台灣自1980年起，政府積極推動資訊電子產業發展，而在發展過程中，最初以OEM、ODM代工為主要的業務型態，藉由低成本、高品質的製造優勢，大量承接國際資訊大廠的外包業務，發展出具有產業影響力的競爭優勢，成為全球資訊產品重要供應商。然而，近年受到全球化、區域經濟整合以及中國與印度等新興國家崛起等因素，台灣的代工業獲利空間面臨嚴重威脅；此外，高科技產品生命週期縮短、全球進入「超競爭」的經營環境，使台灣的代工製造業進入「微利」時代。誠如宏碁集團創辦人施振榮先生提出的「微笑曲線」概念，若能邁向附加價值高的「自有品牌」(OBM)，則可擺脫OEM、ODM代工微薄利潤的狀況。 然而，掌握「品牌」不只是技術能力的問題，而是一種感覺的掌握、對生活的理解。在企業中，要將抽象的顧客需求化為實際的產品上市，則需要重要的推手—「產品經理」，從最初的產品構想、協調及管理產品的開發，及產品開發完成後之上市等活動，過程當中皆需要產品經理的投入。 OBM廠商之產品開發流程與OEM/ODM廠商最大之差異在於：OEM/ODM廠商的產品經理主要職責係依據客戶訂單控管產品開發的時程；而OBM廠商在新產品開發過程中，則需自行負責新產品開發前端之概念形成、規格制訂階段，及新產品上市後之行銷推廣階段；其客戶已不再僅限於下訂單的大廠，而必須面對終端的消費者市場，也必須自行承擔產品之成敗。因此，如何將顧客需求（Customer Needs）轉換為產品規格，以開發出成功的新產品，更是產品經理所需面對的課題。此外，新產品開發後，如何建立銷售管道，使產品成功上市，亦是OBM廠商的產品經理所要面臨的挑戰。本研究著重於探討OBM廠商之產品經理在新產品開發的過程中，最初概念形成階段，及新產品開發後之上市階段，產品經理如何發揮其管理功能，以達成每階段的順利運作。本研究經由個案訪談及次級資料的分析結果如下： 一、台灣OBM廠商「產品經理」在新產品概念形成階段，主要扮演規劃者的角色，且「內部」與「外部」為創意之重要來源。 二、台灣OBM廠商「產品經理」在新產品上市階段，從主導的角色轉換為協助的角色。 三、台灣OBM廠商「產品經理」在新產品開發過程中，需要與來自於公司內部及外部之不同對象溝通協調，尤以內部溝通為重；與顧客甚少直接溝通。 四、台灣OBM廠商「產品經理」在新產品開發過程中，主要權力來源為「專家權力」，且並非扮演重要的實際決策角色。

Die Arbeit untersucht die Stellungnahmen der NPD-Fraktion im Sächsischen Landtag auf rechtsextremistische Inhalte. Dafür werden die entsprechenden Abschnitte der Plenarprotokolle aus dem ersten Teil der 4. Legislaturperiode (Oktober 2004 bis Juli 2006) mittels einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse untersucht.

國外大廠下單、台灣公司ODM設計製造這樣的模式在近十幾年在不同的消費性電子產包含手機、電視機上盒及筆記型電腦等等為台灣創造了驚人的產值。過去比較常見的方式是由國外大廠定規格，而由台灣公司設計產品，但因為上市時機 ( Time to Market ) 的壓力，國外大廠愈來愈願意分享客戶及技術上的資訊與台灣公司建立伙伴關係，利用協同設計的方式來加速產品的設計開發。 本研究即透過個案研究的方式去了解國外的手機品牌大廠如何與台灣ODM公司協同開發新產品及如何去進行跨公司的專案管理。本研究發現包含： 一、在協同設計方面 1. 技術開發的不確定性會影響協同設計合作模式選擇及國外大廠所投入的資源多寡，當技術開發的不確定性愈高，則雙方協同設計合作會愈加密切；若技術不確定性低，則國外大廠在協同合作上所需投入的資源會較少。 2. 在進行協同合作前，企業會有完整的前置動作進行伙伴評估及選擇。 二、在新產品開發流程及管理上 1. 架構性的開發流程有助於協同開發伙伴雙方彼此了解開發現況及完成協同開發工作。 2. 企業內部雖講求以市場需求為導向的專案開發，但其新產品開發流程設計上，消費者對產品的回饋常未能在設計早期被納入評估。 3. 完整的新產品開發流程會考量保持適度的彈性而不致於僵化。 4. DFSS流程與既有流程的整合有利於DFSS的推行。 三、在上下游溝通模式及媒介上 5. 在協同開發模式下，上下游溝通模式的選擇同時考慮內部技術的保護與外部資訊分享。 6. 有效的資訊及溝通科技是達成成功協同開發的重要因素。 / Due to the decrease of market price of cell phones and reduction of product life cycle, more and more branded cell phone companies seek ODM vendors to develop new products. In order to speed up the develop time of new product and leverage experiences from branded companies to ODM vendors, product development collaboration present a common way in this industry. However, product development collaboration cross companies bring more challenges over in-house design. The object of this research is to introduce how a global branded company to collaborate with ODM companies. The paper cites the different kinds of collaboration and new product development (NPD) process cross companies from case study. In order to integrate ODM companies into NPD, the global branded company should overcome the barriers as the unmatched NPD process of counterparts and the limitation of communication due to the far locations of companies. The following aspects were analysed to understand the collaboration: the NPD process under collaboration condition, the project management over companies, and the communication medium used for inside and outside communication. The result of the study shows global branded companies effectively use internal resources by implementing flexible NPD process for different kind of collaborations Various information and communication technology (ICT) can reduce the barriers of communication cross companies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6457.pdf: 3485036 bytes, checksum: 29d5a25444712bfd366a4807cf19ff2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Pre- development phase and corresponds to the activities ranging from identifying opportunities to generate product concepts. Throughout these activities there is a dynamic and complex flow of information about business strategies, requirements and market trends, technological alternatives and resource allocation. At this stage important decisions are made, and if misleading may result in failures in the performance of the new product. The subject has gained importance in recent years, however, there is still not an understanding on how to coordinate the activities of the predevelopment or which results are expected in this phase, therefore being a gap in the literature. This thesis aims to identify and analyze the practices, technical and tools what are adopted in front-end development in a sample of manufacturing firms. Through systematic literature review identified ten reference models for the front end development. These were published between 1988 and 2013 and seek to systematize the activities of pre-development and guide managers in conducting phase, proposing technical and management support tools. 57 different techniques have been identified. Through multiple case studies it was observed that all studied companies adopt referential models for conducting the activities of front end development. As in literature these models followed by companies differ mainly in relation to the number of stages or activities, but adopt some techniques and tools as well diffused in the literature. We observe that the most common practices in all companies can be grouped into early, middle and end activities, which divide the front end development in three distinct phases. For every moment of the predevelopment can be selected a set of techniques and support tools. These techniques and tools do not necessarily have to be adopted together because they have different natures, but are a "package" of suggestions to be considered. In addition, internal and external factors in the companies affect such practices. It was also possible to identify, in the companies analyzed, finding it difficult to measure the performance of the activities of the pre-development phase itself, and the PDP as a whole, so some possible performance indicators for this phase were suggested. Another difficulty associated with the use of these techniques and tools is that they require financial and time resources, and all require the skills of those who lead. Therefore, the most modern and best potential for achieving results technique can be ineffective if conducted by people who do not have necessary skills and appropriate technical support. / O pré-desenvolvimento corresponde a fase e as atividades que vão da identificação de oportunidades à geração de conceitos de produtos. Ao longo destas atividades existe um fluxo dinâmico e complexo de informações sobre estratégias de negócios, requisitos e tendências do mercado, alternativas tecnológicas e alocação de recursos. Nesta fase importantes decisões são tomadas, e se equivocadas podem resultar em falhas no desempenho do novo produto. O tema ganhou importância nos últimos anos, no entanto, ainda não existe um entendimento sobre como coordenar as atividades do pré-desenvolvimento ou sobre quais resultados se esperarem desta fase, sendo, portanto uma lacuna na literatura. Esta Tese objetiva identificar e analisar as práticas, técnicas e ferramentas de pré-desenvolvimento adotadas em uma amostra de empresas industriais. Através de revisão bibliográfica sistematizada foram identificados dez modelos referenciais para o pré-desenvolvimento. Estes foram publicados entre 1988 e 2013 e buscam sistematizar as atividades do pré-desenvolvimento e orientar os gestores na condução da fase, propondo técnicas e ferramentas de apoio ao gerenciamento. Foram identificadas 57 diferentes técnicas. Por meio de estudo de múltiplos casos observou-se que todas as empresas estudadas adotam modelos referenciais para condução das atividades do pré-desenvolvimento. Assim como na literatura, estes modelos adotados pelas empresas diferenciam-se, principalmente, em relação ao número de fases ou atividades, mas adotam algumas técnicas e ferramentas bem difundidas pela literatura. Observa-se, deste modo, que as práticas mais comuns em todas as empresas podem ser agrupadas em atividades iniciais, intermediárias e finais, que dividem o prédesenvolvimento em três momentos distintos. Para cada momento do pré-desenvolvimento podem ser selecionadas técnicas e ferramentas de apoio. Estas técnicas e ferramentas não necessariamente devem ser adotadas em conjunto, pois possuem naturezas distintas, mas são um pacote de sugestões a ser considerado. Além disso, fatores internos e externos às empresas condicionam tais práticas. Também foi possível identificar que existem dificuldades por parte das empresas analisadas em medirem o desempenho das atividades do pré-desenvolvimento na própria fase e no PDP como um todo. Por isso foram sugeridos alguns possíveis indicadores para essa fase. Outra dificuldade associada ao uso destas técnicas e ferramentas é que muitas demandam recursos financeiros e tempo; e todas demandam habilidades de quem as conduz. Portanto, a técnica mais moderna e com melhor potencial para alcance de resultados pode ser ineficaz se conduzida por pessoas que não tenham habilidades necessárias e apoio técnico adequado.

A importância dos serviços para as empresas de manufatura tem aumentado nas últimas décadas em função das alterações no ambiente em que estão inseridas. Dentre os aspectos relacionados com a oferta de serviços por empresas de manufatura, pode ser citado que os serviços são influenciados pelas definições realizadas durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP). No entanto, a literatura ainda é escassa no sentido de compreender essa relação. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as características dos serviços relacionados com os produtos e a sua relação com o PDP por meio de um estudo de caso em uma empresa do setor aeroespacial. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, em que foi feita a descrição das etapas do PDP, o levantamento e classificação do portfolio de serviços, a análise detalhada dos serviços selecionados e a análise da relação entre estes serviços e o PDP. Os resultados da análise confirmaram que os serviços são impactados pelas decisões de todas as etapas do PDP e para todos os serviços analisados e ainda apresenta quando e como essas relações acontecem. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a literatura existente. As relações identificadas influenciam diversos aspectos dos serviços analisados, como: o processo, o escopo, a infraestrutura, os custos e pessoas. / The importance of services to manufacturing companies has grown over the last decades due to several changes in the business environment. Among the aspects related with the offer of services by manufacturing companies is the fact that services are influenced by the decisions taken during the new product development process (NPD). Although, the literature is scarce when it comes to comprehend how this relationship happens. In this way, the objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of product-related services and the relationship between the NPD process activities and these services through a case study in a manufacturing company of the aerospace industry. The data was collected with the use of a documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews, where the phases of the NPD were described, the service portfolio was identified and classified, the selected services were analyzed and the relationship between the NPD and these services. The results confirmed that all the services that were analyzed are influenced by the decisions of all NPD phases and maps it out. The results were then compared with the existing literature. The identified relationship influence several aspects of the services that were analyzed, such as: the process, the scope, the infrastructure, the costs and people.

The aim of this thesis is to study state regulation of anti-democratic parties, i.e. party regulation. The term ‘Party regulation’ refers to laws that may regulate the activities and behavior of political parties. This thesis uses a comparative method, conducted on three European countries which regulate anti-democratic parties differently. The cases studied are Germany, Spain and Sweden.The basis for understanding state regulation of anti-democratic parties rests on a historical institutionalist perspective along with theories of democratic tolerance. The analysis reveals that states regulate anti-democratic parties differently as a result of their historical past which has made them adopt different ideas of how political parties should be seen. Further, the analysis shows that there is no connection between the party regulation adopted and the effect it has on the anti-democratic parties.

Product development process (PDP) architecture holds the key to the management of New Product Development (NPD). A lot of care is exercised in managing the NPD to reduce risk and uncertainties. There exists potential scope for improvement both in initial planning as well as execution of the NPD program by studying the PDP architecture. This research work seeks to taps this potential and presents an analytical tool to aid the NPD Managers. In this research work Design Structure Matrices (DSM) are used to represent the PDP architecture. The Work Transformation Matrix (WTM) is a kind of DSM and it was introduced for the analysis of concurrent task structures. However a generalized task structure has not been studied analytically in the literature. In order to study a generalized task structure we add two new matrix types to the WTM set to represent the task network interconnections and the task interdependence. First we study the pure sequential task iteration structure for NPD and show that it has lower engineering effort (cost and time) than the concurrent task iteration structure previously discussed in literature. Next we study the generalized task iteration structure and derive the expressions for total work and cost vectors. This is a major research contribution since only simulation based methods are currently available for studying generalized task iteration structures. The optimization of sequencing interdependent tasks is a well known NP hard problem in NPD literature. For small sized task sets, exhaustive enumeration of all possible sequencing and their corresponding time or cost vectors can be computed to determine the optimal sequence. However for large sized task networks, only heuristic methods are deployed. Using the closed form expression for cost and time vectors for a pure sequential task iteration structure derived earlier in this research work, we attempt to devise a method to optimally sequence the design tasks. We develop new matrix combining both the node and link weightages of task network. Using the time vector relationship between sequential and concurrent task structures, it is shown that the optimal task sequence corresponds to the reordering of this combined matrix whose “Dominance index” (sum above the diagonal) is minimum. Finally, we use some of the standard test cases from the PDP literature to demonstrate our research findings.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Stellungnahmen der NPD-Fraktion im Sächsischen Landtag auf rechtsextremistische Inhalte. Dafür werden die entsprechenden Abschnitte der Plenarprotokolle aus dem ersten Teil der 4. Legislaturperiode (Oktober 2004 bis Juli 2006) mittels einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse untersucht.

Through practical experiences in social work we have found that siblings of children with neuropsychiatric disability are being left behind in family treatment. We have also identified  a knowledge gap through previous research in how siblings experience their role and relationships within the family. The purpose of this study is to establish an understanding of how neuropsychiatric disability affects the siblings in the family. The siblings referred to in this qualitative study, who we got in touch with through social media, have been interviewed through six semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, the answers have been analyzed through systems theory. The results show that the siblings have taken great responsibility for their sibling and taken a step back as the sibling with neuropsychiatric disability had extensive needs that required a lot of attention and care from their parents.

In todays increased globalized business world and with a firms’ ongoing need for higher quality and lower costs, outsourcing is a popular strategy for companies to use. This thesis intends to study outsourcing in the context of new product development (NPD). The aim of this research is to contribute to the field of operations management. This is achieved by improving the understanding of decision-making during outsourcing NPD by investigating what factors affect the outsourcing decision. This will be fulfilled by addressing the research question What affect the choice between make or buy in outsourcing New Product Development?  By conducting an exploratory single case study and performing semi-structured interviews, the factors that influence decision-making in outsourcing of NPD could be generated. The findings show that competence, time, service, costs, strategy, and ability to collaborate with supplier were important factors that influenced the decision. The factors were analyzed and compared with transaction cost economics and resource-based views, which are theoretical perspectives commonly used to understand the firm’s strategical decisions. The factors from the findings were also used to conduct a cost model and a decision model. This can help a firm’s decision-making and increase the understanding of how the decision in outsourcing of NPD is made.  The results lend support to the argument that outsourcing decisions are complex. With different factors creating different influences, and all of them need to be considered in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the decision. The findings also suggest that no theoretical perspective can alone completely explain the decision of outsourcing NPD, they need to be integrated with another demand-oriented perspective. A recommendation for further research should be to investigate how the cost model and decision model could be implemented in practical situations and in different contexts. / I dagens globala affärsvärld och företags konstanta strävande efter högre kvalité och lägre kostnader, så är utkontraktering en populär strategi att använda. Denna avhandling avser att studera utkontraktering i samband med ny produktutveckling (PU). Syftet med forskningen är att bidra till området för verksamhetsstyrning genom att förbättra förståelsen i beslutsfattande för utkontraktering av ny produktutveckling genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar beslutet av att utkontraktera. För att uppfylla detta ska forskningsfrågan Vad påverkar valet mellan att köpa eller göra i utkontraktering av ny produktutveckling? besvaras. Genom att genomföra en explorativ fallstudie och utföra semistrukturerade intervjuer så kan de påverkande faktorerna bakom utkontraktering av PU genereras. Resultatet visade att kompetens, tid, service, kostnad, strategi och förmågan att samarbeta med leverantör är viktiga faktorer att ta hänsyn till vid beslutet. Faktorerna analyserades och jämfördes med transaktionskostnad- och resursbaserad teori som är vanliga teoretiska teorier att applicera för att förstå ett företags strategiska beslut. De framtagna faktorerna användes också gör att konstruera en kostnad- och beslutsmodell som kan användas som stöd och hjälp för företags beslutsfattande och öka förståelsen för hur beslutet av att utkontraktera PU görs.  Resultatet ger stöd till tidigare forskning som menar på att beslutet av att utkontraktera är komplext vilket innebär att flera faktorer påverkar beslutet och alla faktorer behöver bli betraktade för att kunna få en heltäckande förståelse för beslutet. Resultatet visade också på att ingen av de teoretiska perspektiven kan ensamt förklara beslutet av att utkontraktera PU, utan de behöver bli integrerade med ett annat perspektiv för att fullt kunna förklara beslutet. En rekommendation till framtida forskning kan vara att undersöka praktisk tillämpning av kostnadsmodellen och beslutsmodellen och hur de kan användas i andra kontext.