Problematisk skolfrånvaro är ett aktuellt socialt problem som ökar i omfattning. Detta examensarbete syftar därför till att undersöka skolans, socialtjänstens samt barn- och ungdomspsykiatrins arbete med att främja skolnärvaro samt återintegrera grundskoleelever i undervisningen. Vidare syftar arbetet till att undersöka hur samverkan ser ut mellan dessa aktörer. Denna kvalitativa studie baseras på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom skola, socialtjänst samt barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin. Datamaterialet har analyserats utifrån handlingsutrymme, samverkan, ekologisk systemteori samt tidigare forskning. Studiens resultat visar att skolnärvaro utgör en friskfaktor för barns välbefinnande och utveckling. Av resultatet framgår även att neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar är den främsta orsaken till problematisk skolfrånvaro, detta eftersom stödinsatserna är bristfälliga. Likväl påvisar samtliga intervjupersoner att arbetet med problematisk skolfrånvaro upplevs som en utmaning. Studien redogör även att en välfungerande samverkan är avgörande vid arbetet med problematisk skolfrånvaro. Våra resultat synliggör däremot att både den interna och externa samverkan gällande problematisk skolfrånvaro är bristfällig. Studien belyser således vikten av att finna fungerande arbetssätt för att främja skolnärvaro och kunna återintegrera elever i undervisningen. / Problematic school absenteeism is a current and increasing societal problem. The purpose of this master thesis is to create an understanding for the school, social services, and the children and youth psychiatry’s work to promote school attendance and reintegrate elementary school students into the education system. The thesis also aims to portray the cooperation between these actors. This qualitative study is based upon seven semi-structured interviews with professionals within the school, social services, and the children and youth psychiatry. Room of action, cooperation, ecological system theory as well as prior research has been used to analyze the data. What the study concludes is that school attendance contributes to children’s wellbeing, and development. Furthermore, the results showed that neuropsychiatric disabilities is the primary cause of problematic school absenteeism due to a lack of sufficient support. In addition, we learn that problematic school absenteeism is perceived by all interviewees as a challenge. The thesis also unveils that effective cooperation is essential when facing the issue. However, our results prove that both internal, and external cooperation is lacking in relation to problematic school absenteeism. Thus, the study displays the importance of finding functioning work methods to combat problematic school absenteeism and reintegrate students back into the education system.

Successful product development has been a fundamental part of many of today's companies and their continued prosperity depends on continuing to develop new products in the future. There are many models of product development. The two most common classes of development are market pull (MP) and technology push (TP). TP product development differs from MP in that the development begins with a specified technology rather than a specified customer. Because TP development is generally considered more difficult and challenging, most of the product development research has focused on MP development and many researchers and practitioners favor MP development over TP development. However, successful TP development has been shown to be a source of innovation that cannot be realized through MP development and is performed by many companies. The research in this thesis focuses on developing a comprehensive TP model to guide product developers on how to implement TP development successfully. This new TP model is developed by comparing recently published TP models to published best practices of TP development and known deficiencies of TP models. The comprehensive TP model makes improvements to the existing TP models through the addition of processes and tools that overcome deficiencies and incorporate best practices. The new comprehensive TP model includes elements of existing generic MP models, a "Technology Application Selection" (TAS) process and several new processes and tools associated with prototypes and network groups. Some of the new processes and tools are demonstrated through a case example. The comprehensive TP model provides product developers with the necessary step-by-step guide to TP product development. The model effectively deals with deficiencies of previous TP models, is sufficiently comprehensive and detailed to guide product developers, is complimentary and consistent to existing design processes and terms, is applicable to most TP product development projects, and is useful and repeatable in making product development decisions.

Purpose – The purpose of this master thesis was to enhance the knowledge of the relationship between digital tools and innovation speed. By doing so, adding to literature on innovation speed and digital tools.     Method – The method used in this study was a comparative case study with five case companies from a variety of industries in Sweden and Denmark. Data were collected and analysed in three waves, 1) explorative interviews used to set the scope of the study, 2) semi-structured interviews used to answer the research questions, 3) validatory interviews to validate the collected data and results.  Findings – The result culminated in the identification of seven effects derived from the use digital tools which had an impact on innovation speed (I.e., Automation, knowledge exchange, visualisation, experimentation and iteration, data management, competence, and trust).   Theoretical contribution – This master’s thesis main contribution to current literature is, by not viewing digital tools as a homogeneous group, enhancing the understanding of how digital tools affect the innovation process. Furthermore, applying the perspective of differences between types of digital tools, this thesis also contributes to understanding digital tools impact on innovation speed.  Practical implications – This thesis contributes to managers by suggesting different context to consider when implementing new digital tools for an accelerated innovation process. The study concludes that there are three main notions for managers to keep in mind when implementing tools in the innovation process. Firstly, to ensure that the complexity of the tool doesn’t exceed the internal capabilities. Secondly, to implement the tools in the phases which enables the most advantages. Thirdly, to have a process in place for managing data.  Limitations of the study – This study has focused on a small number of case companies, where the focus was on gathering in-depth data instead of quantifying findings. Future studies could therefore benefit from validating the findings with a larger sample pool. / Syfte – Syftet med detta examensarbete var att öka kunskapen om sambandet mellan digitala verktyg och innovationshastighet. Genom att göra det, bidra till både litteratur om innovationshastighet och digitala verktyg.  Metod – Metoden som användes i denna studie var en fallstudie med fem företag från en mängd olika branscher i Sverige och Danmark. Data samlades in och analyserades i tre vågor, 1) explorativa intervjuer som användes för att fastställa studiens omfattning, 2) semistrukturerade intervjuer som användes för att besvara forskningsfrågorna, 3) validerande intervjuer för att validera insamlad data och resultat.  Resultat – Resultatet kulminerade i identifieringen av sju effekter som härstammar från användningen av digitala verktyg som hade en inverkan på innovationshastigheten (dvs automation, kunskapsutbyte, visualisering, experimentering och iteration, datahantering, kompetens och tillit).  Teoretiskt bidrag – Den här masteruppsatsens huvudsakliga bidrag till aktuell litteratur är, genom att inte se digitala verktyg som en homogen grupp, en ökad förståelse för hur digitala verktyg påverkar innovationsprocessen. Genom att tillämpa perspektivet av skillnader mellan typer av digitala verktyg, bidrar denna avhandling också till att förstå digitala verktygs inverkan på innovationshastighet.  Praktiska implikationer – Den här avhandlingen bidrar till chefer genom att föreslå olika sammanhang att tänka på när de implementerar nya digitala verktyg för en accelererad innovationsprocess. Studien drar slutsatsen att det finns tre huvudsakliga områden för chefer att tänka på när de implementerar verktyg i innovationsprocessen. För det första för att säkerställa att verktygets komplexitet inte överstiger de interna funktionerna. För det andra att implementera verktygen i de faser som möjliggör flest fördelar. För det tredje att ha en process på plats för att hantera data.  Studiens begränsningar – Denna studie har fokuserat på ett litet antal fallföretag, där fokus låg på att samla in djupgående data istället för att kvantifiera resultat. Framtida studier kan därför dra nytta av att validera resultaten med ett större urval.

Manufacturing firms are realising the customer value and competitive edge that can be captured through digitalisation. Manufacturing firms are therefore striving to integrate digital technologies on the existing product range to create an ecosystem of connected products to create, monitor and manage the aftermarket product services. The integration introduces multiple conflicting innovation regimes into the organisation namely product innovation and digital innovation regime. This changes the way traditional manufacturing companies work with dynamics business models and dynamic market conditions requiring a new approach to maintaining customer relationships, rethinking the organizational structure and product developmental processes. The current study focuses on the product development challenges to which the manufacturing companies are exposed while developing connected products. Physical development processes are characterised by physical materiality, long lead times, upfront planning, early binding following a linear development framework while digital innovation is characterised by digital materiality, shorter lead time, multiple launches, late bindings which follows an iterative agile model of development. The contrasting characteristics create challenges for executing physical-digital product development projects. A Swedish manufacturing company is considered as a case study company and 19 process challenges are identified and reported in the current study through interviews with 26 stakeholders from diverse functions along with secondary data observations from project interaction meetings. These challenges are prioritised and group into five overarching challenges which are lack of integrated development process, coordination issues, integration issues, knowledge gap and resources issues. Three external companies are interviewed to compare challenges in the physical-digital product development process and identify process and practices adopted by the companies to mitigate those challenges. Based on the insights from the literature study, interviews from the case company and external companies, six recommendations were proposed. The recommendations include defining clear roles and responsibilities, creating a TRL chart for connectivity, strengthen front-loading activities, developing connectivity integrated NPD process, creating a flexible framework for functions to coordinate and develop connectivity integrated testing process. / Allt fler tillverkningsföretag inser det ökade kundvärdet och konkurrenskraften som digitalisering kan medföra. Tillverkningsföretag strävar därför efter att integrera digital teknik i det befintliga produktsortimentet för att skapa ett ekosystem av digitalt uppkopplade produkter för att utforma, övervaka och hantera produkter och tjänster på marknaden. Integrationen kan skapa konflikter mellan företagets innovationsregimer i organisationen, såsom produktinnovation och digital innovationsregim. För att kunna upprätthålla kundrelationer samt omstrukturera organisationen och produktutvecklings-processerna krävs en ny strategi, eftersom integrationen förändrar hur traditionella tillverkningsföretag arbetar med dynamiska affärsmodeller och dynamiska marknadsförhållanden. Denna studie fokuserar på de utmaningar i produktutveckling somn tillverkningsföretag möter i utvecklandet av uppkopplade produkter. Utvecklingsprocesser för fysiska produkter kännetecknas av långa ledtider, planering i förväg samt tidiga beslut utifrån ett linjärt utvecklingsramverk, medans digital innovation kännetecknas av kortare ledtider, flera lanseringar, och senare beslut som följer en iterativ, agil utvecklingsmodell. Skillnaderna i utvecklingen av digitala och fysiska produkter skapar utmaningar för att genomföra fysisktdigitala produkttvecklingsprojekt. En fallstudie utfördes på ett svenskt tillverkningsföretag där 19, olika processutmaningar identifieras och rapporteras i denna studie. Studien baseras på intervjuer med 26 intressenter från olika avdelningar, samt sekundära dataobservationer från projekmöten. Utmaningarna prioriteras och grupperas i fem övergripande problemområden; utmaningar avseende samordning, integration, kunskap, respektive resurser, samt avsaknad av en integrerad utvecklingsprocess. Tre externa företag intervjuas för att jämföra utmaningar i den fysiskt-digitala produktutvecklingsprocessen samt för att identifiera processer och metoder som företagen har använt för att hantera dessa utmaningar. Baserat på litteraturstudien, intervjuer från företaget och de externa företagen föreslås sex rekommendationer. Dessa inkluderar att definiera tydliga roller och ansvarsområden, skapa ett TRL-diagram för anslutningar, stärka front-loading-aktiviteter, utveckla en integrerad produktuvtvecklings process för uppkopplade produkter samt skapa ett flexibelt ramverk för funktioner för att samordna och utveckla en integrerad testprocess för uppkopplade produkter.

在全球化經濟趨勢下，企業不只可以更廣泛的應用全世界的資源，相對的也必須迎接來自全世界的挑戰。統一企業是台灣傳統企業的代表，在台灣扎根、茁壯並成長，至今已超過40年歷史，其發展也由最初的創業草創期，歷經茁壯期、集團化與國際化時期，發展到今日的全球化時期。在成長的歷程中，面對外部經濟結構以及市場環境的變遷，不只在技術構面上逐漸由技術導向轉變為市場導向，其內部組織架構的整合，也因應著外部環境同步的在調整。 本研究首先將由企業的階段性發展，分析在不同時期下研發單位與事業單位組織架構的演進。再進一步以新產品開發流程及品類管理，探討在食品業這一個快速消費品產業中，面對外部環境變動，消費者需求千奇百怪、日新月異的市場條件下，新產品開發自第三階段－集團化時期，至現今第五階段－全球化時期的階段性轉變。最後以同步工程的概念，討論在新產品開發流程中，最重要的兩個階段－事業單位主導的企劃流程，以及研發單位負責的開發流程之間的互動方式和頻率。 透過本研究討論分析後，可以清楚台灣食品產業隨著外部經濟發展與市場環境變化下的階段性發展歷程，透析在新產品開發流程上的演進、轉變與調整，同時了解研發單位和事業單位之間的互動溝通方式。提供成長中的快速消費品產業中企業，或是同樣面臨市場飽和與消費者需求變化迅速之產業，一個如何因應外部快速變遷的管理方式，以及如何學習並加以改善的新產品開發流程與組織內互動機制。 / Under global economic conditions, corporations could make use of the resources all around the world, but they also have to face the challenges from competitors worldwide. Uni-President is the largest food industry corporation of Taiwan, and it has developed over 40 years, from foundation period, growing period, bloc period, international period to global network period. In the developing process, the technology dimension changes from the technology-oriented approach to the market-oriented approach because of the transformation of external economic structure and marketing environment. of the R&D unit and business unit in different period. And then discuss the periodic transformation from bloc period to global network period with NPD（new product development）process and category management. At the end, discuss the interaction way of planning which the business unit is responsible for and development which the R&D unit is responsible for, the most important stages of NPD process, with concurrent engineering concept. The periodic development of Taiwanese food industry with the external transformations can be clearly understood through this research analysis. The reader could not only realize the evolution, shift and adjustment of NPD process but also the communication way of R&D department and business department, providing a management mode for developing fast moving consumer goods industry that faces pressures from marketing and customer.

This thesis examines product innovation processes in small established enterprises. The research questions are: (1) what motivates small established enterprises to innovate, (2) how do small established enterprises perform product innovation, and (3) how do small established enterprises manage resource scarcity in their product innovation processes? To answer the research questions, a multiple case study approach was chosen with three small established enterprises as cases and different product innovation processes as embedded units of study. The data collection method used was observation during a period of five months, complemented by interviews and secondary data. Product innovation in small established enterprises seems to be motivated by solving existing customers’ problems and the need for a sustained steady cash flow. A steady cash flow is also found to be a prerequisite during the product innovation processes. Product innovation seems to occur when there is a risk of decreased cash flow and/or when existing customers can be satisfied with new products that increase their loyalty so as to secure future sales, cash flow, and the enterprise’s survival in the long run. Promising innovation ideas alone do not result in product innovation. An innovation idea must also have supportive existing customers for product innovation to occur. Product innovation processes in the studied small established enterprises are found highly context dependent, intertwined in operational processes and made possible by a small organic organization and closeness to existing customers. The product innovation processes are further found to follow a flexible and informal overall scheme optimized for decreasing market and technology uncertainty and risk, dealing with resource scarcity, and facilitating fast and easy commercialization to avoid or moderate dips in cash flow. The design processes within the innovation processes can be linearly structured or cyclical and experimental, depending on the experienced novelty. To manage resource scarcity during the product innovation processes, the studied small enterprises used many different bootstrapping methods in combination. These methods can be divided into three categories according to their overall functions: for using existing resources more efficiently, for increasing resources and to secure a fast payback on resources invested in NPD. The studied small enterprises were due to their resource scarcity further found to favor an innovation strategy, only involving new products done with known technology and targeting existing markets. This way to innovate, which creates new products in a resource-efficient way that are accepted by the enterprises’ existing markets, seems to prevent unsuccessful product innovation, while at the same time excluding technologically radical innovation and innovation targeting new markets.

The thesis work aimed at developing a framework for portfolio management and business case development that can be used as decision support for a company for new product development. The assignment was to study relevant literature resulting in an aggregated view on this topic and the parameters that impact successful product development. The literature involves project initiation, different levels of product innovation development and information about important research criteria to include when forming new product projects ideas. This information helps to support how to objectively evaluate and compare product projects. The literature also involves different relevant tools to use for providing information and manage product portfolio management along with their benefits. Out of this aggregated view, a template and suggested decision model specific for the company has been established. The resulting template has for purpose to be used for preparation of providing a solid information base when a new product project idea is to be presented. The decision base has the purpose to help the members and managers in the product council to form a decision on what product idea to proceed with, which hopefully will result into launch and success. The framework aims to assess individual product development initiatives as well as managing the product portfolio aspect. Except the study of a considerable amount of literature, qualitative research has been made as well. The qualitative research has been performed in the form of semi-structured interviews together with people within the company that has been used as case study in this report. The interviews contributes with information about the current state of the company’s product offering process together with attention paid for what is missing and what improvements that is sought. In such way, the qualitative research contribute to the result of the framework in the sense that it is attributed towards the company in the case study and thus slightly towards technological network industries, although the framework is made for a generic use. As by this thesis, the framework focus on one company, but it has for purpose to be adaptable and inspiring for any company with respect for the individual company’s restrictions.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho aborda um estudo de caso efetuado em uma empresa multinacional, do ramo metal mecânico, fabricante de equipamentos de bens de capital destinados à construção e à pavimentação de rodovias. A pesquisa consiste em analisar a condução do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos - DNP -, identificar as lacunas e propor melhorias para aumentar a sua eficiência e eficácia. O incremento de eficiência e eficácia permite às empresas a busca pela vantagem competitiva no mercado em que atuam por: i) redução de desperdícios, de custos no produto e processo, e de tempo de lançamento do produto, sendo mais rápido do que o da concorrência; e ii) incremento de tecnologia e maturidade no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Para que fosse possível avaliar o processo de DNP, estabeleceu-se uma estrutura hierárquica que norteia o referencial teórico apresentado, subdividida em projeto e produto. Com relação a projetos, aborda-se a importância do gerenciamento de projetos organizacional, estabelecendo-se a inter-relação entre gerenciamento de projetos, gestão da mudança e aprendizado organizacional. Com relação a produtos, aborda-se o referencial teórico sobre processos de desenvolvimento de produtos, cujas principais características são apresentadas, bem como sua evolução, desde o processo sequencial até os processos contemporâneos. Esse referencial teórico é de suma importância no estudo deste caso para que seja efetuado o diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de DNP, identificar as lacunas e a fragilidade desse processo, além de propor melhorias para o estado futuro. O método de pesquisa utilizado consiste de pesquisa qualitativa, representada pela aplicação de questionários com perguntas objetivas e descritivas, e execução de reuniões de grupo de foco e observação direta. O período de análise do processo ocorreu entre julho de 2007 e dezembro de 2010. A coleta de dados da pesquisa foi realizada entre julho e dezembro de 2010. Como conclusão, foram evidenciadas 18 oportunidades de melhorias de dimensão estratégica, tácita e operacional, e identificadas 8 perdas no fluxo do processo de DNP. Foram apresentadas sugestões de melhorias para aumento de eficiência e eficicácia no processo. / This paper discusses a case study carried out in a multinational company, industry, metal mechanic, a maker of equipment for capital goods for construction and road paving. It is to examine how it is being conducted the process of new product development, NPD, identify gaps and propose improvements to increase efficiency and effectiveness of that. Increased efficiency and effectiveness of this process allows companies to seek competitive advantage in working for 1) reduction, waste, product and process costs, reduced time for product launch, this faster than the competition, and 2) an increase of technology and maturity in developing new products. To enable it to evaluate a NPD process established a hierarchical structure that guides the theoretical framework presented. This is divided into project and product. With regard to projects is discussed the importance of project management organization which establishes the interrelation between project management, change management and organizational learning. With regard to products is discussed on the theoretical development processes of products, which are arepsentadas their main characteristics and evolution from the sequential processes to contemporary. This important theoretical contribution in the case study to make the diagnosis of the current state of the NPD process, this being identified gaps and weaknesses and propose improvements to the future state. The research methodology consists of qualitative research through the application of questionnaires with objective and descriptive exedcução of focus group meetings and direct observation. The period of analysis of the process is considered from July 2007 to December 2010. The implementation of the research was conducted between July 2010 to December 2010 to collect data. As a conclusion were found 18 opportunities for improvement with a strategic dimension, tacit and operational, identified the eight losses in the flow of the companys NPD process and made suggestions for improvements aimed at increasing their efficiency and effectiveness.

Takeuchi與Nonaka (1986)的研究指出，新產品對利潤的貢獻由七十年代的四分之一提升至八十年代的三分之一；Haas(1989)則指出，在美國的製造業中，有40%的營收來自新產品的銷售，32%的利潤亦來自於新產品的貢獻新產品對利潤的貢獻；而國內相關研究也有類似的結果。雖然新產品的開發上市對公司的貢獻如此大，但相對上，新產品的失敗率也相當高；Booz，Allen 與 Hamilton(1982)估計消費品失敗率約30%，工業品約為40%；Edgett等(1992)調查在英國的本土與日本廠商，發現英國廠商的新產品失敗率為45.7%，日本為40.2%，並認為產品的失敗率三十年來沒有明顯的改善，若從創意的產生到上市評估，則失敗率更高(須滕文德，民80)。新產品發展過程之管理為新產品成功的重要因素之一，但過去文獻多僅及於新產品發展過程之完整性，對於新產品發展過程之資源配置的研究較少，影響資源配置型態之因素為何？以及資源配置型態與新產品發展績效之關係為何？此關係又將受那些情境因素影響？即為本研究的主要動機。 經由文獻探討後，本研究將影響新產品發展過程資源配置之因素分為四大類：產品的創新性、新產品策略、組織規模、環境因素。除研究新產品發展過程資源配置之影響因素外，綜合其他學者之研究，發現資源配置與新產品之績效有顯著的關係存在，故本研究亦將延續此一主軸，更進一步發掘資源配置與各影響因素之配合對新產品發展績效之衝擊。 由於本研究所研究之部份主題牽涉公司之商業機密，且資源投入之衡量需由相當經驗之主管人員填答，因此本研究將採用便利抽樣之方式，尋求有意願配合之廠商，進行本研究之問卷調查。總計發出348份問卷(包括郵寄與親自發放)，實際回收167份問卷，去除資料填答不全之無效問卷35份，實際有效問卷為132份，回收率為38%。 本研究以新產品發展過程之資源配置的結果進行分群，經由集群分析後，可區分為三種不同的資源負荷集群：「市場資源負荷型」、「技術資源負荷型」、「製造資源負荷型」。然後再以因素分析，從新產品策略、組織資源及環境因素此三大類可能影響因素、19題問項中，萃取出7個因素，再分析此七因素及產品創新性之影響。 研究發現，影響新產品發展過程之資源配置型態的因素則包括：「產品創新性」、「市場需求的成長與規模」、「新產品策略」、「產品特性」、「可用研發資源」及「競爭優勢」。「組織資源」及「新產品開發成本」對資源配置型態並無顯著影響。由此結果可發現，組織資源的多寡並非資源配置決策者所考慮的主要因素之一，反而應該是組織資源的配置決策過程或決策的組織等組織特質較有可能影響資源的配置。 本研究以資源配置型態為自變數，以整體績效為應變數進行分析，結果發現「市場資源配置」型態的新產品發展績效明顯高於「製造資源配置」，而「技術資源配置」型態的新產品發展績效則介於其中，檢定結果並不顯著。而此一關係又受到下列情境因素的影響：「產品創新性」、「產品特性」、「競爭優勢」及「新產品開發成本」。 第一章　緒論……………………………………………………...……1 第一節 研究背景與動機……………………………………….……1 第二節 研究目的……………………………………………….……5 第三節 研究前題與研究範圍………………………………….……7 第四節 研究限制……………………………………………….……9 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………...…..11 第一節 新產品之定義………………………………………….…..12 第二節 新產品發展過程……………………………………….…..17 第三節 新產品發展過程資源配置………………………………..30 第四節 新產品發展績效……………………………….…………..37 第五節 新產品策略……………………………….………………..42 第六節 影響新產品發展過程之資源配置因素……………….…..46 第三章 研究設計……………………………….……………….…..53 第一節 研究架構……………………………….…………………..53 第二節 變數定義、變數衡量與問卷設計…………………….…..55 第三節 研究假設……………………………….…………………..65 第四節 研究對象與資料分析方法………………………………..72 第四章 研究發現--影響新產品發展過程資源配置之因素………..76 第一節 回收問卷基本資料分析……………………………….…..76 第二節 問卷之信度與效度分析……………………………….…..79 第三節 新產品發展過程資源配置型態…………………………..81 第四節 影響新產品發展過程資源配置因素之分析………….…..85 第五節 新產品發展過程資源配置型態與影響因素之關係….…..91 第五章 研究發現--資源配置型態與發展績效之關係……………106 第一節 資源配置型態與發展績效之關係…………………….…107 第二節 影響資源配置與新產品發展績效關係之因素……….…109 第六章 結論與建議……………………………….……………..…119 第一節 研究發現……………………………….…………………119 第二節 理論與實務涵意……………………………….…………129 第三節 對後續研究之建議……………………………….………132 參考文獻……………………………….…………………………..…135 附錄一 問卷……………………………….……………………..…148 附錄二 個案……………………………….……………………..…153 附錄三 附表……………………………….……………………..…166 / The contribution of new product is more and more important for the growth of company today, but the rate of failure of new products is at least 30% (Booz, Allen and Hamilton, 1982; Edgett et al., 1992). There-fore, the management of new product development (NPD) process must be devoted more attention. There were many researches discussing NPD process, but it's hard to find out the researches regarding the resources allocation of NPD process. Resources allocation is a important part of implementation of new product strategy. This study identifies three type of resources allocation of NPD process: Market-resources-load, Tech-nology-resources-load, Manufacturing-resources-load. In addition, the factors influencing the choice of the type of resources allocation includes: the degree of innovation of new product, the growth and the size of market demand, new product strategy, features of new product, available R&D resources, relative competitive advantage. According to the evaluation of respondents, the performance of Market-resources-load resources allocation is better than others, but this relation is contingent under different situations such as the degree of innovation of new product, features of new product, relative competitive advantage, the cost of developing new product.

本研究以兩構面「技術知識的特質」和「知識創新管理」探討台灣母公司與大陸子公司間之新產品專案進行方式。以技術知識的特質分類中之技術知識的複雜度、技術知識的可分割程度、技術知識的外顯程度、技術知識的標準化程度和技術知識的路徑相依度，研究台灣母公司和大陸子公司合作進行專案，其中著重在專案內知識管理流程和技術特質間的相關性探討，在兩岸合作的專案中主要以台商直接投資大陸的廠商為個案內容，也就是進行於台灣母公司和大陸子公司間的專案。 　　而所探討的產業為資訊硬體產業，在產業中個案的選擇考量以廠商產品種類集中、專案產品與企業業務內容一致、投資大陸時間長和廠商在產業內為領先廠商為主，選擇廠商業務內容有資訊儲存設備、資訊產品精密零組件、電腦輸入裝置、電腦鍵盤、LCD背光板和數據機等六個個案，為個案分析的主體。 　　研究所得的結論為「技術知識複雜度會影響專案團隊的異質性」、「技術知識可分割程度影響兩岸之間合作模式」、「技術知識可分割程度會影響專案溝通進行方式」、「技術知識外顯程度會影響專案知識在兩岸間的交付模式」、「技術知識外顯程度會影響專案負責人所具備的知識背景」、「技術知識標準化程度會影響知識的主要來源」、「技術知識路徑相依度與大陸子公司技術能耐有關」、「資訊硬體產業內中小企業投資大陸主要受兩股力量的影響，其中一股拉力來自人工成本的考量，另一股推力來自企業客戶的壓力」等。 　　並依研究結論提出具體建議，對產業界提出針對投資的外部環境和廠商內部組織運作上兩方面，在投資外部環境上有「掌握大陸經營環境的變化」、「善用大陸的資源」、「重視產業互動和加強廠商互助」等，在廠商內部組織運作上有「廣泛的吸收資源網路中的知識並引進不同背景的員工」、「建構資訊管理系統有效儲存知識」、「利用知識技術的可分割性，建立企業的競爭優勢」、「有效運用組織內部成員意見，促進產品知識創新」等具體建議。 / This study discussed how the characteristics of technological knowledge influence the knowledge management, including input, adsorption and integration, storage, and circulation via NPD project in Taiwan and Mainland China. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to discuss the following topics: 　　1. How does the knowledge transfer via NPD project from Taiwanese company to China subsidiary company? 　　2. What characteristics of technological knowledge do the NPD projects have in Taiwanese company and China subsidiary company? 　　3. What is the relationship between the characteristics of technological knowledge and NPD project knowledge management? 　　According to the analyses of six cases in computer manufacturing industry, the study has generated the following conclusions: 　　1. The complexity of technological knowledge characteristics can affect the composition of team members. 　　2. The segmentation of technological knowledge characteristics can affect the model of cooperation in the project in Taiwanese company and China subsidiary company. 　　3. The segmentation of technological knowledge characteristics can affect the communication style in the project. 　　4. The explicitness of technological knowledge can affect the model of project transfer. 　　5. The explicitness of technological knowledge can affect the background of project leader. 　　6. The standardization of technological knowledge can affect the input of knowledge. 　　7. The relative technology ability in China subsidiary company can affect the path dependency of technological knowledge. 　　8. Two driving forces influence the investment in computer manufacturing industry in Mainland China, one is customer's suggestion, the other is labor costs.