Att socionomstudenter under socionomutbildningen erhåller kunskap kring de maktaspekter som förekommer i mötet med klienter, kan anses betydande för det sociala arbetets praktik. Undervisning kring normkritik och intersektionalitet tar fasta på just dessa maktaspekter vilket därmed påvisar vikten av goda förutsättningar för att bedriva sådan undervisning. Studiens syfte vilket är att undersöka lärares upplevelser och erfarenheter av att undervisa om normkritik och/eller intersektionalitet på socionomutbildningen. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts med lärare som har erfarenhet av undervisning kring normkritik och/eller intersektionalitet. Nio semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med lärare från olika lärosäten. Studiens material har analyserats utifrån normkritisk pedagogik samt antiförtryckande undervisning. I studien framkommer vikten av att studenterna utvecklar ett kritiskt tänkande för att kunna ifrågasätta förgivettagna sanningar samt för att studenterna genomgående skulle arbeta kring den process som det kritiska tänkandet innebär. Även att den kritiska blicken måste riktas mot den egna personen för en djupare förståelse kring makt, normer och strukturer, samt hur de som individer påverkar och påverkas av dessa. Organisatoriska hinder för undervisningen har synliggjorts i form av resursbrist. Studentgrupperna anses vara för stora och det finns inte tillräckligt med tid för att utforma undervisningen på sätt som visat sig gynnsamma. Slutsatserna för studien är att lärarna anser att kunskap kring normkritik och intersektionalitet är ett viktigt bidrag till att social förändring på strukturell nivå ska kunna ske. För att studenterna ska kunna tillgodose sig sådan kunskap krävs tillgång till de resurser som lärarna efterfrågar. Den resursbrist som tydliggjorts i denna studie behöver även tas hänsyn till vid forskning samt utformning av undervisningsmetoder för att dessa praktiskt ska kunna genomföras. / One might say that it is of significant importance for social work practices that students, during education to become social workers, acquire knowledge of the aspects of power that occur during the meeting with clients. Anti-oppressive education as norm criticism and intersectionality addresses these aspects of power, thus points out the importance of good conditions for such education. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the teaching is conducted in practice and examine teachers’ experiences on how to teach about norm criticism and/or intersectionality in social work education. A qualitative study has been conducted with teachers who have experience in teaching about norm criticism and/or intersectionality. Nine semi-structured interviews have been conducted with teachers from different institutions. The study material has been analyzed on the basis of norm critical pedagogy and anti-oppressive education. The study highlights the importance that students develop critical thinking, which is imperative in order to question known “truths” and to continuously apply the process of critical thinking. For a deeper understanding, the students must understand the of power, norms and structures as well as how they affect and are influenced by them. This is achieved by the students turning the critical look toward themselves. There are organizational barriers to the teaching about norm criticism and/or intersectionality due to the lack of resources. For example, the student groups are too large and there is time constraint in designing the teaching in a constructive way. The conclusions are that teachers believe that knowledge about norm criticism and/or intersectionality is of outmost importance to achieve social change on a structural level. In order for students to gain such knowledge, the resources required must be made available to teachers. Therefore, to ensure that new models of teaching about norm criticism is practically implemented in social work education, the shortage of resources exposed in this study need to be considered when developing new teaching methods and during further research.

Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) is a common feature in North Sea oil and gas production offshore but, to date, has been reported from only one production site onshore in the United Kingdom. This site, Wytch Farm on the Dorset coast, revealed high activity concentrations of lead-210 in metallic form but little evidence of radium accumulation. NORM has now been discovered at two further onshore sites in the East Midlands region of the UK. The material has been characterised in terms of its mineralogy, bulk composition and disequilibrium in the natural uranium and thorium series decay chains. In contrast to Wytch Farm, scale and sludge samples from the East Midlands were found to contain elevated levels of radium and radioactive progeny associated with crystalline strontiobarite. The highest radium-226 and radium-228 activity concentrations found in scale samples were 132 and 60 Bq/g, with mean values of 86 and 40 Bq/g respectively, somewhat higher than the mean for the North Sea and well above national exemption levels for landfill disposal. The two East Midlands sites exhibited similar levels of radioactivity. Scanning electron microscope imaging shows the presence of tabular, idiomorphic and acicular strontiobarite crystals with elemental mapping confirming that barium and strontium are co-located throughout the scale. Bulk compositional data show a corresponding correlation between barium-strontium concentrations and radium activity. Scales and sludge were dated using the 226Ra/210Pb method giving mean ages of 2.2 and 3.7 years, respectively. The results demonstrate clearly that these NORM deposits, with significant radium activity, can form over a very short period of time. Although the production sites studied here are involved in conventional oil recovery, the findings have direct relevance should hydraulic fracturing or fracking for shale gas be pursued in the East Midlands oilfield. Highly saline flowback fluid containing above regulation levels of radium has already been observed as a result of exploratory fracking operations in the North West s Bowland Shale and now appears a likely outcome if similar operations are conducted in the East Midlands. Barite (barium sulphate) coprecipitation is a cost-effective method for removing radium from solution. For the first time, reagent quantities for radium recovery by barite coprecipitation have been optimised in saline solutions of ionic strength (IS) 0.3 and 3 M. The process is highly effective, removing a maximum of ~90% radium in a single optimised coprecipitation step, but requiring substantially more sulphate at 3 M than at 0.3 M ionic strength to reach this maximum. It has been shown that, if left, the radiobarite precipitate will continue to remove radium by post-precipitation (recrystallisation). A pattern of diminishing returns in radium recovery by post- precipitation at each IS was observed; the rate was faster in the first 24 hours then dropped significantly over 14 days. After 14 days >80% of the radium was recovered, slightly more radium being removed at IS = 0.3 M. Therefore, if >90% radium recovery is sought, further co- and post-precipitation steps could be undertaken to approach the UK s 0.01 Bq/dm3 radium aqueous waste discharge exemption limit. However, compliance with UK s aqueous waste regulations would require multiple coprecipitation steps to recover >99.9% radium, which may not be feasible in practice. The Bowland Shale has high shale gas prospectivity and may be subject to further fracking operations in the future. Should local groundwaters mix with flowback fluid, there is potential for drinking water supplies to become contaminated. Baseline monitoring of groundwater was conducted in the region, so that comparisons may be made following potential fracking operations. The determined mean baseline for radium-226 and uranium-238 were 15.5 and 11.1 mBq/dm3 respectively, both below their respective notifiable drinking water level in the UK. In the majority of the groundwaters, barite is supersaturated and geochemical modelling has shown that a considerable proportion of the aqueous radium could precipitate in the Ba1-xRaxSO4 solid solution. A further increase in dissolved radium, barium and sulphate as a result of fracking will greatly increase the likelihood of concentrating the radium in barite scales, commonly found in oil and gas production equipment. What this means in terms of the potential NORM inventory is that Ra-containing NORM could manifest itself as fluid or solid waste.

Combating HPV infection in males is a significant public health issue. In addition to the number of HPV-related cancers that develop each year, Palefsky (2007) reported that "HPV infection of men is of great importance given that sexual transmission is the primary mode of spread to women" (p. 261). In recent years, the development of the HPV vaccine has spurred controversy over whether or not males as well as females should obtain the vaccine against this disease. The purpose of this study was to examine male college students' intention to be HPV vaccinated and their HPV knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control towards the vaccination. A descriptive, correlational, cross-sectioned research design was employed. Two hundred and eight (208) male college students at a mid-sized public university participated in the study and completed an in-class questionnaire. The results of the descriptive statistics showed that, on average, the sample of 208 male college students had correct responses on only half of the 15 questions regarding knowledge about HPV based on the mean scores. Respondents had positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, greater sense of control over being HPV vaccinated, and favorable intention to be HPV vaccinated. Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of male college students' behavioral intention to be HPV vaccinated. Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control had a positive influence on male college students' behavioral intention to be HPV vaccinated. Lastly, male college students' level of HPV knowledge was not significantly correlated to their behavioral intention to be HPV vaccinated

Este trabalho investiga o estatuto de palavra a partir da análise da palavra gráfica. Por meio da investigação de casos de hipo e hipersegmentações, respectivamente concerteza e da quela, procuramos observar o que está por trás da distribuição dos espaços em branco em um texto. Tais segmentações alternativas podem ser oriundas do conceito de palavra que subjaz a palavra gráfica e seriam indicativas dos expedientes de que um escrevente lança mão nessa decisão. Muitos pesquisadores já investigaram segmentações não convencionais (Silva, 1991; Abaurre, 1991; Cunha, 2004, 2010a, 2010b; Tenani, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011; Capristano, 2007; Cunha & Miranda, 2005, 2007, 2009; Miranda, 2008, 2012; Chacon, 2004, 2005, 2006; entre outros). Nesses trabalhos, há uma tendência bastante marcada por aproximar a escrita da fala e analisar dados de segmentações equivocadas pelo viés da Fonologia Prosódica (cf. Nespor & Vogel, 1986). Esta pesquisa diferencia-se dos trabalhos sobre a escrita (i) por não assumir como seu objeto a escrita, mas apoiar-se na palavra gráfica a fim de observar o estatuto de palavra; (ii) pelo nível de escolaridade dos informantes (Ensino Médio); e (iii) por não avaliarmos apenas os constituintes prosódicos, mas a complexa relação entre competência linguística e norma gramatical. O predomínio de hipersegmentações nos dados coletados guia nossa reflexão sobre o percurso da escrita e a concepção de palavra subjacente à palavra gráfica. Propomos interpretar a escrita como um processo que se movimenta da fala (língua) para a norma, o que implica uma concepção de palavra que perpassa todos os níveis da gramática e que também se define por assentamentos da ordem da língua escrita. / This work investigates the status of the word from the analysis of the graphical word. Through the investigation of cases of hypo and hypersegmentation, “concerteza” (surely) and “da quela” (that), respectively, we try to observe what is behind the distribution of the blank spaces in a text. Such alternative segmentations can be derived from the concept of word that underlies the graphical word and would be indicative of the expedients a writer disposes of in that decision. Many researchers have investigated unconventional segmentations (Silva, 1991; Abaurre, 1991; Cunha, 2004, 2010a, 2010b; Tenani, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011; Capristano, 2007; Cunha & Miranda, 2005, 2007, 2009; Miranda, 2008, 2012; Chacon, 2004, 2005, 2006; among others). In these works, there is a very marked tendency to approximate writing to the speech and analyze mistaken segmentations data by the bias of Prosodic Phonology (as Nespor & Vogel, 1986). The present research differs from other works on writing since (i) the writing is not its study object, but it relies on the graphical word in order to observe the status of the word; (ii) because of the educational level of the informants (High School); and (iii) considering that it does not only evaluate the prosodic constituents, but the complex relationship between linguistic competence and grammar rules. The predominance of hypersegmentation on the collected data guides our ponderation on the course of writing and on the conception of word which underlies the graphical word. We propose to interpret writing as a process that moves from speech (language) to the norm, which implies a conception of the word that permeates all levels of grammar and also defines itself by settlements of the order of the written language.

Smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse som måste bedömas utifrån den enskilda individen men trots det bedöms smärta inte alltid individuellt. Det finns olika omotiverade skillnader mellan den vård som män och kvinnor erhåller. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur genus- och könstillhörighet påverkar upplevelsen av smärta och dess konsekvenser. En litteraturöversikt har genomförts för att besvara detta. I resultatet har två huvudkategorier identifierats; upplevelsen av att göra och upplevelsen av att vara. Upplevelsen av att göra visar att män och kvinnor har olika saker som de förväntas utföra trots smärta. Männen förväntas kunna arbeta trots svår smärta och kvinnor förväntas kunna utföra hushållsarbete. Upplevelsen att vara visar att både män och kvinnor har svårt att leva upp till den maskulina respektive feminina normen i samband med smärta. Män upplever att de förväntas kunna vara starka och ha kontroll över sina känslouttryck. Kvinnor upplever en rädsla över att vara till besvär och har svårt att prioritera sin egen hälsosituation. Både män och kvinnor har en negativ syn på smärtlindrande läkemedel, där män tenderar att vara mer rädda för att utveckla ett beroende och kvinnor är mer rädda för biverkningar. Kvinnor skattar oftare sin smärta som måttlig eller svår jämfört med män och upplever avfärdande av sin smärta i högre grad än vad män gör. Grunden till alla dessa skillnader kan till stor del vara socialt konstruerade. Resultatet kan användas till att förbättra mötet med den enskilda patienten, där manliga patienter kan behöva mer stöd i form av bekräftelse av känslouttryck och kvinnor kan behöva bekräftelse i form av acceptans i att prioritera sig själv.

Este trabalho investiga o estatuto de palavra a partir da análise da palavra gráfica. Por meio da investigação de casos de hipo e hipersegmentações, respectivamente concerteza e da quela, procuramos observar o que está por trás da distribuição dos espaços em branco em um texto. Tais segmentações alternativas podem ser oriundas do conceito de palavra que subjaz a palavra gráfica e seriam indicativas dos expedientes de que um escrevente lança mão nessa decisão. Muitos pesquisadores já investigaram segmentações não convencionais (Silva, 1991; Abaurre, 1991; Cunha, 2004, 2010a, 2010b; Tenani, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011; Capristano, 2007; Cunha & Miranda, 2005, 2007, 2009; Miranda, 2008, 2012; Chacon, 2004, 2005, 2006; entre outros). Nesses trabalhos, há uma tendência bastante marcada por aproximar a escrita da fala e analisar dados de segmentações equivocadas pelo viés da Fonologia Prosódica (cf. Nespor & Vogel, 1986). Esta pesquisa diferencia-se dos trabalhos sobre a escrita (i) por não assumir como seu objeto a escrita, mas apoiar-se na palavra gráfica a fim de observar o estatuto de palavra; (ii) pelo nível de escolaridade dos informantes (Ensino Médio); e (iii) por não avaliarmos apenas os constituintes prosódicos, mas a complexa relação entre competência linguística e norma gramatical. O predomínio de hipersegmentações nos dados coletados guia nossa reflexão sobre o percurso da escrita e a concepção de palavra subjacente à palavra gráfica. Propomos interpretar a escrita como um processo que se movimenta da fala (língua) para a norma, o que implica uma concepção de palavra que perpassa todos os níveis da gramática e que também se define por assentamentos da ordem da língua escrita. / This work investigates the status of the word from the analysis of the graphical word. Through the investigation of cases of hypo and hypersegmentation, “concerteza” (surely) and “da quela” (that), respectively, we try to observe what is behind the distribution of the blank spaces in a text. Such alternative segmentations can be derived from the concept of word that underlies the graphical word and would be indicative of the expedients a writer disposes of in that decision. Many researchers have investigated unconventional segmentations (Silva, 1991; Abaurre, 1991; Cunha, 2004, 2010a, 2010b; Tenani, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011; Capristano, 2007; Cunha & Miranda, 2005, 2007, 2009; Miranda, 2008, 2012; Chacon, 2004, 2005, 2006; among others). In these works, there is a very marked tendency to approximate writing to the speech and analyze mistaken segmentations data by the bias of Prosodic Phonology (as Nespor & Vogel, 1986). The present research differs from other works on writing since (i) the writing is not its study object, but it relies on the graphical word in order to observe the status of the word; (ii) because of the educational level of the informants (High School); and (iii) considering that it does not only evaluate the prosodic constituents, but the complex relationship between linguistic competence and grammar rules. The predominance of hypersegmentation on the collected data guides our ponderation on the course of writing and on the conception of word which underlies the graphical word. We propose to interpret writing as a process that moves from speech (language) to the norm, which implies a conception of the word that permeates all levels of grammar and also defines itself by settlements of the order of the written language.

Este trabalho investiga o estatuto de palavra a partir da análise da palavra gráfica. Por meio da investigação de casos de hipo e hipersegmentações, respectivamente concerteza e da quela, procuramos observar o que está por trás da distribuição dos espaços em branco em um texto. Tais segmentações alternativas podem ser oriundas do conceito de palavra que subjaz a palavra gráfica e seriam indicativas dos expedientes de que um escrevente lança mão nessa decisão. Muitos pesquisadores já investigaram segmentações não convencionais (Silva, 1991; Abaurre, 1991; Cunha, 2004, 2010a, 2010b; Tenani, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011; Capristano, 2007; Cunha & Miranda, 2005, 2007, 2009; Miranda, 2008, 2012; Chacon, 2004, 2005, 2006; entre outros). Nesses trabalhos, há uma tendência bastante marcada por aproximar a escrita da fala e analisar dados de segmentações equivocadas pelo viés da Fonologia Prosódica (cf. Nespor & Vogel, 1986). Esta pesquisa diferencia-se dos trabalhos sobre a escrita (i) por não assumir como seu objeto a escrita, mas apoiar-se na palavra gráfica a fim de observar o estatuto de palavra; (ii) pelo nível de escolaridade dos informantes (Ensino Médio); e (iii) por não avaliarmos apenas os constituintes prosódicos, mas a complexa relação entre competência linguística e norma gramatical. O predomínio de hipersegmentações nos dados coletados guia nossa reflexão sobre o percurso da escrita e a concepção de palavra subjacente à palavra gráfica. Propomos interpretar a escrita como um processo que se movimenta da fala (língua) para a norma, o que implica uma concepção de palavra que perpassa todos os níveis da gramática e que também se define por assentamentos da ordem da língua escrita. / This work investigates the status of the word from the analysis of the graphical word. Through the investigation of cases of hypo and hypersegmentation, “concerteza” (surely) and “da quela” (that), respectively, we try to observe what is behind the distribution of the blank spaces in a text. Such alternative segmentations can be derived from the concept of word that underlies the graphical word and would be indicative of the expedients a writer disposes of in that decision. Many researchers have investigated unconventional segmentations (Silva, 1991; Abaurre, 1991; Cunha, 2004, 2010a, 2010b; Tenani, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011; Capristano, 2007; Cunha & Miranda, 2005, 2007, 2009; Miranda, 2008, 2012; Chacon, 2004, 2005, 2006; among others). In these works, there is a very marked tendency to approximate writing to the speech and analyze mistaken segmentations data by the bias of Prosodic Phonology (as Nespor & Vogel, 1986). The present research differs from other works on writing since (i) the writing is not its study object, but it relies on the graphical word in order to observe the status of the word; (ii) because of the educational level of the informants (High School); and (iii) considering that it does not only evaluate the prosodic constituents, but the complex relationship between linguistic competence and grammar rules. The predominance of hypersegmentation on the collected data guides our ponderation on the course of writing and on the conception of word which underlies the graphical word. We propose to interpret writing as a process that moves from speech (language) to the norm, which implies a conception of the word that permeates all levels of grammar and also defines itself by settlements of the order of the written language.

This study has as its central focus an investigation into the existence and nature of the apprenticeship norm in the United States Senate. Over its history, the Senate has been frequently portrayed as a body guided by rather restrictive, informal rules of behavior for its members. The apprenticeship norm has been identified by some as the most important of these rules; contributing to the Senate's centralized and conservative policy orientation. More recently, however, it has been argued that the Senate has become a more decentralized and fragmented body within which the apprenticeship norm is no longer important. The present study offers for the first time an empirical test of the existence and nature of the apprenticeship norm for selected sessions of the Senate for the time period 1940-1976. The frequency of performance of various types of floor activity by members of the Senate were correlated and regressed with years of service in the Senate as well as with other background characteristics of Senators to test both for the existence of the apprenticeship norm as well as to identify its relevance relative to other potential explanations of Senate floor behavior. Several definitions of apprenticeship were advanced and tested.

This research critically unpacks existing international norm diffusion and domestication theories and amends them, focusing on resistance, agency, and the pivotal role of domestic agents. It argues that domestic agency is marginalized by current theories of international norm diffusion and that current models place undue emphasis on the power of ‘critical States’, which are invariably Western. It is implied, though often explicitly stated, that international norms are created in and spread by Western States. This research argues that while this may be the case, the application of the same limited models create such a situation which hinders instead of helps the understanding of norm diffusion. Arguing that domestic agency is marginalized by current theories of international norm diffusion, this study investigated the SRHR norm in the Philippines as a case study to examine the limitations of current models and the benefits of introducing a local agency approach. This research is divided into two sections: the national and the sub-national, to provide a broad-lens perspective on the specific case of Sexual Health and Reproductive Rights (SRHR) in the Philippines using the framework of norm diffusion. Empiric research was conducted on two levels of analysis: first, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of the national-level Congressional deliberations and debates on SRHR from the period of the 8th Congress to the 15th Congress; and second, a micro-comparative analysis of three selected municipalities, namely Manila, Cebu, and Davao, involving a case-study based process-tracing methodology of the local diffusion of the SRHR norm(s).The theoretical critique and empirical case study proved that there are indeed limitations present within current diffusion conventions and furthermore, that local agency is a powerful and understudied tool in norm diffusion. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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