Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI / Charter schools are a major movement in American education and increasingly used as a city strategy for neighborhood rehabilitation. Indianapolis is one of a growing number of urban areas to promote charter schools as catalysts for neighborhood revitalization. Previous studies find mixed results about the causes of neighborhood change or how residents make mobility decisions. The present study seeks to create an empirical model that discovers the impact of charter schools as a neighborhood amenity. This is based on two measures of well-being: change in percentage poverty and change in percentage school-aged residents. Data indicate a negative relationship between charter schools in a census tract and the school-aged resident population. However, statistical analysis did not support a significant relationship between either measure and charter schools in the ten year time frame.

<p>Online retail sales and grocery/food orders have been breaking records every year. As a result, third-party delivery companies have found an opportunity to get their share from the growing transportation network. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming a preferable choice for such large delivery systems due to their environmental benefits. However, EVs have limited-service ranges; therefore, intra-route facilities are needed for EVs to stay operational. These facilities offer charging stations for EVs and storage areas for requests, e.g., food and packages. In this dissertation, we propose a novel <em>Pickup and Delivery Problem</em> (PDP) with EVs and transfers. There are requests to be picked up and delivered. EVs leave their origin depot, serve requests, and return to their destination depot. Unlike the generic PDP, intra-route facilities allow EVs to exchange requests. Thus, a request can be transported by more than one vehicle. In this dissertation, three new problems are introduced, and the following research questions are investigated: 1) "How valuable is to include intra-route facilities and allow transfers in a pickup and delivery network with EVs?", 2) "What is the cost of locating intra-route facilities randomly rather than finding the best locations while creating the routes for EVs?", and 3) "How much can drones improve the delivery speed in a pickup and delivery network with EVs and transfers?". A <em>Mixed-integer Linear Programming</em> (MILP) model and a <em>Simulated Annealing</em> (SA) algorithm are developed and compared with each other to answer the first question. For the second question, a MILP model is formulated; however, due to unreasonable computational runtimes, a SA algorithm and an <em>Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search</em> (ALNS) algorithm are proposed. Finally, a MILP model is developed for the hybrid-fleet problem. The overall results highlight that intra-route facilities shorten the total traveled distance in the PDP network by allowing exchanges and recharging.</p>

L’approximation de phénomènes physiques, tels qu’une simulation de liquides en informatique graphique, requiert l’utilisation de méthodes complexes nécessitant des temps de calcul et une quantité de mémoire importants. Malgré les avancées récentes dans ce domaine, l’écart en réalisme entre un liquide simulé et la réalité demeure encore aujourd’hui considérable. Cet écart nous séparant du réalisme souhaité nécessite des modèles numériques de simulation dont la complexité ne cesse de croître. L’objectif ultime est de permettre à l’utilisateur de manipuler ces modèles de simulation de liquides sans la nécessité d’avoir une connaissance accrue de la physique requise pour atteindre un niveau de réalisme acceptable et ce, en temps réel. Plusieurs approches ont été revisitées dans les dernières années afin de simplifier ces modèles ou dans le but de les rendre plus facilement paramétrables. Cette thèse par articles encadre bien les trois projets constituant nos contributions dans le but d’améliorer et de faciliter la génération de simulations de liquides en informatique graphique. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons une approche hybride permettant de traiter séparément le volume de liquide non-apparent (i.e., en profondeur) et une couche de particules en surface par la méthode de calcul Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Nous revisitons l’approche par bandes de particules, mais cette fois nouvellement appliquée à la méthode SPH qui offre un niveau de réalisme supérieur. Comme deuxième projet, nous proposons une approche permettant d’améliorer le niveau de détail des éclaboussures de liquides. En suréchantillonnant une simulation de liquides existante, notre approche est capable de générer des détails réalistes d’éclaboussures grâce à la dynamique de balistique. En complément, nous proposons une méthode de simulation par vagues permettant de reproduire les interactions entre les éclaboussures générées et les portions quasi-statiques de la simulation existante. Finalement, le troisième projet introduit une approche permettant de rehausser la résolution apparente d’un liquide par l’apprentissage automatique. Nous proposons une architecture d’apprentissage inspirée des flux optiques dont l’objectif est de générer une correspondance entre le déplacement des particules de simulations de liquides à différentes résolutions (i.e., basses et hautes résolutions). Notre modèle d’apprentissage permet d’encoder des caractéristiques de hautes résolutions à l’aide de déformations pré-calculées entre deux liquides à différentes résolutions et d’opérations de convolution basées sur le voisinage des particules. / The approximation of natural phenomena such as liquid simulations in computer graphics requires complex methods that are computationally expensive. Despite recent advances in this field, the gap in realism between a simulated liquid and reality remains considerable. This disparity that separates us from the desired realism requires numerical models whose complexity continues to grow. The ultimate goal is to provide users the capacity and tools to manipulate these liquid simulation models to obtain acceptable realism. In the last decade, several approaches have been revisited to simplify and to allow more flexible models. In this dissertation by articles, we present three projects whose contributions support the improvement and flexibility of generating liquid simulations for computer graphics. First, we introduce a hybrid approach allowing us to separately process the volume of non-apparent liquid (i.e., in-depth) and a band of surface particles using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. We revisit the particle band approach, but this time newly applied to the SPH method, which offers a higher level of realism. Then, as a second project, we propose an approach to improve the level of detail of splashing liquids. By upsampling an existing liquid simulation, our approach is capable of generating realistic splash details through ballistic dynamics. In addition, we propose a wave simulation method to reproduce the interactions between the generated splashes and the quasi-static portions of the existing liquid simulation. Finally, the third project introduces an approach to enhance the apparent resolution of liquids through machine learning. We propose a learning architecture inspired by optical flows by which we generate a correspondence between the displacement of the particles of liquid simulations at different resolutions (i.e., low and high resolutions). Our training model allows high-resolution features to be encoded using pre-computed deformations between two liquids at different resolutions and convolution operations based on the neighborhood of the particles.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A wireless sensor network consists of lightweight nodes with a limited power source. They can be used in a variety of environments, especially in environments for which it is impossible to utilize a wired network. They are easy/fast to deploy. Nodes collect data and send it to a processing center (base station) to be analyzed, in order to detect an event and/or determine information/characteristics of the environment. The challenges for securing a sensor network are numerous. Nodes in this network have a limited amount of power, therefore they could be faulty because of a lack of battery power and broadcast faulty information to the network. Moreover, nodes in this network could be prone to different attacks from an adversary who tries to eavesdrop, modify or repeat the data which is collected by other nodes. Nodes may be mobile. There is no possibility of having a fixed infrastructure. Because of the importance of extracting information from the data collected by the sensors in the network there needs to be some level of security to provide trustworthy information. The goal of this thesis is to organize part of the network in an energy efficient manner in order to produce a suitable amount of integrity/security. By making nodes monitor each other in small organized clusters we increase security with a minimal energy cost. To increase the security of the network we use cryptographic techniques such as: public/ private key, manufacturer signature, cluster signature, etc. In addition, nodes monitor each other's activity in the network, we call it a "neighborhood watch" In this case, if a node does not forward data, or modifies it, and other nodes which are in their transmission range can send a claim against that node.

The prefabricated apartment buildings are on the west bank of the river and family houses on the east bank of the river. On the east side there are private areas of family houses and on the west side there are prefabricated buildings with poor quality public spaces. There is only the anonymity of the city, isolation and a lack of human dimension. My concept solves the problem of combining two opposing approaches. It emphasizes neighborly relations in the form of community and the development of community thinking. What should urbanism that unites people look like?

Segregation är ett samhällsproblem som är en av Sveriges största utmaningar, där stadsdelar med socioekonomiska utmaningar har ökat i Sverige och återfinns i de flesta av Sveriges kommuner. Stadsdelar med socioekonomiska utmaningar karaktäriseras inte sällan av faktorer som påverkar tryggheten, och en majoritet av invånarna i dessa stadsdelar tenderar att känna sig extra utsatta och otrygga i samhället, inte minst barn och unga. Ambitionen med detta examensarbete var att göra ett kombinerat arbete som undersöker hur samhällsplanerare genom fysisk planering kan arbeta med trygghet och säkerhet för i synnerhet barn och unga, i områden med socioekonomiska utmaningar.  Utifrån tidigare forskning och praktisk evidens inom ämnet, har ett åtgärdsprogram arbetats fram som belyser de mest bidragande åtgärderna och verktygen som kan användas på statlig-, kommunal- och kvarter- och stadsdelsnivå, för att bidra till en trygg och säker livsmiljö för barn och unga. Vidare har arbetets vetenskapliga bakgrund i form av åtgärdsprogrammet, samt arbetets platsspecifika analys av Lorensborg, satt ramarna för ett gestaltningsförslag som gjorts på Lorensborg i Malmö, som är en stadsdel med socioekonomiska utmaningar. Utifrån den vetenskapliga bakgrunden, tillsammans med analys av Lorensborgs förutsättningar, har planförslagets mål och strategier arbetats fram, vilka utgör länken mellan den vetenskapliga bakgrunden och gestaltningsförslaget. Analysen resulterade i de tre målen: Innehållsrik och varierad stadsdel Levande stadsdel Tydlig stadsdel med hög kollektiv förmåga Målen har sedan resulterat i strategier under tre teman, som berör ‘bebyggelse’, ‘trafikinfrastruktur’ och ‘funktioner och mötesplatser’. Arbetet har givit betydelsefull kunskap om hur trygghet och säkerhet, utifrån barn och ungas behov, kan hanteras i stadsdelar med socioekonomiska utmaningar med hjälp av konkreta verktyg och åtgärder. Vilket är viktigt med tanke på den utveckling som sker i dagens samhälle. / Segregation is a problem that Swedish society faces, and one of Sweden's biggest challenges. Neighborhoods facing socioeconomic challenges have increased in the country and can be found in most municipalities. Neighborhoods with socioeconomic challenges are often characterized by factors that affect security, and a majority of residents in these neighborhoods tend to feel particularly vulnerable and unsafe in society, especially children and young people.  The aim of this thesis was to create a combined study that explores how we can address security and safety, especially for children and young people, through physical planning in areas with socioeconomic challenges. Based on previous research and practical evidence in the field, an action program has been developed to highlight the most contributing design tools that can be used at the national, municipal, neighborhood, and district levels to promote security and safety. Furthermore, the scientific background of the work in the form of the action program, and the site analysis of Lorensborg has provided the framework for a design proposal carried out for the Lorensborg area of Malmö, which is a neighborhood facing socioeconomic challenges. Drawing on the scientific background together with an analysis of Lorensborg's conditions, the goals and strategies for the planning proposals have been developed, bridging the gap between analysis and design. The analysis resulted in three goals: A rich and diverse neighborhood A vibrant neighborhood A distinct neighborhood with a strong collective efficacy These goals resulted into strategies under three themes, addressing 'built environment,' 'traffic infrastructure,' and 'functions and meeting places.' The work has provided significant knowledge on how to address security and safety in neighborhoods with socioeconomic challenges, considering the needs of children, through the use of concrete tools and measures. This is important considering the developments taking place in today's society.

[pt] A presente tese tem por finalidade apresentar um estudo comparado entre a favela da Rocinha - Rio de Janeiro no Brasil e Siloé (Comuna 20) em Cali na Colômbia. A proposta foi analisar o processo de destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados nos dois locais e suas formas de tratamento, considerando a realidade e a cultura local, mas buscando dá relevância às diferenças e similitudes de cada lócus. O percurso metodológico que ancorou o estudo apoiou-se na pesquisa de cunho documental e bibliográfico, o que nos permitiu ampliar o conhecimento sobre a legislação, assim como em diversas normativas, artigos acadêmicos entre outros documentos, objetivando compreender como a gestão dos resíduos é regulada nos dois países. Já a pesquisa de campo, foi ancorada na estrutura metodológica de cunho qualitativo, efetivada por meio da observação direta nos campos de estudo, o que nos proporcionou tanto o alcance das informações não explicitas nas falas das entrevistas, como nos garantiu vivenciar as duas realidades, conhecendo os hábitos, costumes e diferenças culturais, políticas e sociais de cada grupo envolvido na pesquisa. E as entrevistas foram do tipo semiestruturadas, efetivadas nas duas localidades, o que nos proporcionou realizar a escuta de diversos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de tratamento, gestão e destinação dos resíduos nas duas áreas, a saber: representantes das empresas de limpeza urbana, representantes de estabelecimentos comerciais, moradores, organizações de catadores/recicladores de materiais recicláveis e reutilizáveis, e catadores/recicladores, objetivando compreender qual é a visão de cada agente em relação à geração e destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em suas localidades. A sistematização dos dados, aliados as informações coletadas em conversas e provenientes da vivência nos locais, nos permitiu concluirmos que a política de resíduos, tanto brasileira como colombiana, trouxe melhorias socioambientais para as localidades, contudo, ainda há muito que ser realizado na perspectiva da promoção de forma igualitária da prestação de serviços na área socioambiental, principalmente, na questão da geração, tratamento e destinação adequada dos resíduos. Acreditamos que a tese poderá também subsidiar novos estudos tanto no Brasil como na Colômbia a respeito da temática. / [en] The purpose of this thesis is to present a comparative study between the favela of Rocinha - Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Siloé (Comuna 20) in Cali, Colombia. The proposal was to analyze the process of destination of the urban solid waste generated in the two places and their forms of treatment, considering the local reality and culture, but seeking to give relevance to the differences and similarities of each locus. The methodological path that anchored the study was supported by documentary and bibliographic research, which allowed us to expand knowledge about the legislation, as well as in several regulations, academic articles and other documents, aiming to understand how waste management is regulated in both countries. The field research, on the other hand, was anchored in the qualitative methodological structure, carried out through direct observation in the fields of study, which provided us with both the reach of the non-explicit information in the interview statements, and guaranteed us to experience both realities, the habits, customs and cultural, political and social differences of each group involved in the research. And the interviews were of the semi-structured type, carried out in both locations, which allowed us to listen to several subjects involved in the process of treatment, management and disposal of waste in both areas, namely: representatives of urban cleaning companies, representatives of commercial establishments, residents, organizations of collectors / recyclers of recyclable and reusable materials, and collectors / recyclers, aiming to understand what is the vision of each agent in relation to the generation and proper disposal of solid urban waste in their localities. The systematization of the data, combined with the information collected in conversations and from the experience in the places, allowed us to conclude that the waste policy, both Brazilian and Colombian, brought socio-environmental improvements to the localities, however, there is still much to be done in the perspective equal promotion of the provision of services in the socioenvironmental area, mainly in the issue of generation, treatment and proper disposal of waste. We believe that the thesis may also support new studies both in Brazil and in Colombia on the subject. / [es] El propósito de esta tesis es presentar un estudio comparativo entre la favela de Rocinha - Río de Janeiro en Brasil y Siloé (Comuna 20) en Cali, Colombia. La propuesta fue analizar el proceso de destino de los residuos sólidos urbanos generados en los dos lugares y sus formas de tratamiento, considerando la realidad y la cultura local, pero buscando dar relevancia a las diferencias y similitudes de cada locus. El camino metodológico que ancló el estudio se basó en la investigación documental y bibliográfica, lo que permitió incrementar el conocimiento sobre la legislación, así como en diversas normativas, artículos académicos y otros documentos, con el objetivo de comprender cómo se regula la gestión de residuos en ambos países. La investigación de campo, por su parte, se ancló en la estructura metodológica cualitativa, realizada a través de la observación directa en las zonas de estudio, lo que nos brindó tanto el alcance de la información no explícita en los enunciados de la entrevista, como la garantía de experimentar ambas realidades, conociendo los hábitos, costumbres y diferencias culturales, políticas y sociales de cada grupo involucrado en la investigación. Las entrevistas fueron semiestructuradas, y realizadas en ambos lugares, lo que nos permitió escuchar a los diversos sujetos involucrados en el proceso de tratamiento, gestión y disposición de residuos en ambas áreas, a saber: representantes de empresas de limpieza urbana, representantes de establecimientos comerciales, vecinos, organizaciones de recolectores de materiales reciclables y reutilizables, y catadores/recicladores, con el objetivo de comprender cuál es la visión de cada agente en relación a la generación y disposición adecuada de residuos sólidos urbanos en sus localidades. La sistematización de los datos, combinada con la información recolectada en conversaciones y de la experiencia directa en los lugares, permitió concluir que la política de residuos, tanto brasileña como colombiana, trajo mejoras socioambientales a las localidades, sin embargo, aún queda mucho por realizar en la perspectiva de promoción equitativa de la prestación de servicios en el ámbito socioambiental, principalmente en el tema de generación, tratamiento y disposición adecuada de residuos. Creemos que la tesis también puede apoyar nuevos estudios tanto en Brasil como en Colombia sobre el tema.

Grindsamhällen, eller "gated communities" som är en välanvänd term även i Sverige, är något som fått en kraftigt ökad popularitet runtom i världen. Den största tillväxten av denna boendeform kan vi framförallt se i USA, men även Latin- och Sydamerika samt Sydafrika. Vad är då ett grindsamhälle? Definitionen av ordet skulle kunna beskrivas som ett inhägnat område med bostäder, med säkerhetsåtgärder såsom murar, staket och bevakade grindar, vilka syftar till att hålla utomstående människor borta från området. Denna boendeform har mött stark kritik och flera forskare menar att dessa områden leder till en ökad segregation. Så vilka orsaker anses då ligga bakom denna kraftiga ökning i efterfrågan på grindsamhällen? Den absolut största anledningen anses vara att man upplever en ökad rädsla att utsättas för brott och därför söker en trygghet bakom grindarna. En aspekt som var intressant att undersöka var hur effektiva grindsamhällen är på att ge sina invånare vad de eftersträvar. Vissa studier visar att kriminaliteten till och med kan vara högre i ett grindsamhälle jämfört med utanför.   Uppsatsen mynnar ut i hur förutsättningarna ser ut för etablering av grindsamhällen i Sverige. Undersökningar visar att efterfrågan på grindsamhällen i Sverige är stor, men det finns även hinder, som exempelvis allemansrätten, vilken komplicerar byggandet av staket. Denna motkraft anses dock inte vara tillräcklig och utvecklingen mot en framtid med grindsamhällen i Sverige kommer till slut att vara omöjlig att stoppa. Det övergripande syftet med arbetet har i första hand varit att ta reda på mer om fenomenet grindsamhällen, för att sedan sätta det i en svensk kontext. Metoden för att åstadkomma detta har till stor del bestått av en litteratursökning, där urvalet gjordes genom att endast studera litteratur som var relevant för frågeställningarna, samt att sålla bort litteratur som var allt för platsspecifik eller som inte hade ett neutralt förhållningssätt till ämnet. / Gated communities is a phenomenon that has seen a big increase in popularity all around the world last years. The largest growth can be seen primarily in the United States, but also in Latin- and South America as well as South Africa. So what is a gated community? The definition of the word could be described as a gated residential area, which has security measures such as walls, fences and guarded gates, which intend to keep nonresidents away from the neighborhood. This form of living has faced massive criticism, and several researchers argue that these types of neighborhoods lead to an increased segregation. So what are the underlying causes behind this steep increase in demand of gated communities? What has been regarded as the absolutely biggest reason is an increased fear of being subject to crime and the search for security behind the gates. An interesting aspect is to study how effective a gated community is to actually help its residents achieve what they are searching for. Some studies show that the crime rate may actually be higher inside a gated community compared to the outside. The essay comes down to how well the conditions for establishment of gated communities in Sweden are. Studies show that the demand for gated communities in Sweden is high, but there are some obstacles, for example the "Right of Public Access", which complicates the building of fences. However, this is considered to be insufficient and the development towards a future with gated communities in Sweden will ultimately be impossible to stop. The overall purpose of this thesis has been to find out more about the phenomenon gated communities and to put it in a Swedish context. The method for accomplishing this has mainly consisted of a literature search, where the selection was made by only studying literature relevant to the research questions, as well as not studying literature which was far too site-specific or that did not have a neutral approach to the subject.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation analyzes the sixty-four (64) page handwritten ledger of Mrs. Goldleana Harris (also known as Mrs. Mosley Abraham Gibbs, 1920–1986), kept between 1944 and 1960. Harris is a Black woman born in Longstreet, Louisiana DeSoto Parish. She lived in Shreveport, Louisiana from 1949–1986. Using a case study approach and close reading analysis of Mrs. Goldleana’s writings, I document a Black woman’s lived experience and the historical significance of Hollywood, a segregated Black neighborhood in Shreveport, Louisiana and related gathering spaces within the Deep South region of the United States between 1944 and 1960. These spaces include five areas of significant and overlapping importance: The Family House, The School House, The Church House, The Labor (Work) House, & The Play (Leisure) House. </p>

Avoiding your neighbor is common among Swedes in urban stairwells, leading to a lack of daily interactions and thereby social isolation. Feeling unseen in your own home makes 7 out of 10 people desire better relationships with their neighbors. The concept of "Weak Ties," which refers to recurring superficial relations, is essential for strengthening social capital and a sense of belonging. Prioritizing shared spaces in apartment block designs can transform avoidance into greetings, nurturing social health rather than loneliness. An existing neighborhood in Umeå is used as a case study. Current common indoor spaces are cramped, dark, and unwelcoming. Developing new thresholds, indoor intermediate spaces that are scattered across all levels, encourage movement and interaction without feeling intrusive. Key spaces includes a shared hallway, a stairwell, and a wintergarden. The shared hallway fosters interactions amongst your closest neighbors, while the redesigned stairwell integrates seamlessly from private to common, making the shift more convenient by encapsulating the people within it, customized for the cold climate of Umeå. The wintergarden, positioned above the garbage house, offers a social extension of your livingroom, for gatherings and gardening. Through this system of interventions focused on reconfiguring common spaces and encouraging interpersonal encounters, the proposal seeks to disrupt the regular spatial demarcations and enhance social connections among residents; Uncovering Weak Ties. By reimagining the role of architectural design in promoting social cohesion, the project underscores the potential for creating more vibrant and supportive urban neighborhoods in forthcoming developments. / Att undvika sina grannar är vanligt bland svenskar i stadsmiljöer, vilket leder till brist på dagliga interaktioner och därmed social isolering. Att känna sig osedd i sitt eget hem gör att 7 av 10 personer önskar bättre relationer med sina grannar. Konceptet "svaga band", som syftar på återkommande ytliga relationer, är avgörande för att stärka socialt kapital och en känsla av tillhörighet. Att prioritera gemensamma utrymmen i utformningen av lägenheter kan omvandla undvikande till hälsningar och vårda vår sociala hälsa istället för ensamhet. Ett befintligt bostadsområde i Umeå används som en fallstudie. Nuvarande gemensamma inomhusutrymmen är trånga, mörka och oinbjudande. Genom att utveckla nya trösklar, mellanrum spridda över alla nivåer, uppmuntras rörelse och interaktion utan att kännas påträngande. Nyckelutrymmen inkluderar en gemensam hall, ett trapphus och ett vinterträdgård. Den gemensamma hallen främjar interaktioner med dina närmaste grannar, medan det omdesignade trapphuset integreras sömlöst från privat till gemensamt, vilket gör övergången mer bekväm genom att omsluta människorna inom det, anpassat för Umeås kalla klimat. Vinterträdgården, placerad ovanför sophuset, erbjuder en social förlängning av ditt vardagsrum, för sammankomster och trädgårdsarbete. Genom detta system av interventioner som fokuserar på att omkonfigurera gemensamma utrymmen och uppmuntra möten, syftar förslaget till att bryta de vanliga rumsliga gränsdragningarna och stärka sociala kopplingar mellan invånarna; att synliggöra svaga band. Genom att omforma den arkitektoniska designens roll i att främja social sammanhållning, understryker projektet potentialen för att skapa mer livfulla och stödjande grannskap i stadskvarter i framtida utvecklingar.