face à des traumatismes sociopolitiques, les personnages éprouvent la nostalgie du royaume de l’enfance. Cette structure récurrente dans l’œuvre est la résultante d’un passé troublant. Celui-ci se traduit dans le discours des narrateurs. Ces derniers s’inspirent en général de l’univers familial ou de celui du pays natal « mal sorti » du joug colonial français / The present theses is aimed at taking out again the implicit of literary oeuvre of Tierno Monenembo. It is structured around three main axles ; the first studies narrative authorities ; second door on the main actors of the tale ; the third axles allows to work out the origin of the personal myth of the writer across banishment. The analysis psychocritique of oeuvre of Monenembo Is meant be also a study concerning the psychology of the figures. It tries to head with the self-defining feeling of faintness of the figures and with that of the exile. All in all, faced with traumas sociopolitiques, the figures feel the nostalgia of the infantile stadium. This recurrent structure in oeuvre is the result of a disturbing past. This one is translated by speeches on the sly of storytellers. These last draw inspiration in general from the family world or from that of the natal country “badly taken out” from French colonial yoke

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diana Navas.pdf: 315906 bytes, checksum: 6c1311fcbbb51fa3835c6d6a6d402236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study proposes to verify how the confluence of the lyric and epic genres happens in the novel Não entres tão depressa nessa noite escura, of António Lobo Antunes, as well as to show what, in fact, configures its poeticity. Initiating with the exposition of the path that has been followed by the contemporary Portuguese romance and, afterwards, reflecting briefly on the works of fiction written by Lobo Antunes so far, as well as on the biographical and structural traits present in his works, the present studies culminates with the analysis of the novel. Having as a central hub the work carried out by Lobo Antunes with and through the language, the research aims to demonstrate how the novel in question is, according to the concepts developed by Linda Hutcheon, a metafiction, that is, a work that alerts us to its own construction process, or even, to a kind of discursive narcissism. Pointing out to the fact that the work with the language is, at the same time, the central theme of the novel and also the basic principle of its construction, this study shows how Lobo Antunes s novel, a novel in process, evidences its scriptural poiesis, escapes from the rigid classifications of the traditional forms of literary narrative, pioneering a new form of narrating, or even, a new conception of narrative genre, once that in it the lyric and epic genres conjugating themselves and thus merging themselves. With the analysis of this novel, the present study also aims to demonstrate how, always through the language, Lobo Antunes s novel points to a portrait of the contemporary man and world: a multiple, fragmented, in splinters portrait, whose pieces make part of a persistent effort of desconstrucion/ reconstruction, always in the search of a possible rescue of a hypothetic lost totality / Esta dissertação tem como proposta inicial verificar como se processa a confluência dos gêneros lírico e épico no romance Não entres tão depressa nessa noite escura, de António Lobo Antunes, bem como evidenciar o que, de fato, configura a sua poeticidade. Iniciando com a exposição da trajetória que vem sendo percorrida pelo romance português contemporâneo e, posteriormente, dedicando-se a refletir sinteticamente sobre as obras de ficção até então escritas pelo autor, assim como sobre os traços autobiográficos e também estruturais presentes em suas obras, o presente estudo culmina com a análise do romance supracitado. Tendo por eixo central o trabalho realizado por Lobo Antunes com e na linguagem, esta pesquisa visa a demonstrar como o romance em questão constitui-se, de acordo com os conceitos desenvolvidos por Linda Hutcheon, em uma metaficção, ou seja, em uma obra que alerta para seu próprio processo de construção, ou ainda, para uma espécie de narcisismo discursivo. Considerando-se o fato de que o trabalho com a linguagem é ao mesmo tempo tema central do romance e também princípio básico de sua construção, procura-se verificar como o romance antuniano, um romance em processo, põe em evidência sua poeisis escritural, escapa das rígidas classificações das formas tradicionais de narrativa literária, abrindo caminho para uma nova forma de narrar, ou ainda mesmo, uma nova concepção de gênero narrativo, já que nele o lírico e o épico se conjugam e até se fundem. A partir da análise da obra escolhida, o presente trabalho visa, também, a demonstrar como, sempre via linguagem, o romance antuniano aponta para um retrato do homem e do mundo contemporâneos: retrato múltiplo, fragmentado, em estilhaços, cujos pedaços fazem parte de um persistente esforço de desconstrução/reconstrução, na busca sempre de um possível resgate de uma hipotética totalidade perdida

Exploring Puritanical cultural habits in the 21st century American military, the following study focuses on U.S. Army courts-martial in the Global War on Terrorism. The study uses Emile Durkheim's original sociological interpretation of crime and deviance. That interpretation is linked with responsibility as described by Durkheim's follower Paul Fauconnet in Responsibility: A Study in Sociology ([1928] 1978) and with a new cultural reading of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ([1905] 1976). The study is an inductive, descriptive examination of the Puritanical aspects of American military culture based on its treatment of acts labeled as deviant and criminal in the Global War on Terrorism. Four sets of war crimes are included in the study: Abu Ghraib (which occurred in Iraq in 2004), Operation Iron Triangle (which occurred in Iraq in 2006), the Baghdad canal killings (which occurred in Iraq in 2007), and the Maywand District killings (which occurred in Afghanistan in 2010). My data include primary data collected through participation and observation as a consultant for courts-martial related to all the cases except Abu Ghraib. Records of trial, investigation reports, charge sheets, sworn statements, and other documentation are also included in the study as secondary data sources. The study illuminates how unconscious, Puritan cultural habits color and shape both military actions and their perceptions. I explore Puritanism and its influence on military law, responsibility, revenge, "magic" (in its sociological sense), and narcissism. The study concludes with observations and recommendations for changes in U.S. military law.

Na clínica contemporânea, temos nos defrontado com novas expressões de sofrimento, nas quais o corpo ganha destaque. Entre os fenômenos recorrentes encontramos a dor crônica e as fibromialgias. Os estudos sobre esses assuntos apresentam posições distintas: uns consideram tais dores como fenômenos histéricos, outros, como uma manifestação do corpo deprimido. Pretendemos verificar as especificidades das dores crônicas, desde a possibilidade de uma manifestação histérica ou depressiva, mas avançando na hipótese de que elas possam ser manifestações do quadro melancólico. Tomaremos a teoria de Freud como principal fonte dos nossos estudos sobre a melancolia e cotejaremos também autores mais recentes que tratam do fenômeno da dor, particularmente os da psicossomática psicanalítica. Os pacientes que nos mobilizaram a empreender tais estudos foram aqueles que apresentavam traços curiosos: pouca fluidez pulsional, desânimo, dores em vários pontos do corpo, sintomas psicossomáticos, ansiedade bastante expressiva e, geralmente, marcados por uma falta de sentido, conotando, de um lado, traços melancólicos e, de outro, sintomas somáticos. Na melancolia, trata-se de uma perda na vida pulsional enquanto que no sofrimento decorrente de um luto normal, isso não acontece; a libido se desprende do objeto, devido a uma posição ocupada por esse objeto perdido, em que havia um duplo trabalho a ele dirigido, de amor e ódio, portanto passível de ser elaborado, no nível consciente. Nesse mesmo texto, ele mostra que no luto patológico, o objeto perdido mantém-se investido, libidinalmente, tendo como consequência um apego a ele, sem que ele possa ser elaborado, causando, portanto, uma sombra do objeto sobre o próprio ego do sujeito. Isso significa que há um hiper investimento narcísico no objeto, no qual o sujeito se fixa colando nele. Num mundo voltado para o individualismo, para o narcisismo e sem ideais é provável que se estimule mais esse encapsulamento, impedindo o sujeito de se vincular. Na clínica contemporânea os sintomas são mais dessa natureza: são primários, de caráter narcísico, no qual o sujeito se vê encapsulado num mundo vazio e sem significação. Nesse contexto, pensamos ser mais propício falar de sujeitos melancólicos, distinto dos deprimidos, pois estes fazem uma retirada do investimento libidinal, mas mantém uma relação com objeto.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolina_cavalcanti_henriques.pdf: 339372 bytes, checksum: 35ac31ce1aa15f2bcacce66bd22f3ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-11 / In contemporary practice, we have been faced with new expressions of suffering, in which the body gets featured. Among the recurring phenomena found chronic pain and fibromialgia. Studies on these subjects feature distinct positions: some consider such pain as hysterical phenomena, others as a manifestation of the body down. We intend to verify the specifics of chronic pain, since the possibility of a hysterical demonstration or depressed, but advancing the hypothesis that they may be manifestations of melancholic framework. Take the theory of Freud as the main source of our studies on the melancholy and cotejaremos also latest authors dealing with the phenomenon of pain, particularly the psychoanalytic literature. Patients who mobilized us to undertake such studies were those that were curious traits: low fluidity pulsional, dismay, pain in various parts of the body, psychosomatic symptoms, anxiety quite expressive and usually marked by a lack of sense, connoting, on the other hand, melancholic traits and somatic symptoms. In melancholy, a loss in pulsional life while suffering from a normal grief, that doesn't happen; libido peels back the object, due to a position occupied by this lost object, in which there was a double job to him directed, of love and hate, so liable to be drafted in the conscious level. In this same text, it shows that in the pathological mourning, the missing object remains invested, libidinalmente, resulting in an attachment to him, without it can be elaborated, causing therefore a shadow of the object about the subject's ego itself. That means there's a hyper narcissistic investment in object, in which the subject is fixed by pasting it. In a world facing individualism, for narcissism and without ideals is likely to stimulate more this encapsulation, preventing the subject from link. In contemporary clinical symptoms are more of this nature: are primary, narcissistic character, in which the subject finds himself wrapped in a world empty and without meaning. In this context, we think it's more conducive to speak of melancholy subjects, distinct from the depressed, because these make a libidinal investment withdrawal, but maintains a relationship with object. / Na clínica contemporânea, temos nos defrontado com novas expressões de sofrimento, nas quais o corpo ganha destaque. Entre os fenômenos recorrentes encontramos a dor crônica e as fibromialgias. Os estudos sobre esses assuntos apresentam posições distintas: uns consideram tais dores como fenômenos histéricos, outros, como uma manifestação do corpo deprimido. Pretendemos verificar as especificidades das dores crônicas, desde a possibilidade de uma manifestação histérica ou depressiva, mas avançando na hipótese de que elas possam ser manifestações do quadro melancólico. Tomaremos a teoria de Freud como principal fonte dos nossos estudos sobre a melancolia e cotejaremos também autores mais recentes que tratam do fenômeno da dor, particularmente os da psicossomática psicanalítica. Os pacientes que nos mobilizaram a empreender tais estudos foram aqueles que apresentavam traços curiosos: pouca fluidez pulsional, desânimo, dores em vários pontos do corpo, sintomas psicossomáticos, ansiedade bastante expressiva e, geralmente, marcados por uma falta de sentido, conotando, de um lado, traços melancólicos e, de outro, sintomas somáticos. Na melancolia, trata-se de uma perda na vida pulsional enquanto que no sofrimento decorrente de um luto normal, isso não acontece; a libido se desprende do objeto, devido a uma posição ocupada por esse objeto perdido, em que havia um duplo trabalho a ele dirigido, de amor e ódio, portanto passível de ser elaborado, no nível consciente. Nesse mesmo texto, ele mostra que no luto patológico, o objeto perdido mantém-se investido, libidinalmente, tendo como consequência um apego a ele, sem que ele possa ser elaborado, causando, portanto, uma sombra do objeto sobre o próprio ego do sujeito. Isso significa que há um hiper investimento narcísico no objeto, no qual o sujeito se fixa colando nele. Num mundo voltado para o individualismo, para o narcisismo e sem ideais é provável que se estimule mais esse encapsulamento, impedindo o sujeito de se vincular. Na clínica contemporânea os sintomas são mais dessa natureza: são primários, de caráter narcísico, no qual o sujeito se vê encapsulado num mundo vazio e sem significação. Nesse contexto, pensamos ser mais propício falar de sujeitos melancólicos, distinto dos deprimidos, pois estes fazem uma retirada do investimento libidinal, mas mantém uma relação com objeto.

Les personnes SDF et leurs chiens restent à la marge de la majorité des dispositifs sociaux et sont l’objet d’un contre-transfert social généralement négatif. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre pourquoi certaines personnes ont des chiens dans la rue. En s’appuyant sur un référentiel psychanalytique, cette recherche se fonde sur les discours d’acteurs rencontrés sur le terrain et sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de neuf SDF possédant au moins un chien, rencontrés au sein d’un CAARUD et d’un CHRS. Les entretiens ont été traités à l’aide de l’analyse de contenu (Bardin, 1977 ; Castarède, 1983) et d’une analyse clinique de cas (Castro, 2005 ; Pedinielli, 2005). Les résultats soulèvent un paradoxe. D’une part, le chien apparaît notamment comme un support d’étayage aux besoins du moi (Roussillon, 2008a); comme un objet de relation (Gimenez, 2002) et la relation à l’animal comme une voie d’accès à l’aire transitionnelle (Winnicott, 1971b) où œuvrent les processus d’identification projective normale et d’identification introjective (Bion, 1962, 1967). D’autre part, cette relation peut incarner une défense psychique contre une souffrance psychosociale et une stratégie de survie conduisant, paradoxalement, ces personnes à se suradapter à leurs conditions de vie délétères sans pouvoir le penser. Seules une véritable préoccupation sociétale et des prises en charges adaptées pourront soutenir le chien comme un moyen par lequel le sujet peut négocier sa souffrance psychique, son identité et développer sa subjectivité. Comprendre cette relation implique par ailleurs une approche en santé mentale, soucieuse des ressources du sujet et de son environnement. / Homeless people and their dogs remain on the fringe of most social structures and are subject to a generally negative social counter-transference. This study aims at a better understanding of why some people living on the street have a dog. Within a psychoanalytical frame of reference, this research is based on speeches of actors encountered on the field and includes semi-directive interviews conducted on nine homeless people possessing at least one dog encountered in a CAARUD and a CHRS. A content analysis (Bardin, 1977; Castarède, 1983; Pedinielli, 2009) was conducted on all these interviews. The nine dog owners were each object of a clinical case study (Castro, 2005; Pedinielli, 2005; Schauder, 2012; Thurin, 2012). The results showed a paradox. On the one hand, the dog appeared as a way of supporting the needs of the ego (Roussillon, 2008a) and as an object of relation (Gimenez, 2002). Similarly the relationship with the animal appeared as a means of gaining access to the transitional area (Winnicott, 1971b) where processes of normal projective identification and introjective identification develop (Bion, 1962, 1967). On the other hand, this relationship may embody a psychic defense against psychosocial suffering and a survival strategy paradoxically leading these people to unconsciously over-adapt to their nefarious living conditions. Only real societal concern and appropriate care can support the dog as a way for the subject to become a real subject and for him a way to soothe the psychical pain and shore up his identity. Understanding this relationship also implies using a mental health approach, taking into account the resources of the subject and his environment.

Cette étude constitue un suivi longitudinal prospectif d’une cohorte de dyades de mères présentant un trouble de personnalité borderline avec leur enfant, dans une approche comparative avec unepopulation contrôle de dyades avec des mères sans trouble psychique. Elle a pour but d’éclairer le fonctionnement intrapsychique des mères et des bébés par l’étude des interactions précoces entre les mères borderline et leur bébé de trois mois. La grossesse représente une véritable crise identitaire et narcissique nécessitant un réaménagement des imagos maternels. Celui-ci ébranle l’identité de ces mères borderline déjà fragilisée par un narcissisme défaillant. Le bébé impose une relation de dépendance de laquelle la mère ne peut s’extraire. Les interactions précoces entre ces mères et leur bébé sont décrites comme étant teintées par l’intrusivité et la répétitivité, et reflètent leur incapacité à s’accorder aux rythmes propres et aux mouvements affectifs de leur enfant. Elles seraient en difficulté au sein d’un partage intersubjectif troublé pour aider le bébé à réguler ses émotions. Cette étude a aussi pour but d’éclairer la manière dont les comportements d’attachement de ces enfants, à 13 mois, s’ancrent dans la particularité de ces dysfonctionnements interactifs. L’évaluation des représentations d’attachement chez ces enfants, âgés de 4 à 8 ans, met en lumière différentes évolutions dans la qualité de leur attachement. Enfin, une approche psychodynamique de leurs récits, au test des histoires à compléter, éclaire les particularités de leur fonctionnement psychique. / This study comprises a prospective longitudinal exploration of a cohort of mother-child dyads with mothers with borderline personality disorder, compared with a control group of dyads in which mothers don’t display any psychological disorder. The aim of this study is to elucidate the early intrapsychic functioning of these mothers and infants through the study of the early interactions between these borderline mothers and their three-month-old infants. Pregnancy represents a powerful crisis, both of identity and narcissism, necessitating a reorganization of the maternal imago. It weakens the identity of mothers suffering from borderline personality disorder who are already debilitated by a failing narcissism. The infant imposes a relationship of dependence on its mother, from which she cannot extricate herself. The early mother-infant interactions are described as being imbued with intrusion and repetition, which reflect the mother’s incapacity to attune herself to the distinct rhythms and emotional movements of her child. They show difficulties at the heart of a troubled sharing of intersubjectivity to help the infant to regulate its emotions. This study endeavours to expound the way in which the attachment behaviours of these 13 month-old infants are embedded in the distinctive features of these dysfunctional interactions. The evaluation of the attachment representations of these children, aged from 4 to 8 years, draws light on different evolutions in the quality of their attachment. Ultimately, a psychodynamic approach of their narratives during the Attachment Story Stem Battery reveals the features of their psychological functioning.

My dissertation challenges the longstanding dismissal of love in James Joyce's texts by examining the ethical and political implications of his love stories. Primarily using Martin Buber's works (but also including perspectives derived from bell hooks and Julia Kristeva), I define love as an affirmation of otherness and adopt a critical framework that promotes the love of others over the narcissistic devotion to oneself. In so doing, I highlight love as the ultimate challenge to authoritarian systems because the embrace of the other is necessary to transcend the boundaries that alienate individuals from each other and that justify imperialist and racist political structures. I thus offer a love ethic that not only compels meaningful individual interaction, but also establishes a model for effective social and civic participation, encouraging a climate of cooperation that embraces the solidarity and empathy needed for progressive politics. I also argue that analyzing Joyce's works provides a fruitful opportunity to recognize the individual and political viability of this love ethic. Focusing on Dubliners, Stephen Hero, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Exiles, and Ulysses, I examine the relationships between his characters' pursuits of love and their socio-political struggles, arguing that their love for others directly influences their acceptance of otherness within the colonialist discourses of Joyce's Dublin. For example, James Duffy's refusal of Emily Sinico in "A Painful Case" also rejects her advice to engage in the political cooperation that would promote his socialist ideas. Similarly, Stephen Dedalus's promotion of symbolic romance over real-world attachments focuses his aesthetics on ideal beauty instead of everyday Dublin, which alienates him from his audience and limits the practical success of his art. By contrast, Leopold Bloom's love for his wife Molly reflects a broader empathy for others that encourages social dialogue and counteracts what Joyce called "the old pap of racial hatred," an element in both British imperialism and Irish nationalism. My dissertation's afterword anticipates the amorous potential of Finnegans Wake, reading ALP's concluding soliloquy as a demonstration of her enduring affection for HCE that is reignited through each iteration of the text's cyclical narrative.

This historical study analyses the holistic dynamics of Ethiopia, taking into account political, social, economic, cultural, religious, and media development aspects, with a focus on the three most recent governments (1930–2014), in relation to freedom of expression. The analysis indicates that the Feudalist-Imperial system was clearly the extension of centuries-old imperial hegemony which had used religious, cultural and patriotic hegemony to stifle freedom of expression. During the Socialist-Military regime every sphere of society, including acts of expression, were oriented towards the revolution and socialist political ideology. During the current ethnically based so-called Revolutionary-Democratic regime, freedom of expression has been stifled by means of legislation, government and party structures, complex surveillance, and social networks. While the instruments of repression have differed, relatively speaking, from government to government, the extent of repression has remained similar over a number of centuries. Threats to freedom of expression derive from rulers or governments, in which instances they are entrenched through policies, laws and bureaucracies, from religious and cultural hegemonies, from poverty and a related lack of education and access to information, and from conflicts, rivalry and wars. These threats have their origins in three main interrelated causal or determining factors, namely the Certainty–Uncertainty Dilemma, Ethno-Luminary Thought and Narcissism, which together form a pyramid beneath which freedom of expression in Ethiopia has been trapped. This pyramid is identified in the study as the Social Pyramid, or the Pyramid of Repression Instruments, and it in turn gives rise to an overall web of suppression, that is, the Pyramid Trap of Repression. The study concludes that the repression of freedom of expression in Ethiopia is likely to remain intact, insofar as the threats to freedom of expression and the factors giving rise to those threats persist. While limited gains concerning the right to freedom of expression are achieved periodically, these are routinely undone and rolled back, since the Pyramid Trap of Repression is not dismantled. / In hierdie historiese studie word die holistiese dinamika van Etiopië ontleed, met inagneming van politieke, sosiale, ekonomiese, kulturele, religieuse, en media-ontwikkelingsaspekte. Daar word op die drie mees onlangse regerings (1930–2014) gefokus, ten opsigte van vrye meningsuiting. Die ontleding dui daarop dat die feodalisties-imperialistiese stelsel duidelik die uitbreiding van eeue-oue imperialistiese hegemonie was wat religieuse, kulturele en patriotiese hegemonie gebruik het om vrye meningsuiting te onderdruk. Gedurende die sosialisties-militêre regime was elke sfeer van die samelewing, insluitende dade van uitdrukking, georiënteer tot die revolusie en sosialisties-politieke ideologie. Tydens die huidige, etnies gebaseerde sogenaamde revolusionêr-demokratiese regime, is vrye meningsuiting onderdruk deur wetgewing, regering- en partystrukture, komplekse bewaking, en sosiale netwerke. Hoewel die instrumente van onderdrukking relatief gesproke verskil het van regering tot regering, het die mate van onderdrukking oor ʼn aantal eeue heen soortgelyk gebly. Bedreigings vir vrye meningsuiting is afkomstig van heersers of regerings (en in sulke gevalle word hulle beveilig deur beleide, wette en burokrasieë), van religieuse en kulturele hegemonieë, van armoede en ʼn verwante gebrek aan opvoeding en toegang tot inligting, en van konflikte, mededinging en oorloë. Hierdie bedreigings het ontstaan vanweë drie vernaamste kousale of bepalende faktore wat onderling verwant is, naamlik die sekerheid-onsekerheid-dilemma, etno-voorligter-denke en narsisme, wat gesamentlik ʼn piramide vorm waaronder vrye meningsuiting in Etiopië vasgevang is. Hierdie piramide word in die studie as die sosiale piramide, of die piramide van onderdrukkingsinstrumente, geïdentifiseer, en dit lei op sy beurt tot ʼn algehele web van onderdrukking – die piramidelokval van onderdrukking. Die gevolgtrekking van die studie is dat die onderdrukking van vrye meningsuiting in Etiopië waarskynlik onaangeroer gaan bly, so lank as wat die bedreigings vir vrye meningsuiting en die faktore wat tot daardie bedreigings aanleiding gee, onveranderd bly. Hoewel beperkte suksesse van tyd tot tyd behaal word rakende die reg tot vrye meningsuiting, word sulke prestasies dikwels ongedaan gemaak, omdat die piramidelokval van onderdrukking nie afgebreek word nie. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)