自古鄰里相親敦親睦鄰，然而近年生活習慣與居住型態轉變，集合式公寓社區成為都市人們主要的住宅型態，人們與鄰里之間的互動日漸減少，以致於鄰里關係疏離。基此，本研究主旨在探討透過服務設計方法，改善都市集合式社區的住戶與鄰里之間的人際互動與溝通。 本研究以服務體驗工程方法論為研究方法，分三個階段進行研究。第一階段「服務體驗需求洞察研究」階段，透過深度訪談與參與觀察，挖掘社區住戶與鄰里主要有兩個接觸情境，即兩個不同的研究方向: (1)一為主動型住戶與鄰里往來而形成社區團購；(2)二為管委會與住戶的溝通與服務。比較兩個方向對社區的影響性後，擇第二個方向為本研究的研究方向。首先，採用人物誌分析出流程中三方使用者，包含住戶、管委會與總幹事，再以顧客旅程地圖發現三方溝通流程「管委會與住戶之間的溝通」及「住戶參與管委會的經驗」影響社區鄰里的互動關係，在流程的三部分中共發現16個問題與需求。 接著，第二階段進行「服務設計」，以普及至使用者中壯年齡層的智慧型手機為服務載具，設計社區社交平台「比鄰Belink App」，提供四項功能：「社區公告」、「提問求助」、「知識交流」與「委員會議」，改善住戶擔任委員參與管委會或是與管委會接觸的體驗。最後，第三階段「服務原型測試與評估」，邀請三方使用者以放聲思考法依照指定的情境使用「比鄰Belink App」，並填寫整體使用評估量表，再根據測試結果與意見回饋提出第二版設計，修改操作模式、介面按鈕的位置、顏色與形狀等等。 總結，研究成果為：（1）發現住戶與管委會在溝通流程三階段的16個問題與痛點；（2）了解中壯年齡層住戶的智慧型手機使用經驗；（3）提出符合使用需求的「比鄰Belink App」四大功能設計；（4）完成App使用性測試與可行性評估，使用者滿意提供的功能，三方使用者可更即時、公開與正向地進行溝通；但易用性方面雖具備可記憶性但易學性低，需修改設計。研究成果可作為日後相關研究參考。

The aim of this research was to establish whether sector policing had been integrated in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province, and to supply information to the SAPS and community members that may improve their ability to implement sector policing. The research question ”How members in the Limpopo Province perceive sector policing” is investigated in this research. A literature study on sector policing was completed and thereafter a questionnaire was developed. An empirical study was done by questionnaire on the status of sector policing in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province during March, April, May and June 2008. The sample involved 333 police and community members were used in the analysis. / Police Practice / M.A. (Police Science)

本研究為研究者由實務工作所遭遇之問題出發，企圖了解社區發展協會之學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能為何？而該社區功能受哪些因素所影響（以社區類型、社區發展協會與里辦公處互動關係、社區發展協會與政府單位互動關係來檢視）？學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能有何落差？經由本研究之研究問題，擬訂出本研究假設： 研究假設一：學理上的社區功能與政策上的社區功能是有相關的。 研究假設二：不同的社區類型會影響學理上之社區功能。 研究假設三：不同的社區類型會影響政策上之社區功能。 研究假設四：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其學理上社區功能發展越好。 研究假設五：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其學理上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設六：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設七：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 本研究採量化方式進行，針對臺北市331家社區發展協會（以98年11月統計數為母群體），利用臺北市政府社會局每年例行性辦理之補助說明會、臺北市社區發展工作評鑑輔導營及社區人才培訓活動發放問卷，本研究問卷共發放256份，其中回收187份，總計有效問卷161份，無效問卷26份，回收率為62％，惟本研究研究對象為社區發展協會，有效問卷中計有60份為重複填答，經剔除後本研究問卷共調查101家社區發展協會，其中理事長填答者共35份，總幹事填答者共38份，其他填答者28份（含理事、監事、會計、志工）。 經統計分析結果後發現未來在里辦公處與社區發展協會兩者組織發展情形，多數協會認為兩者仍應持續共存，且社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係良好的仍佔多數。而在與政府單位互動情形，整體而言，社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係是良好的，另在整體滿意度與政府發展方向上，協會對於政府之施政、政策認為是滿意的、發展方向也與政府方向是一致的。本研究發現學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能兩者是無完全相關；而不同的社區類型是會影響社區發展協會學理上與政策上之社區功能；另外當協會與里辦公的互動關係越好時，其政策上社區功能會發展的越好。 / This thesis is started from the problem which the researcher met in practice work. The researcher would like to know what the community function in theory and policy is？And it is effected by what factors（Use the community type、the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office、the relationship in the community association and government to confer）？What is the difference between community function in theory and in policy？According to these questions，this thesis have seven assumptions： Assumption 1：The community function in theory is related to the community function in policy. Assumption 2：Different community type influence community function in theory. Assumption 3：Different community type influence community function in policy. Assumption 4：The better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in theory is. Assumption 5：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the more is the community function in theory is. Assumption 6：The better the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in policy is. Assumption 7：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the better the community function in the policy is. This thesis is a quantification research, The population is 331 community associations（On a basis of September 2009）.The questionnaire survey delivered 256 pieces. There are 161 pieces is applicable，26pieces are not in 187 recycled questionnaires. A Recycled ratio is 62％. Anyhow, we survey 101 community associations，there are 35 pieces answered by the organization president ,38 pieces answered by the organization manager，the others answered 28 pieces. This survey find out the community association and neighborhood office will exit together in the future. And the relationship of the community association and the neighborhood office is good, and so is the community association and government. In conclusion，the community association is satisfied with the government policy，and the development direction is the same. This survey find that the community function in theory the community function in policy is not related. Different community type influence community function in theory and in policy. Besides the better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office, the better the community function in theory.

The aim of this research was to establish whether sector policing had been integrated in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province, and to supply information to the SAPS and community members that may improve their ability to implement sector policing. The research question ”How members in the Limpopo Province perceive sector policing” is investigated in this research. A literature study on sector policing was completed and thereafter a questionnaire was developed. An empirical study was done by questionnaire on the status of sector policing in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province during March, April, May and June 2008. The sample involved 333 police and community members were used in the analysis. / Police Practice / M.A. (Police Science)

From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school’s racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year? The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.

Les problèmes d’optimisation combinatoire sont devenus la cible de nombreuses recherches scientifiques pour leur importance dans la résolution de problèmes académiques et de problèmes réels rencontrés dans le domaine de l’ingénierie et dans l’industrie. La résolution de ces problèmes par des méthodes exactes ne peut être envisagée à cause des délais de traitement souvent exorbitants que nécessiteraient ces méthodes pour atteindre la (les) solution(s) optimale(s). Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au contexte algorithmique de résolution des problèmes combinatoires, et au contexte de modélisation de ces problèmes. Au niveau algorithmique, nous avons appréhendé les méthodes hybrides qui excellent par leur capacité à faire coopérer les méthodes exactes et les méthodes approchées afin de produire rapidement des solutions. Au niveau modélisation, nous avons travaillé sur la spécification et la résolution exacte des problématiques complexes de fouille des ensembles de motifs en étudiant tout particulièrement le passage à l’échelle sur des bases de données de grande taille. D'une part, nous avons proposé une première parallélisation de l'algorithme DGVNS, appelée CPDGVNS, qui explore en parallèle les différents clusters fournis par la décomposition arborescente en partageant la meilleure solution trouvée sur un modèle maître-travailleur. Deux autres stratégies, appelées RADGVNS et RSDGVNS, ont été proposées qui améliorent la fréquence d'échange des solutions intermédiaires entre les différents processus. Les expérimentations effectuées sur des problèmes combinatoires difficiles montrent l'adéquation et l'efficacité de nos méthodes parallèles. D'autre part, nous avons proposé une approche hybride combinant à la fois les techniques de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers (PLNE) et la fouille de motifs. Notre approche est complète et tire profit du cadre général de la PLNE (en procurant un haut niveau de flexibilité et d’expressivité) et des heuristiques spécialisées pour l’exploration et l’extraction de données (pour améliorer les temps de calcul). Outre le cadre général de l’extraction des ensembles de motifs, nous avons étudié plus particulièrement deux problèmes : le clustering conceptuel et le problème de tuilage (tiling). Les expérimentations menées ont montré l’apport de notre proposition par rapport aux approches à base de contraintes et aux heuristiques spécialisées. / Combinatorial optimization problems have become the target of many scientific researches for their importance in solving academic problems and real problems encountered in the field of engineering and industry. Solving these problems by exact methods is often intractable because of the exorbitant time processing that these methods would require to reach the optimal solution(s). In this thesis, we were interested in the algorithmic context of solving combinatorial problems, and the modeling context of these problems. At the algorithmic level, we have explored the hybrid methods which excel in their ability to cooperate exact methods and approximate methods in order to produce rapidly solutions of best quality. At the modeling level, we worked on the specification and the exact resolution of complex problems in pattern set mining, in particular, by studying scaling issues in large databases. On the one hand, we proposed a first parallelization of the DGVNS algorithm, called CPDGVNS, which explores in parallel the different clusters of the tree decomposition by sharing the best overall solution on a master-worker model. Two other strategies, called RADGVNS and RSDGVNS, have been proposed which improve the frequency of exchanging intermediate solutions between the different processes. Experiments carried out on difficult combinatorial problems show the effectiveness of our parallel methods. On the other hand, we proposed a hybrid approach combining techniques of both Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and pattern mining. Our approach is comprehensive and takes advantage of the general ILP framework (by providing a high level of flexibility and expressiveness) and specialized heuristics for data mining (to improve computing time). In addition to the general framework for the pattern set mining, two problems were studied: conceptual clustering and the tiling problem. The experiments carried out showed the contribution of our proposition in relation to constraint-based approaches and specialized heuristics.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate practices and operations of Community Police Forums and their sub-structures in Tshwane. This includes various approaches that are used to implement and manage the operations of Community Police Forums and their sub-structures. This research is designed to determine different operational approaches that are used by the Community Police Forums and their sub-structures to curb the criminal activities including those of their respective members. The qualitative research method was utilised for this study, achieving stated research objectives and answering the research questions. The population in the study included members of the South African Police Service and Community Police Forums in Tshwane District, as well as officials in the Directorate Community Police Relations within the Gauteng Department of Community Safety. The study revealed that Community Police Forums and their sub-structures are essential in the reduction of crime and they can be used as force multipliers to the South African Police Service. It also shows that there are legislative framework that Community Police Forums and their sub-structures are supposed to function under and adhere to. Monitoring mechanisms are in place to ensure that these structures function within the stipulated framework. Therefore, based on these findings, recommendations were made on practices and operations of Community Police Forums and their sub-structures. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice)

Urbanisation désordonnée, manque d’équipements urbains, prééminence de la promotion privée dans la production de logements, domination de la propriété d’occupation, telles sont les caractéristiques du développement urbain et immobilier sous le régime franquiste, qui ont perduré jusqu’à aujourd’hui pour certaines d’entre elles. Cette ville « sans qualité » constitue un objet de préoccupation sociale majeur et une voie de contestation du régime dans les dernières années de la dictature franquiste. Le mode de production de la ville qui se met en place durant l’époque franquiste, et la question urbaine sur lequel il débouche, constituent l’objet de cette thèse. Cette recherche repose sur l’analyse conjointe des politiques nationales d’urbanisme et du logement, et du groupe professionnel des architectes. Ce choix a été guidé par un double constat. L’interventionnisme du régime franquiste s’est en effet aussi concrétisé dans les domaines du logement et de l’urbanisme : un ensemble d’organismes centraux, de dispositions et de dispositifs officiels ont ainsi encadré et déterminé le mode de production urbaine. Les architectes, par la position particulièrement privilégiée qu’ils occupent dans le secteur de la construction en Espagne, jouent un rôle clé dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. Des membres du groupe professionnel sont par ailleurs les fers de la critique urbaine à la fin de la dictature. Ce dispositif de recherche permet d’étudier la constitution de l’espace urbain et immobilier en catégorie de l’action publique et les effets de ce processus sur les champs professionnel et scientifique sur l’ensemble de la période franquiste. Il offre les bases d’une histoire sociale des politiques urbaines qui éclaire à la fois l’histoire du régime franquiste, l’histoire des sciences sociales de la ville, ainsi que la sociologie de l’action publique et des groupes professionnels. / Francoism and urban production. Housing and urban policies, professionals and urban sciences in Spain from the 1930's to the 1970's.An urban model oriented towards growth, lack of public facilities and infrastructure, high proportion of owner-tenancy, shortage of public housing, or the relevance of real state in the national economy are some of the characteristics of Spain’s urban development during Franco’s dictatorship. It became a main social concern and way to criticize Franco’s regime at the end of the dictatorship. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study the mode of production of Spanish cities during the dictatorship and the social urban movement at the end of the regime. This research is based on the double analysis of national urban planning and housing policies and of the role of one of their principal actors: the architects. During the Franco’s era, State’s intervention was indeed reflected on housing and town-planning through a set of central institutions or bodies, of legal provisions and official measures. Theses decisions determined the mode of urban development. Owing to their privileged position in the building sector in Spain, architects play a key role in the definition and implementation of these policies. Moreover, some architects were years later the leaders of urban criticism and urban social movement. This set-up brings into light the development, if not the constitution, of the urban space as a category of public action during the Franco years, as well as its effects on the professional and scientific fields. This PhD thesis intends to constitute a social history of urban policies during the Franco’s era (1939-1975). Through this approach, it contributes to a better knowledge of the history of this period, of the history of urban social sciences and public action and of the sociology of professions.

<p>This dissertation focuses on the life of Frances MacGregor Ingram, a progressive reformer in Louisville, Kentucky. It follows Ingram’s career in social work at the Neighborhood House settlement and the Progressive reform movements in which she held leadership positions from 1905 to 1939. This project concentrates on Ingram’s involvement in reform movements pertaining to tenement housing, garbage collection management, dance hall regulation, juvenile delinquency, mental hygiene institutions, probation, wholesome recreation, child welfare, child labor, women’s working conditions, unemployment, and Great Depression relief.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Most Progressive Era scholarship concentrates on northern cities and reformers, such as Jane Addams at Hull House. But much of the literature overlooks southern contributions to the settlement house movement and progressive reform as a whole. This dissertation serves three purposes. First it helps fill the gap in scholarship on southern progressivism. Reformers in the urban South were not limited to charity work and prohibition. They engaged in complex and dynamic social reforms. Incredibly diverse in scope, Kentucky’s reform history should be understood in the context of southern society and politics, which impacted which progressive reforms were successful and which were not.</p> <p> </p> <p>Second, it builds on other women’s reform scholars by expanding previous conceptions of the Progressive Era to include the 1930s. By doing so, it provides a better understanding of women’s reform activism. Third, this dissertation provides a more balanced approach by emphasizing the alliances Ingram formed with immigrant communities. With a few exceptions, settlement literature primarily focuses on the movement leaders. Unlike some settlements, Neighborhood House Americanization programs via clubs, recreation, and citizenship classes were negotiated between the settlement and its neighbors. Through the lens of Ingram’s urban reform experience in Kentucky, this dissertation uses gender, class, race, ethnicity, and region to unpack the complicated relationships between reformers like Ingram, working-class immigrants, and male political officials. </p>

The present dissertation develops an invariant framework for 3D gesture comparison studies. 3D gesture comparison without Lagrangian models is challenging not only because of the lack of prediction provided by physics, but also because of a dual geometry representation, spatial dimensionality and non-linearity associated to 3D-kinematics. In 3D spaces, it is difficult to compare curves without an alignment operator since it is likely that discrete curves are not synchronized and do not share a common point in space. One has to assume that each and every single trajectory in the space is unique. The common answer is to assert the similitude between two or more trajectories as estimating an average distance error from the aligned curves, provided that the alignment operator is found. In order to avoid the alignment problem, the method uses differential geometry for position and orientation curves. Differential geometry not only reduces the spatial dimensionality but also achieves view invariance. However, the nonlinear signatures may be unbounded or singular. Yet, it is shown that pattern recognition between intrinsic signatures using correlations is robust for position and orientation alike. A new mapping for orientation sequences is introduced in order to treat quaternion and Euclidean intrinsic signatures alike. The new mapping projects a 4D-hyper-sphere for orientations onto a 3D-Euclidean volume. The projection uses the quaternion invariant distance to map rotation sequences into 3D-Euclidean curves. However, quaternion spaces are sectional discrete spaces. The significance is that continuous rotation functions can be only approximated for small angles. Rotation sequences with large angle variations can only be interpolated in discrete sections. The current dissertation introduces two multi-scale approaches that improve numerical stability and bound the signal energy content of the intrinsic signatures. The first is a multilevel least squares curve fitting method similar to Haar wavelet. The second is a geodesic distance anisotropic kernel filter. The methodology testing is carried out on 3D-gestures for obstetrics training. The study quantitatively assess the process of skill acquisition and transfer of manipulating obstetric forceps gestures. The results show that the multi-scale correlations with intrinsic signatures track and evaluate gesture differences between experts and trainees.