近年來我國在高等教育的學校與人數上均有大幅的成長。而這些豐富的研究人力，需要充沛的研究經費予以支援學術研究工作。實務上，我國於開放高等教育機構的設立後，各界所提供的研發經費並未相對應的增加，各校為因應整體環境趨勢的改變，乃積極研議如何強化學術研究成果的擴散，以提升學術聲望並獲得更多的實質效益。本研究在此情境下，試圖從國內大學之知識創新的實務發展，建構一套研究成果擴散效益的運作模式。 大學知識產業化是知識經濟發展的趨勢，尤其基礎研究是技術發展與應用研究的主要來源。大學知識創新過程是科學知識在創新系統內的生產、運用與擴散的過程。而建立有效的成果管理機制，減少外在環境的不確定性並改善知識流動的效率，是創新系統成功的關鍵。 鑑於大學係國家創新系統的重要成員之一，而創新的效率取決於系統內各成員之財務、知識、人力與法規的交流，即所謂的「三螺旋(Triple Helix)」的觀念。因此，為尋求最佳的創新系統，亟須建立有效的衡量項目，並促使創新成果在市場機制的導引下，獲得知識創新與擴散的經濟效益。如美國為因應創新系統失靈，於1980年以後，研訂一連串的相關法令，透過研發經費的補助、智財權下放與鼓勵設置專責技轉單位等措施，刺激大學將豐富的研究產出移轉到產業界，政府的研究資源分配亦更加重視目標導向與產業導向的發展計畫，結果所獲得的回收遠超過預期，其作法吸引世界各國競相仿效。我國亦於近年來透過相關法令的制定以及經費補助等措施，期望將大學的研究產出從知識的創造轉變為知識的加值與運用，以帶動產業知識化，並促進知識產業化之效益。 因此，欲探討大學的成果擴散效益時，不只是依循過去大多數學者從產學合作的觀點，更應考量政府在創新過程中所扮演的角色與功能，以及將衡量國家創新系統績效之方法運用到大學的成果擴散效益的呈現上，以建立適合我國大學創新成效的衡量模式。 本研究架構從教師的「研究人力」、「研究經費」以及「產學關係」等三構念探究對於「研究產出」以及成果推廣所產生的「擴散效益」之關聯，另外，再從學校的研究成果「管理機制」以及「政府措施」等二構念探究對於其他構念所帶來的影響，以瞭解彼此之關聯，並建立適合我國大學研究投入、產出以及擴散的運作模式。 因此，除了收集國內外的文獻以歸納整理美日等國在大學研究成果擴散效益的探討內容與衡量項目外，並透過問卷調查與實地訪問國內大學教師與研究成果推廣中心(或技轉中心)主管，以瞭解國內大學研究成果的實務運作，以獲得本研究的初步架構，繼而從美日以及我國大學的個案研究，探討國家創新系統的角色所帶來的影響，以強化研究架構之各構念的關聯性。 其次，採取初級資料的收集方法，以國內大學校院教師為問卷調查對象，進行敘述統計以計算樣本的各項指標分布狀況，以信效度指標確認問卷的可靠性與有效性，並運用探索性因素分析來萃取出本研究重要之變數，再以線性結構關係模型分析本研究變數之間的關係，以驗證各構念彼此之間的關聯性。 本研究獲得以下的結論： 一、「研究人力」與其他構念之關聯 「研究人力」對「產學關係」有直接的正向影響，對「研究經費」、「研究產出」與「擴散效益」則有間接的正向影響效果，而且整體的影響效果是顯著的。所以，研究人力是成果散效益的基本要素，配合其他構念的運作可以對研發成果之擴散效益產生正向的影響。 二、「研究經費」與其他構念之關聯 「研究經費」對於「研究產出」與「擴散效益」均沒有顯著的正向影響。顯示一味強調大學研究經費投入的作法無法帶來實質的成效，反而浪費有限的資源，因此，研究經費投入前，宜先制定一套評估機制，充分考量學校的研究人力、以往的研究產出與擴散效益之表現，以有效地配置研究經費。 三、「研究產出」與其他構念之關聯 「研究產出」對於「擴散效益」有直接的正向影響，表示大學教師所創造出來的成果越多，則相對地促使成果擴散的效益越大。此外，研究產出的增加亦可影響其他構念對「擴散效益」的關聯性。因此，為提高擴散效益，學校宜積極鼓勵教師增加研究成果的產出。 四、「產學關係」與其他構念之關聯 「產學關係」除了對「研究產出」與「研究經費」產生直接的正向影響外，亦間接影響「研究經費」與「研究產出」分別對「擴散效益」的關聯性。顯示產學關係可彌補大學與企業的技術落差，提高產業對學校研究成果之需求，促使教師研究產出的擴散效益更佳。 五、「管理機制」與其他構念之關聯 「管理機制」對「產學關係」與「擴散效益」均有直接的正向影響，顯示學校在成果管理與運用的積極作為(如技轉單位的設置、技轉人員的規模與培訓、獎勵措施的制定等)以及促進產學之間的關係可提高研究成果推廣所帶來的效益。 六、政府措施與其他構念之關聯 「政府措施」不但對「擴散效益」有直接的正向影響，亦對「產學關係」有直接的正向影響，此外，對「研究經費」與「研究產出」亦有間接的正向影響。因此，未來應加強我國政府的角色，充分發揮驅動與強化的功能，解決大學研究成果擴散的管制與障礙、營造產學研發資源共享環境以提高大學研究產出的擴散效益。 / After the government lifted the restriction on the number of higher education institutes, in the past two decades the number of university in Taiwan has increased dramatically (16 in 1986, and 102 in 2008). The government apparently could not match up this increase, with its slow pace of education budget increase. The shortage of development funds from governmental agency in charge is no doubt obvious for all universities. Therefore, to receive an ample share of governmental education budget has become competitive and even difficult. As the global economy weighs more on the generation and dissemination of knowledge nowadays, universities seems to see themselves clearer in the business picture for their role on the economic market. University officials and the government both also understand that a productive conversion of university intellectual assets, referring to knowledge-based creation or innovation, to innovation-derived benefit can be crucial for future university development. Thus, not only the university finance will be improved, its academic performance shall also be expected to enhance when this conversion is being well performed productively. An innovation management system here refers to a university system to manage its intellectual capital, such as support and process infrastructures, in facilitating the conversion process that enable the university to convert its intellectual assets into commercially viable properties. An important aspect of this study is to analyze national and international innovation management systems currently practiced in universities for greatest innovation-derived benefit. In the current of knowledge–based economic development, the knowledge-based innovations owned by universities is inevitably weighed more than ever in value. Many Universities may fall in a dilemma about how to weigh market–oriented research in comparison with fundamental scientific knowledge, since the latter never the less could lead to market–oriented innovation in the future. Furthermore, to maximize the value of innovation, it is commonly accepted that a proper management for conversion is almost as important as the producing of it. When it comes to determine the value or the benefit the innovations could bring, other than university’s innovation capability, which tends to have the potential to incubate more research outcomes, the performance of innovation management system is one of the most decisive factors. To achieve a good performance, three conditions are proposed to maintain an efficient innovation management system: an effective management mechanism, reduce adverse influences on incubating innovation assets, and increase knowledge sharing. The maintenance of such a system is then further categorized as seven conceptual indices (CIs) for later evaluation: research manpower, research grant, innovation outcomes, management mechanism, university-industry relations, government policy, and innovation-derived benefit. The first four are regarded as part of intellectual capital, while the other three are considered as strongly linked to the performance of the innovation management system currently being operated in Taiwan’s universities. They will be discussed in connection the first five CIs for their inter-relations. Since universities is under the scheme of National Innovation Systems (NIS), which covers primarily a finance and service system, a technological innovation system, and a knowledge-based innovation system, any management taking place in a university on each of any sub-system under the NIS will affect the NIS to some extent. By the same token, considering those mentioned above several conceptual indices are proposed to elucidate the results of the evaluation model applied in this study to examine similar management systems in different universities for comparison. This evaluation model is expected to help optimize the current managerial models to best meet the knowledge-based economic development needs and enlarge the innovation-derived benefit from university innovation assets. Prior to 1980s, the promotion on innovation in the U.S. was generally considered failed. To save the failing systems, the U.S. government announced a series of new regulations to promote the capitalization of academic innovations by universities. Those policy measures mainly included governmental subsidy to research grants, less constraints on intellectual property (IP) licensing, and start-ups for IP transfer. Furthermore, the government diverted more its research support into market-oriented development projects. Since such moves later resulted in a positive outcome beyond expectation, Taiwan as well as some other countries began to replicate those measures in their own countries. As the sources of future development increasingly depend on the derived benefit from innovation, the success of NSI originated by the U.S. government has indicated a new approach different from previously predominated models of solely university-industry cooperation. The involvement of government role in the NSI has been proved essential for its success. Similarly, the innovation management system being operated with the university intellectual capital to enhance the conversion to innovation-derived benefit is defined as the innovation assets management system (IAMS). It can be considered as a sub-system of the NSI, and the use of the evaluation model to examine the IAMSs can properly shows the difference among all the IAMSs by university. Furthermore, the evaluation model proposed takes account of surveys including interviews with IP transfer professionals and research professors. Cases of universities practicing the IAMS along with others published in literature are also studied to help access the relations among index items in the model. The model is constructed with several measures, including Structural Equation Model (SEM), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), to evaluate the performance of the IAMS on successful conversion from intellectual assets into benefit. The model results are depicted with CIs as the conclusions. A qualitative survey is carried out on the evaluation of inter-relations among the seven CIs described above with Taiwan’s university educators as respondents. Confidence interval is applied to assure data reliability and validity. Significant model variables are identified using the explorative factor analysis. Finally the linear regression is applied to examine the relations among those CIs. The results of this study can be concluded as the following: 1.Research manpower It has positive influence directly towards university-industry cooperation when affecting positively towards research grant, innovation outcomes and innovation-derived benefit. The result suggests that it be the fundamental CI responsible to innovation-derived benefit. And along with other CIs, this CI could result in a comprehensive enhancement on the innovation-derived benefit. 2.Research grant It shows less significant effect over innovation outcomes and innovation-derived benefit. This conclusion indicates that the scale of innovation outcomes will not necessarily in proportion to the financial investment on research. It is suggested that a comprehensive evaluation on research manpower, innovation capability, and research capacity, etc. should be conducted prior to market-oriented investment on research. 3.Innovation outcomes This term shows a positive relation with the innovation-derived benefit. It is easy to understand that university educators with more innovation outcomes tend to receive more innovation-derived benefit. Furthermore, increase in innovation outcomes will also help induce stronger links among the other CIs towards the innovation-derived benefit. Thus, encouraging educators for more innovation outcomes is no doubt a good measure for universities. 4.University-industry relations University-industry relations bear positive influence to innovation outcomes and research grant. It also shows its positive effect on the relations between research grant to innovation-derived benefit and between innovation outcomes to innovation-derived benefit. The role of university-industry relations can be depicted as to lessen the technological gap between university and industry, facilitate the industry need for university innovation outcomes, and multiply innovation-derived benefit. 5.Management mechanism The management mechanism shows positive influence on university-industry relations and innovation-derived benefit. An effective management mechanism on innovation outcomes would directly lead to excellent benefit derived from innovation outcomes. 6.Government policy Government policy shows straight links to university-industry relations and innovation-derived benefit. It also indicates an indirect effect on enhancing both research grant and innovation outcomes. In the future, the government should play a key role in promoting universities to practice such a system and help resolve difficulties arisen.

臺灣的太陽能光電產業發展於2000年起發展快速，產值於2008年突破千億新台幣，太陽能光電產業從零到有僅經歷了十幾年的時間，其原因在於臺灣本身擁有良好的半導體技術基礎以及優良的人力素質，也因對於石油煤炭這類能源過度依賴，臺灣缺乏此類資源的情況下，積極發展太陽能光電產業成為了一條尋求替代再生能源的可行之路，本論文將探討臺灣發展太陽光電產業的優勢與發展模式為何，臺灣廠商又如何保持競爭優勢以因應全球化的競爭。 太陽能光電產業在台灣的發展與競爭為本論文研究之核心，在環保意識高漲以及其技術落後於其他先進國家的同時，臺灣太陽能光電產業面對國際競爭，在矽晶片型、薄膜型電池或第三代電池發展中，如何以臺灣原有之產業優勢創造利基；另外，從國家創新系統之發展模式中探討政府、公部門與私部門研究機構在太陽能光電產業發展過程中的位置為何，此一研究不僅討論其在臺灣太陽能光電產業技術升級上是否為推動者，同時檢視在全球化競爭中，政府、研究機構與產業其未來的方向為何。 / The development of photovoltaic industry in Taiwan has grown rapidly since 2000, and the output value surmount 100 billion NT Dollars in 2008. Because of Taiwan has an exceptional semiconductor and TFT-LCD manufacturing technology foundation and an excellent quality of manpower. Photovoltaic industry in Taiwan only takes less than two decades to expand to 5th main manufacturer in the world. Promoting photovoltaic industry is not only a way to solve the excessive dependence on the traditional energy, but also to find an alternative renewable energy for Taiwan. The research explores the advantage and development mode of photovoltaic industry in Taiwan, and researchs how photovoltaic manufacturers maintain the competitive advantage to compete against other foreign manufacturers in the globalization age.

A teoria sobre Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação (SNI) evoluiu significativamente e tem auxiliado no diagnóstico de inovação em diferentes países. Ela tem sido criticada, porém, pela ausência de conceitos, instrumentos e ações práticas que permitam atuar no aprimoramento contínuo desses sistemas. No Brasil, por exemplo, análises do SNI indicam entraves como dispersão de recursos, fraquezas no sistema educacional e baixo investimento em P&D, mas não indicam caminhos concretos para se estimular mudanças nos atores do sistema. Este trabalho descreve uma experiência de indução da melhoria no SNI brasileiro, combinando a teoria de SNI com conceitos clássicos de Sistemas de Gestão Normalizados. Propõe-se um modelo de gestão que serve de orientação para Instituições de Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica, pertencentes a um SNI, e que atuam como parte importante do processo de transferência dos produtos para os consumidores da tecnologia. A hipótese é que o padrão possa induzir a melhoria nessas instituições e gerar melhorias no sistema como um todo. A proposição do modelo foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa-ação e um método etnográfico, utilizado para captar a percepção de especialistas da área. A partir dessa experiência, discutem-se entraves e especificidades para um Sistema de Gestão Normalizado voltado para a melhoria de Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da proposta, demonstrando que um padrão de sistema de gestão para inovação tem potencial para: a) sensibilizar e orientar atores do SNI para objetivos comuns em prol da cooperação no desenvolvimento de tecnologias; b) indicar mecanismos e ações que podem ser tomadas por estes atores; c) estimular o desenvolvimento de capacidades e habilidades que facilitem a cooperação entre empresas nas instituições que compõem o SNI. / The theory of National Innovation Systems (NIS) has evolved significantly and has aided the diagnosis for innovation in different countries. The NIS theory has, however, been criticized by lack of concepts, tools and practices that allow actions in ongoing improvement of these systems. In Brazil, for example, analysis indicate barriers related to dispersion of resources, weaknesses in the educational system and low investment in R&D, but dont indicate concrete ways to stimulate changes on the players of the system. This paper presents an experience for the improvement in the Brazilian NIS, combining NIS theory with classical concepts of Standardized Management Systems. It is proposed a management framework that provides a guidance for institutions of Scientific and Technological Research belonging to a NIS, playing an important role on the technology transfer process. The hypothesis is that the standard induces improvements to the R&D institutions and therefore to the whole system. The proposed framework has been developed from an action research and ethnographic methods in order to capture the perceptions of specialists. From this experience, it is discussed the main barriers and specificities of the development of a Standardized Management System oriented to the improvement of National Innovation Systems. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposal, showing that a management system standard for innovation can: a) sensitize and guide NIS actors to promote common goals to cooperate in developing technologies; b) indicate mechanisms and actions that can be applied by these actors; c) encourage the development of skills and abilities that facilitate cooperation between companies in the institutions comprising the NIS.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-17T22:45:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 33c.pdf: 1647534 bytes, checksum: d38839966d3f5f1486568ea3394baf47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T22:45:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 33c.pdf: 1647534 bytes, checksum: d38839966d3f5f1486568ea3394baf47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-29 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender as caraterísticas das empresas industriais do segmento de equipamentos médicos, hospitalares e odontológicos localizadas no RS quanto aos seus processos inovativos. Para isto realizou-se uma pesquisa de caráter teórico-empírica. Utilizaram-se dados de fontes secundárias de informação, especialmente do Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) e do Diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa do CNPq e fontes primárias de informação. Optou-se por uma pesquisa de campo, com uma amostra de dezessete empresas, em que se buscou, por meio da aplicação de um instrumento de pesquisa, de forma presencial, coletar informações a cerca dos processos inovativos, interação universidade-empresa e avaliação das empresas sobre as ações de promoção existentes para o setor. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi alicerçado numa abordagem teórica sobre sistemas nacionais de inovação, sistema de inovação em saúde e interação universidade-empresa. Os resultados mostraram que as empresas estão num processo crescente de desenvolvimento e inovação em produto, em processo e organizacional. Para inovar buscam informações de diversas fontes de conhecimento. Com relação às fontes internas, a área de vendas/marketing e serviços de atendimento ao cliente foi indicada pelas empresas como a principal fonte de informação para inovar. No que tange às fontes externas à empresa, os clientes, profissionais da saúde e os hospitais foram considerados como fontes muito relevantes para o processo de inovação das empresas. Quanto às parcerias estabelecidas, os clientes foram considerados o principal agente para se estabelecer parcerias. Empresas buscam estabelecer parceria com as universidades e o objetivo principal é o desenvolvimento de projetos de P&D em conjunto e a obtenção de validação de produtos por meio de ensaios laboratoriais; fica evidente que este relacionamento lhes confere credibilidade frente ao mercado. O fortalecimento das relações entre os diversos atores do sistema de inovação em saúde é fundamental para o desenvolvimento e fortalecimento do setor de EMHO no RS. / This study aimed to understand the characteristics of the industrial companies of the segment of medical, hospital and dental equipments, located in RS, about their innovative processes. For this, a theoretical and empirical survey was applied. Secondary data information, from Annual Report of Social Information (ARSI) and from CNPq Directory of Research Groups, and primary data were used. A field survey, with a sample of seventeen companies, was personally applied in order to collect information about the innovative processes, university-industry interaction and the assessment of companies about the existent actions for the sector promotion. The development of the research was grounded in a theoretical approach about national innovation systems, health innovation system and university-industry interactions. The results showed that the companies are in growing process of development and of innovation in product and process and organizational. To innovate, they use information from different sources of knowledge. About the internal sources, the area of sales and marketing and customer service was indicated by companies as the main source of information for innovation. Regarding the external sources, clients, health professionals and hospitals were considered highly relevant sources for the innovation process of companies. Considering the partnerships, customers were considered the main agent to establish partnerships. Companies interact with universities with the main purpose of developing R&D projects together and get the product validation by laboratory tests; it is evident that this relationship gives them credibility in the market. Strengthening relations between the various actors in the health innovation system is critical to the development and strengthening of EMHO sector in RS.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-31T01:21:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaCabrera.pdf: 4720476 bytes, checksum: 7e1956c4987a2d342ae413e3e56f0d0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-31T01:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaCabrera.pdf: 4720476 bytes, checksum: 7e1956c4987a2d342ae413e3e56f0d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-23 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa trata de um estudo sobre o modo como são realizadas as vinculações entre os diferentes atores do Sistema Regional de Inovação (SI), buscando evidenciar como se dá a inovação e a transferência tecnológica em Núcleos de Inovação e Tecnologia (NIT’s) inseridos no Sistema Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Sul do Brasil. Foi apoiada pelo projeto CESAR (Contribución de la Educación Superior de América Latina a las Relaciones com el Entorno Socioeconómico), inserido no Programa ALFA III, e financiado pela comissão da União Européia. Cassiolato e Szapiro (2002) destacam que a capacidade de gerar inovações tem sido identificada como fator chave do sucesso, ou insucesso, de empresas e nações. Tal capacidade é obtida através da interdependência entre os atores, produtores e usuários de bens serviços e tecnologias, sendo viabilizada pela especialização em ambientes socioeconômicos. É a partir da ótica da importância do processo inovativo e seu impacto na competitividade que se pretendeu estudar o SI, especialmente os NIT’s. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estabelecer um quadro referencial para analisar as interfaces e mecanismos de interação entre atores do SNI, para suporte à inovação e transferência tecnológica, com base em Núcleos de Inovação e Tecnologia da Região Sul do Brasil. O trabalho foi conduzido através de pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, tendo por abordagem metodológica estudo de casos múltiplos. O processo de proposição do quadro referencial se deu a partir dos conceitos utilizados na construção do referencial teórico, e dos estudos de casos, associando a teoria com os achados de campo. Por fim, os resultados de campo corroboraram o quadro conceitual e propiciaram oportunidades de refinamento do quadro referencial. Observou-se, nos atores acessados, que, ainda que existam entraves a serem superados, a integração das Universidades e dos Núcleos de Inovação e Tecnologia com os atores do sistema de inovação, e a existência de NIT’s apoiados por uma estratégia coerente, pode exercer um importante papel na transferência de tecnologias. / This research focus on how are carried out the linkages between the different actors of the Regional Innovation System (RIS) of southern Brazil, seeking to show how innovation and technology transfer is supported by Innovation and Technology Transfer Offices (NIT’s). The research was supported by the project CESAR (Contribución de la Educación Superior de América Latina a las Relaciones con el Entorno Socioeconómico), under the ALFA III Programm, and funded by the EU commission. Cassiolato and Szapiro (2002) emphasize that the ability to generate innovations has been identified as a key factor of success or failure of companies and nations. This capability is achieved through the interdependence between the actors, producers and users of goods, services and technologies, being supported by specialization in socioeconomic environments. It is from the perspective of the importance of the innovation process and its impact on competitiveness, which this research intended to study the RIS, especially the NIT’s. This study the objective was to establish a referential framework, thereunto we investigate the interfaces for innovation and technology transfer between Innovation and Technology Transfer Offices (ITTO's) of Southern Brazil and other actors of this Regional Innovation System. The study was conducted using descriptive qualitative approach, with the methodological method of a multiple case study. The process of proposition of a referential framework was based on the concepts used in the construction of the theoretical background and in the case studies, linking theory with the findings of the field. Finally, field results corroborated the conceptual framework and provided opportunities to refine the frame of reference. It was observed from the actors accessed that, although there are obstacles to be overcome, the integration of Universities and Centers of Innovation and Technology with the actors in the innovation system, and the existence of NIT’s supported by a coherent strategy, may exert an important role in technology transfer.

A teoria sobre Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação (SNI) evoluiu significativamente e tem auxiliado no diagnóstico de inovação em diferentes países. Ela tem sido criticada, porém, pela ausência de conceitos, instrumentos e ações práticas que permitam atuar no aprimoramento contínuo desses sistemas. No Brasil, por exemplo, análises do SNI indicam entraves como dispersão de recursos, fraquezas no sistema educacional e baixo investimento em P&D, mas não indicam caminhos concretos para se estimular mudanças nos atores do sistema. Este trabalho descreve uma experiência de indução da melhoria no SNI brasileiro, combinando a teoria de SNI com conceitos clássicos de Sistemas de Gestão Normalizados. Propõe-se um modelo de gestão que serve de orientação para Instituições de Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica, pertencentes a um SNI, e que atuam como parte importante do processo de transferência dos produtos para os consumidores da tecnologia. A hipótese é que o padrão possa induzir a melhoria nessas instituições e gerar melhorias no sistema como um todo. A proposição do modelo foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa-ação e um método etnográfico, utilizado para captar a percepção de especialistas da área. A partir dessa experiência, discutem-se entraves e especificidades para um Sistema de Gestão Normalizado voltado para a melhoria de Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da proposta, demonstrando que um padrão de sistema de gestão para inovação tem potencial para: a) sensibilizar e orientar atores do SNI para objetivos comuns em prol da cooperação no desenvolvimento de tecnologias; b) indicar mecanismos e ações que podem ser tomadas por estes atores; c) estimular o desenvolvimento de capacidades e habilidades que facilitem a cooperação entre empresas nas instituições que compõem o SNI. / The theory of National Innovation Systems (NIS) has evolved significantly and has aided the diagnosis for innovation in different countries. The NIS theory has, however, been criticized by lack of concepts, tools and practices that allow actions in ongoing improvement of these systems. In Brazil, for example, analysis indicate barriers related to dispersion of resources, weaknesses in the educational system and low investment in R&D, but dont indicate concrete ways to stimulate changes on the players of the system. This paper presents an experience for the improvement in the Brazilian NIS, combining NIS theory with classical concepts of Standardized Management Systems. It is proposed a management framework that provides a guidance for institutions of Scientific and Technological Research belonging to a NIS, playing an important role on the technology transfer process. The hypothesis is that the standard induces improvements to the R&D institutions and therefore to the whole system. The proposed framework has been developed from an action research and ethnographic methods in order to capture the perceptions of specialists. From this experience, it is discussed the main barriers and specificities of the development of a Standardized Management System oriented to the improvement of National Innovation Systems. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposal, showing that a management system standard for innovation can: a) sensitize and guide NIS actors to promote common goals to cooperate in developing technologies; b) indicate mechanisms and actions that can be applied by these actors; c) encourage the development of skills and abilities that facilitate cooperation between companies in the institutions comprising the NIS.

¡@¡@At present, the essence situation of biotechnology industries in Taiwan lacks a market-oriented innovation system as sturdy as in advanced countries such as U.S.A., Canada, European Union, and Japan, et cetera. In the technology innovation processes including different gradations such as basic science, application research, technologies development and commercialization, all the R&D of biotechnology industries in Taiwan, ready for a innovation system, many strategies and projects with relation to R&D. However, in the commercialization gradation, having an unremarkable and approximate gap among biotechnology industries, venture capitals, authorities, academia, research institutes and corporations, with reciprocal effects to each other, that are inferior to these advanced countries. ¡@¡@The thesis research in estimating for the R&D performances of biotechnology industries in Taiwan, it makes use of the SPSS l0.0 and AMOS 5.0 for Windows to compute all raw data of sampling survey, after analyzing to demonstrate the structural equation modeling of estimating at the R&D performances of biotechnology industries of Taiwan, that the final result make sure of perfect goodness of fit for the model. The model could be transform into different structures to estimating at the R&D performances of all circles of biotechnology, to make up the gap between anticipated success and unexpected failure. ¡@¡@The conclusion reveals a special significance of business management, means that the R&D innovation system of biotechnology industries of Taiwan, should be operated in coordination with specific strategies and policies of the authorities, then certainty executing all science and technology projects to obtain the R&D performances in essence. In other words, the R&D innovation system of biotech industries of Taiwan still has many demands for investing more human resource, venture capital in R&D, having a well-arranged application for system resources, supplying the market with many well-appropriated laws and regulations, to communicating with international science and technology innovation systems in the world, et cetera. After accomplishing all as above, the R&D prospect of Taiwan¡¦s biotechnology industries will be well in the future.

Le Centre Technique des Industries Mécaniques constitue l’un des centres de compétences technologiques des Industries Mécaniques. Sa problématique est de déterminer le processus de management de la technologie nécessaire à sa mission d’appui à l’innovation.Après avoir caractérisé la mécanique dans une approche méso-économique, nous proposons un modèle d'activités du Centre de Compétences Technologiques, illustré par le modèle du Cetim. Sur cette base, le management de l'innovation est analysé comme la formalisation opérationnelle de la mission d’appui à l’innovation technologique du territoire technologique et géographique du Centre de Compétences Technologiques, à partir de l'outillage et des processus du management de la technologie.Le processus conduisant de l’idée au produit est décrit par 3 étapes : la formalisation de l’idée à l’objet, la faisabilité de l’idée vis-à-vis d’une première cible de marché et l’industrialisation. Ce modèle séquentiel a été complété par une modélisation globale reliant la stratégie avec la mise en oeuvre des projets d’innovation qui la concrétisent.Le processus de R&D comporte 4 étapes d’un cycle itératif : marketing technologique, gestion du portefeuille technologique, production de R&D et valorisation. Des indicateurs permettent d’évaluer les performances sur les 4 axes du modèle d’activités en s’appuyant sur la codification des projets d’innovation. Cette dernière peut être aussi utilisée pour suivre les évolutions du coeur de compétence. / The Technical Centre of Mechanical Engineering is one of the centres of technological competence in the Mechanical Industry. Its objective is to identify the process of management of the technology needed for its activity in innovation support.After having characterised mechanical industry in a meso economic approach, we propose a model of activity of the technological competence centre, illustrated by the Cetim example. On this basis, innovation management is analysed as a formalised operational process of the innovation support activity in the geographical and technological territory of the technological competence centre, using tools and processes of technology management.The process from idea to finished product is split into 3 steps: idea to object conception, feasibility regarding a first market target and industrialisation. This sequential model was completed by a global model which linked strategy to the implementation of an innovated project.R&D process is composed of 4 steps of a repeated cycle: technological marketing, management of the project portfolio, R&D production and enhanced value. Indicators help in evaluating performance on the 4 axes of the activity model using codification of innovation projects in the information system. This can be also used to follow core competence evolution.

[ES] El presente estudio pretende establecer la importancia de la colaboración como un elemento integral para el desarrollo de la Red Chilena de Fab Labs y su vinculación con el ecosistema de innovación local. Esta noción se apoya en un marco teórico que valida la colaboración como un elemento clave al interior de la innovación abierta y su implementación en los espacios de innovación, en este caso específico, los Fab Labs. Junto con ello, surge el concepto de Cosmo-localismo, como un modelo integrador de la colaboración y la innovación, que busca el bienestar de los territorios y sus comunidades. Este se fundamenta en la cultura maker, la cual vincula el diseño abierto con las tecnologías de fabricación digital, para la generación de un nuevo conocimiento, siendo estos distribuidos globalmente. Es aquí donde los Fab Labs juegan un rol fundamental como espacios de articulación, buscando empoderar a sus comunidades mediante el acceso a herramientas, para generar un impacto positivo en lo social, económico y medioambiental. A partir de la importancia de vincular el entorno dentro de la innovación, surge la Quíntuple hélice como un elemento integrador en el proceso de innovación actual, reforzando la importancia del concepto de desarrollo sostenible. Bajo una investigación de enfoque mixto, se analizan los Fab Labs en Chile, caracterizándolos según su ubicación, modelo de trabajo, temáticas y disciplinas. A modo de identificar la vinculación de estos laboratorios con el ecosistema de innovación, se analiza el contexto chileno según el Modelo TE-SER, el cual establece sus características basadas en los roles de cada actor. De la misma forma, se establece para la Red Chilena de Fab Labs y los laboratorios que la componen. Como resultado de esta investigación se propone el diseño de un modelo de colaboración para el desarrollo de la Red Chilena de Fab Labs que promueva su vinculación con el ecosistema de innovación local para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible de sus territorios, apoyándose en los principios del diseño abierto y la cultura maker. Los hallazgos identificados se basan en la importancia del ODS 17, "Alianza para cumplir todos los objetivos", al interior de la comunidad Fab Lab. Y también en el perfilamiento de los Fab Labs chilenos, el cual puede delinear los roles y actividades de los laboratorios al interior de la red y del ecosistema de innovación local. Además, a partir del modelo propuesto, se identifican actores claves para articular instancias de colaboración de forma eficiente, lo que desarrolla una estrategia de implementación basada en el Cosmo-localismo, promoviendo la Quíntuple hélice. / [CA] Aquest estudi pretén establir la importància de la col·laboració com un element integral per al desenvolupament de la Xarxa Xilena de Fab Labs i la vinculació amb l'ecosistema d'innovació local. Aquesta noció es recolza en un marc teòric que valida la col·laboració com un element clau a l'interior de la innovació oberta i la seva implementació als espais d'innovació, en aquest cas específic, els Fab Labs. Juntament amb això, sorgeix el concepte de Cosmo- localisme, com un model integrador de la col·laboració i la innovació, que cerca el benestar dels territoris i les seves comunitats. Aquest es fonamenta en la cultura maker, la qual vincula el disseny obert amb les tecnologies de fabricació digital, per a la generació d'un nou coneixement, i aquests es distribueixen globalment. És aquí on els Fab Labs juguen un rol fonamental com a espais d'articulació, buscant empoderar les seves comunitats mitjançant l'accés a eines, per generar un impacte positiu en allò social, econòmic i mediambiental. A partir de la importància de vincular l'entorn dins de la innovació, la Quíntuple hèlix sorgeix com un element integrador en el procés d'innovació actual, reforçant la importància del concepte de desenvolupament sostenible. Sota una investigació d'enfocament mixt, s'analitzen els Fab Labs a Xile, caracteritzant-los segons la ubicació, el model de treball, les temàtiques i les disciplines. Per identificar la vinculació d'aquests laboratoris amb l'ecosistema d'innovació, s'analitza el context xilè segons el Model TE-SER, el qual estableix les seves característiques basades en els rols de cada actor. De la mateixa manera, s'estableix per a la Xarxa Xilena de Fab Labs i els laboratoris que la componen. Com a resultat d'aquesta investigació es proposa el disseny d'un model de col·laboració per al desenvolupament de la Xarxa Xilena de Fab Labs que promogui la seva vinculació amb l'ecosistema d'innovació local per assolir el desenvolupament sostenible dels territoris, recolzant-se en els principis del disseny obert i la cultura maker. Les troballes identificades es basen en la importància de l'ODS 17, "Aliança per complir tots els objectius", a l'interior de la comunitat Fab Lab. I també en el perfilament dels Fab Labs xilens, el qual pot delinear els rols i activitats dels laboratoris dins de la xarxa i de l'ecosistema d'innovació local. A més, a partir del model proposat, s'identifiquen actors claus per articular instàncies de col·laboració de forma eficient, cosa que desenvolupa una estratègia d'implementació basada en el Cosmo-localisme, promovent la Quíntuple hèlix. / [EN] This study aims to establish the importance of collaboration as an integral element for the development of the Chilean Network of Fab Labs and its link with the local innovation ecosystem. This notion is supported by a theoretical framework that validates collaboration as a key element within open innovation and its implementation in innovation spaces, in this specific case, the Fab Labs. Along with this, the concept of Cosmo- localism, as an integrating model of collaboration and innovation, which seeks the well-being of the territories and their communities. This is based on the maker culture, which links open design with digital manufacturing technologies, for the generation of new knowledge, which is distributed globally. This is where the Fab Labs play a fundamental role as spaces for articulation, seeking to empower their communities through access to tools, to generate a positive social, economic and environmental impact. Based on the importance of linking the environment within innovation, the Quintuple Helix emerges as an integrating element in the current innovation process, reinforcing the importance of the concept of sustainable development. Under a mixed approach research, the Fab Labs in Chile are analyzed, characterizing them according to their location, work model, themes and disciplines. In order to identify the link between these laboratories and the innovation ecosystem, the Chilean context is analyzed according to the TE-SER Model, which establishes its characteristics based on the roles of each actor. In the same way, it is established for the Chilean Network of Fab Labs and the laboratories that comprise it. As a result of this research, the design of a collaborative model is proposed for the development of the Chilean Network of Fab Labs that promotes its link with the local innovation ecosystem to achieve the sustainable development of its territories, based on the principles of open design. and the maker culture. The identified findings are based on the importance of SDG 17, "Alliance to meet all objectives", within the Fab Lab community. And also, on the profiling of Chilean Fab Labs, which can outline the roles and activities of the Fab Labs. laboratories within the network and the local innovation ecosystem. In addition, based on the proposed model, key actors are identified to efficiently articulate instances of collaboration, which develops an implementation strategy based on Cosmo-localism, promoting the Fivefold Helix. / Valenzuela Zubiaur, MDP. (2022). Contribución de la Red Chilena de Fab Labs al ecosistema de innovación local para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183278 / TESIS

[ES] Este estudio se propuso analizar los discursos usados por los principales actores implicados en el sistema nacional de ciencia y tecnología -mediante entrevistas a investigadores, gestores académicos universitarios, funcionarios y empresarios- para contribuir a la descripción del estado actual de la ciencia en Paraguay y su lugar en la sociedad del conocimiento globalizada. El hecho de indagar sobre el sistema nacional de innovación a partir de la consulta directa a los skateholders permitió profundizar por sobre la información que aportan los policy makers. Y es aquí donde radica el carácter innovador de este material, en el contexto de investigaciones que abordan la política de innovación y que se centran en el análisis de documentos o declaraciones de los policy makers, mientras que aquí se ha trabajado con una multivocalidad que puso en relieve discursos opuestos, otros que se complementan y aquellos dominantes. Así pues, desde una perspectiva basada en el constructivismo social -de acuerdo con la cual el lenguaje construye la realidad social-, se analizó la forma en que el discurso de determinados grupos incide sobre cómo se constituye el sistema nacional de ciencia y tecnología paraguayo. Esto permitirá dar cuenta de cuáles son las posturas, convergentes y divergentes, que subyacen a la construcción social del sistema nacional de ciencia y tecnología paraguayo y en qué medida dichas posturas inciden en los procesos actuales de transformación de este impulsados por el Estado. El análisis discursivo efectuado puso en relieve problemáticas y percepciones que evidencian que el sistema conformado por el sector público y el sector privado no funciona adecuadamente. A la par de ello, los discursos de los distintos tipos de stakeholders involucrados en el sistema nacional de ciencia y tecnología paraguayo, obedecen a sus intereses de parte, sin tener en cuenta -en ciertos casos- las reales necesidades de la sociedad en post de su beneficio, y anteponiendo el beneficio sectorial o particular. / [CA] Aquest estudi es va proposar analitzar els discursos emprats pels principals actors implicats en el sistema nacional de ciència i tecnologia -mitjançant entrevistes a investigadors, gestors acadèmics universitaris, funcionaris i empresaris- per a contribuir a la descripció de l'estat actual de la ciència a Paraguai i el seu lloc en la societat del coneixement globalitzada. El fet d'indagar sobre el sistema nacional d'innovació a partir de la consulta directa als *skateholders va permetre aprofundir per sobre la informació que aporten els *policy *makers. I és ací on radica el caràcter innovador d'aquest estudi, en el context d'investigacions que aborden la política d'innovació i que se centren en l'anàlisi de documents o declaracions dels *policy *makers, mentre que ací s'ha treballat amb una *multivocalidad que va posar en relleu discursos oposats, uns altres que es complementen i aquells dominants. Així doncs, des d'una perspectiva basada en el constructivisme social -d'acord amb la qual el llenguatge construeix la realitat social-, es va analitzar la forma en què el discurs de determinats grups incideix sobre com es constitueix el sistema nacional de ciència i tecnologia paraguaià. Això permetrà donar compte de quins són les postures, convergents i divergents, que subjauen a la construcció social del sistema nacional de ciència i tecnologia paraguaià i en quina mesura aquestes postures incideixen en els processos actuals de transformació d'aquest impulsats per l'Estat. L'anàlisi discursiva efectuada va posar en relleu problemàtiques i percepcions que evidencien que el sistema conformat pel sector públic i el sector privat no funciona adequadament. A l'una d'això, els discursos dels diferents tipus de *stakeholders involucrats en el sistema nacional de ciència i tecnologia paraguaià, obeeixen als seus interessos de part, sense tindre en compte -en uns certs casos- les reals necessitats de la societat en post del seu benefici, i anteposant el benefici sectorial o particular. / [EN] This study aimed to analyze the discourses used by the main actors involved in the national science and technology system - through interviews with researchers, university academic managers, officials, and businesspeople - to contribute to the description of the current state of science in Paraguay and its place in the globalized knowledge society. The fact of inquiring about the national innovation system based on direct consultation with the stakeholders made it possible to delve deeper into the information provided by the policy makers. And this is where the innovative character of this study lies, in the context of research that deals with innovation policy and that focuses on the analysis of documents or declarations by policy makers, while here we have worked with a multivocality that put in relief opposing discourses, others that complement each other and those that are dominant. Thus, from a perspective based on social constructivism -according to which language constructs social reality-, the way in which the discourse of certain groups affects how the Paraguayan national science and technology system is constituted was analyzed. This will allow us to account for the positions, convergent and divergent, that underlie the social construction of the Paraguayan national science and technology system and to what extent these positions affect the current processes of transformation of this promoted by the State. The discursive analysis conducted highlighted problems and perceptions that show that the system made up of the public sector and the private sector does not work properly. At the same time, the speeches of the diverse types of stakeholders involved in the Paraguayan national science and technology system, obey their interests, without considering -in certain cases- the real needs of society in post of its benefit, and prioritizing the sectoral or particular benefit. / Dávalos Dávalos, LA. (2022). Análisis crítico del discurso de los stakeholders del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Paraguay [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183317 / TESIS