O contato pele a pele e a administração oral de sacarose têm se mostrado efetivos no alívio da dor em procedimentos únicos. No entanto, há escassez de estudos que avaliam o uso do contato pele a pele em procedimentos repetidos. O objetivo geral deste estudo é comparar a efetividade do contato pele a pele em relação ao uso de sacarose 25% no alívio da dor e conforto neonatal durante duas punções de calcâneo repetidas e sucessivas, nas primeiras horas de vida. Trata-se de ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado com 40 recém-nascidos >= 36 semanas de idade gestacional e 40 mães no grupo pele a pele (3 minutos antes, durante e após a punção de calcâneo) e 40 recém-nascidos no grupo sacarose 25% (administrada 2 minutos antes da punção), todos internados no alojamento conjunto de um hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto. Antecedendo a coleta de dados, foi assinado o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido pelas mães participantes. Os dados foram coletados em 18 fases, divididos em duas punções de calcâneo, com nove fases cada: basal (FB), tratamento (Tto, 3º minuto do contato pele a pele e 2º minuto após a administração da sacarose), antissepsia (Anti), punção de calcâneo até 15 segundos subsequentes (T0), 15 segundos (T15), 30 segundos (T30), 60 segundos (T60), 120 segundos (T120) e 180 segundos (T180) após a punção de calcâneo. Mensuraram-se as variáveis: mímica facial, estado de sono e vigília, choro (duração e qualidade), autorregulação/autoconforto do recém-nascido e ações de conforto oferecidas pela mãe ao filho recém-nascido. Os dados foram tratados de forma descritiva, comparando-se a evolução das medidas ao longo do tempo, nos grupos de tratamento (teste Freedman), e entregrupos, em cada fase (teste de Mann- Whitney). Não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os grupos estudados quanto à frequência, duração e porcentagem média da mímica facial nas duas punções de calcâneo. Na segunda punção, o grupo pele a pele permaneceu significativamente mais tempo em sono profundo em cinco fases (Tto 2, p=0,010; T0 2, p= 0,0026; T15 2, p=0,005; T30 2, p=0,018 e T60 2, p=0,012) e o grupo sacarose em alerta ativo em três fases do procedimento (T0 2, p=0,007; T15 2, p=0,007 e T30 2, p=0,035). O choro, na segunda punção de calcâneo, esteve mais presente no grupo pele a pele em todas as fases (Tto 2, p=0,010; Anti 2, p=0,022; T0 2, p=0,004; T15 2, p=0,032; T30 2, p=0,022; T60 2, p=0,022; T120 2, p=0,022 e T180 2, p=0,022), predominando o choro forte a maior parte do tempo em ambos grupos. O grupo sacarose manifestou médias de sugar (frequência, duração e porcentagem média) significativamente maiores que o pele a pele em várias fases da coleta de dados. Acariciar e abraçar foram as ações mais frequentes manifestadas pelas mães. A frequência cardíaca não diferiu entre os grupos, exceto na fase tratamento 2 (p=0,04), sendo maior no grupo sacarose em comparação com o pele a pele. Conclui-se que o contato pele a pele é tão efetivo quanto a administração oral de sacarose 25% no alívio da dor de RN expostos a duas punções de calcâneo repetidas e sucessivas, confirmando a hipótese de estudo / Skin-to-skin contact and the oral administration of sucrose have been effective in alleviating pain in single instance procedures. There is, however, a lack of studies assessing the effect of skin-to-skin contact in repeated procedures. This study\'s general objective was to compare the effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact in comparison with 25% sucrose in alleviating pain and providing comfort to newborns during two repeated and successive heel punctures in the first hours of life. This randomized and controlled clinical trial was conducted with 40 newborns >= 36 weeks of gestational age, and 40 mothers in the skin-to-skin contact group (3 minutes before, during and after the heel puncture) and 40 newborn in the 25% sucrose group all newborn were hospitalized in rooming-in, of a university hospital in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil The participant mothers signed free and informed consent forms before data collection. Data were collected in 18 phases divided into two heel punctures with nine phases each: (T0), 15 segundos (T15), 30 segundos (T30), 60 segundos baseline, treatment (Tto, the 3rd minute skin-to-skin contact and the 2nd minute after administration of sucrose), antisepsis (Anti), heel puncture until 15 following seconds (T0), 15 seconds (T15), 30 seconds (T30), 60 seconds (T60), 120 seconds (T120) and 180 seconds (T180) after heel puncture. The following variables were measured: facial movements; sleep and wakefulness state; crying (duration and quality); newborn\'s self-regulation; and comfort provided by the mother to the newborn. Data were presented in descriptive form comparing the progression of measures over time in the treatment groups (Freedman test) and between groups in each phase (Mann-Whitney test), duration and average percentage of facial movements for the two heel punctures. In the second puncture, the skin-to-skin group remained a significantly longer time in deep sleep in five phases (Tto 2, p=0.010; T0 2, p= 0.0026; T15 2, p=0.005; T30 2, p=0.018 and T60 2, p=0.012), while the sucrose group remained in active alertness in three phases of the procedure (T0 2, p=0.007; T15 2, p=0.007 and T30 2, p=0.035). In the second puncture, crying was more frequently observed in the skin-to-skin group in all the phases (Tto 2, p=0.010; Anti 2, p=0.022; T0 2, p=0.004; T15 2, p=0.032; T30 2, p=0.022; T60 2, p=0.022; T120 2, p=0.022 and T180 2, p=0.022), while strong crying predominated in most instances in both groups. The sucrose group manifested sugar means (frequency, duration and average percentage) significantly higher than the skin-to-skin group in various phases of data collection. Caressing and hugging were the most frequent actions observed among the mothers. Heart rate did not differ between groups, except for treatment phase 2 (p=0.04), which was higher among the sucrose group in comparison to the skin-to-skin group. The conclusion is that skin-to-skin contact is as effective as orally administering 25% sucrose in alleviating pain in newborns exposed to two repeated and successive heel punctures, confirming the study\'s hypothesis

Estudiosos têm buscado um novo paradigma a partir da atenção humanizada à criança no contexto da hospitalização. A presença da família junto ao bebê hospitalizado é comprovadamente benéfica à evolução do mesmo e ao enfrentamento deste período pela família, tornando esta convivência um direito concedido por lei. Estudos revelam que a exposição dos bebês internados a procedimentos dolorosos é intensa, e pode causar alterações biocomportamentais e danos ao neurodesenvolvimento do bebê. A educação em saúde tem mostrado cada vez mais sua importância na busca da qualidade da assistência, considerando as tecnologias educativas como um instrumento comprovadamente efetivo para esta prática. Nesse contexto e diante das intervenções comprovadamente eficazes para manejo não farmacológico da dor aguda, especialmente as intervenções com a participação ativa dos pais como a amamentação, o contato pele a pele e a oferta de leite humano, na perspectiva da abordagem centrada na família, tem-se como objetivo geral desenvolver e avaliar um vídeo educativo para a participação ativa da família no alívio da dor aguda do bebê. Trata-se de estudo de desenvolvimento tecnológico e experimental, no qual o vídeo foi desenvolvido nas dependências da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (EERP/USP) e a coleta de dados no hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas operacionais: elaboração do vídeo educativo com base em evidências e experiência clínica da pesquisadora, validação do vídeo por juízes especialistas e avaliação do vídeo pelo público-alvo. O vídeo foi validado por 19 peritos das áreas de audiovisual (06) e enfermagem (13) mediante aplicação de questionário online, com avaliação da impressão geral e do conteúdo do vídeo. A avaliação do vídeo pelo público alvo foi feita por 16 participantes, sendo 08 mães e 01 pai de bebês assistidos nas unidades neonatais e por 05 gestantes e 02 cônjuges em ambulatório de pré-natal de risco do hospital universitário, mediante entrevista estruturada. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da EERP/USP. As sugestões e considerações feitas pelos peritos foram acatadas conforme avaliação da pesquisadora. A avaliação foi positiva, com concordância de 90% entre os juízes especialistas. A avaliação feita pelos pais e gestantes foi favorável ao uso do vídeo enquanto tecnologia educativa para esta clientela. Assim, o vídeo \"Com amor, sem dor\" foi validado por enfermeiras e profissionais da área de audiovisual e avaliado positivamente pelo público-alvo. Conclui-se que o vídeo constitui em uma tecnologia educativa que pode ter impacto favorável em sua utilização como estratégia de educação em saúde para empoderar a família a se envolver nos cuidados de alívio da dor aguda do bebê com mais autonomia e proatividade / Researchers have sought a new paradigm from humanized attention to the child in the context of hospitalization. The presence of the family next to the hospitalized baby is proven beneficial to the evolution of the baby and to the family to face this period, making this familiarity a right granted by law. Studies show that the exposure of hospitalized infants to painful procedures is intense, and may cause biobehavioral changes and damage to the baby\'s neurodevelopment. Education in health has increasingly shown its importance in the search for quality of care, considering educational technologies as a proven effective tool for this practice. In this context and in view of the proven effective interventions for non-pharmacological management of acute pain, especially interventions with active parental involvement such as breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact and human milk offer, from the perspective of the family-centered approach, the overall goal is to develop and evaluate an educational video for active family involvement in relieving acute baby pain. It is a study of technological and experimental development, in which the video was developed in the dependencies of the School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (EERP / USP) and data collection in the university hospital of Ribeirão Preto. The research was developed in three operational stages: elaboration of the video with evidence-based and clinical experience of the researcher; validation of the video by expert judges; and evaluation of the video by the target audience. The video was validated by 19 experts from the audiovisual (06) and nursing (13) areas through an online questionnaire, evaluating the general impression and the video content. The evaluation of the video by the target audience was done by 16 participants, being 08 mothers and 01 father of babies assisted in the neonatal units and by 05 pregnant women and 02 spouses in a risk prenatal outpatient clinic of the university hospital, through a structured interview. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of EERP / USP. The suggestions and considerations made by the experts were accepted according to the evaluation of the researcher. The evaluation was positive, with agreement of 90% between the expert judges. The evaluation made by parents and pregnant women was favorable to the use of video as an educational technology for this clientele. Thus, the video \"With love, without pain\" was validated by nurses and professionals in the audiovisual area and evaluated positively by the target audience. It is concluded that video is an educational technology that can have a positive impact on its use as a health education strategy to empower the family to become involved in the baby\'s acute pain relief with more autonomy and proactivity

Estudo de abordagem metodológica para avaliação de um instrumento de medida de carga de trabalho foi realizado na Unidade Neonatal e na UTIN (Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal) do Hospital Universitário da USP (HU-USP), no período de 06 de novembro de 2006 a 06 de dezembro de 2006. Teve como objetivo avaliar o resultado da aplicação do NAS, como instrumento de medida da carga de trabalho de enfermagem em neonatologia. Reviu-se a literatura sobre os instrumentos de medida de gravidade e carga de trabalho em UTI Pediátrica e Neonatal para que se iniciasse o processo de diferenciação dos processos assistenciais básicos nas unidades infantis. A amostra foi composta por 48 RN avaliados na Unidade Neonatal e 11 na UTIN e que permaneceram internados por um período mínimo de 24 horas. O NAS foi aplicado 301 vezes na Unidade Neonatal e 106 vezes na UTIN. Foi elaborado um tutorial para a melhor interpretação das atividades do NAS que facilitou a compreensão do instrumento, na área neonatal. Comparando as amostras segundo variáveis demográficas e clínicas, entre as unidades estudadas, observou-se que as únicas estatisticamente significativas foram peso ao nascer e tempo de permanência na unidade. A pontuação do NAS médio para a Unidade Neonatal foi de 66,9 pontos. Em média, 67% do tempo de um profissional de enfermagem é dedicado ao cuidado dos RN enquanto permanecem na Unidade. Ainda em relação ao tempo de cuidado, considerando que cada ponto NAS equivale a 14,4 min, foi identificada no estudo uma média de 16h 04 min de assistência por RN/24h. O valor médio para a equipe de enfermagem calculada pela pontuação do NAS obtido da amostra do estudo foi de 26,7 profissionais. Em média, a equipe disponível em serviço foi de 20,7 profissionais. O número médio de profissionais requerido, segundo o NAS foi 29% mais elevado do que no quadro de profissionais de enfermagem disponível para a Unidade Neonatal. Isso indica que nessa unidade deve haver sobrecarga de trabalho. A pontuação do NAS médio para a UTIN foi de 91,1 pontos. Em média, 90% do tempo de um profissional de enfermagem é dedicado ao cuidado dos RN enquanto permanecem na UTIN. Quanto ao tempo de cuidado, foi identificada uma média de 21h 54 min de assistência por RN/24h. O valor médio para a equipe de enfermagem calculada pela pontuação do NAS obtido da amostra do estudo foi de 12,8 profissionais. Em média, a equipe disponível em serviço foi de 12 profissionais. Essa diferença é menor que 1,7% e faz com que os valores sejam significativamente semelhantes e indiquem que não havia sobrecarga de serviço na UTIN. Os resultados da aplicação do NAS permitem identificar o perfil de cuidados de enfermagem na assistência semi-intensiva e intensiva aos recém nascidos. / Study of methodological approach of an instrument of workload measuring evaluation was done in the Neonatal Unit and the NICU (Neonatal Unit of Intensive Care) of the University Hospital of USP (HU-USP), in the period of 06 of November of 2006 to 06 of December of 2006. It had as objective to evaluate the application of the NAS (Nursing Activity Score) result as an instrument to measure the nursing workload in neonatology area. It was reviewed the available literature related to the gravity and to the workload measuring instruments in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and NICU, so then it was initiated the basic process differentiation of the assistant processes in the infantile units. The sample was composed by 48 neonates and evaluated in the Neonate Unit and 11 in NICU’s that had remained interned for a minimum period of 24-hour. The NAS instrument was applied 301 times in the Neonate Unit and 106 times in the NICU. A tutorial route was elaborated for better NAS activities interpretation and that has facilitated the instrument understanding, in the neonate area. Comparing the samples in according to demographic and clinical variables among the studied units, it was observed that only the statistical significant ones had been the weight at birth and length of stay in the unit. The punctuation of the medium NAS for the Neonatal Unit was of 66,9 points. On average, 67% of the time of a nursing professional is dedicated to the newborn (NB) care while they remain in the Unit. Even though in relation to the care time, considering that each NAS point is equivalent to 14,4 min, it was identified in the study the a average of 16h 04 min of assistance for NB/24h. The average value for the team of nursing calculated for the NAS punctuation gotten from the study sample of 26,7 professionals. On average, the available team in service was of 20,7 professionals. The average number of professionals required, in according to NAS was raised 29% more than what was available in the professionals total of available nursing in the Neonatal Unit. This indicates that in this unit it must have overload work. The punctuation of the average NAS for the NICU was 91,1 points. On average, 90% of a nursing professional time is dedicated to the NB care while they remain in the NICU. Related to the time of care, it was identified that the assistance average time as 21h 54 min by NB/24h. The average value for nursing team calculated by the NAS punctuation gotten from the study sample was of 12,8 professionals. On average, the available team in service was of 12 professionals. This difference is less than 1.7% and makes the values significantly similar and indicates that did not have overload of service in the NICU. The results of the application of the NAS allow identifying the care profile of nursing in the semi-intensive and intensive assistance to the newborn.

O canguru é efetivo no alívio da dor aguda em prematuros, porém pouco se sabe sobre o papel da mãe na regulação da dor e estresse neonatal. Tem-se como objetivo geral investigar a associação entre os fatores maternos (comportamento, estado emocional e humor e estresse) e a resposta à dor e ao estresse de prematuros submetidos à punção de calcâneo para exame de triagem neonatal em posição canguru. Trata-se de experimento não-controlado, realizado na unidade neonatal de um hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Participaram do estudo 42 mães e seus filhos prematuros, após obtenção de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os dados foram coletados em três fases: basal - FP (10 minutos), procedimento - FP (coleta do exame) e recuperação - FR (10 minutos). Coletaram-se amostras de saliva da mãe e do prematuro antes e após o exame doloroso e da mãe à noite e ao despertar. Mensuraram-se as variáveis: mímica facial (Neonatal Facial Coding System - NFCS), sono e vigília, duração do choro e frequência cardíaca (FC) neonatal, comportamento materno e interação mãe-filho (Maternal Mood Infant Pain Behavior Coding System), estado emocional e de humor materno (Inventários de Depressão e de Ansiedade de Beck). Explorou-se a relação entre as variáveis maternas e neonatais (análise bivariada), a influência do estado emocional e humor materno nas variáveis neonatais (análises de variância com medidas repetidas) e quais variáveis explanatórias maternas interferem nas variáveis de resposta neonatais (regressão múltipla). O escore médio do NFCS, a porcentagem de duração do tempo de choro e a FC média não alteraram significativamente entre as fases da coleta, ao controlar-se a porcentagem de duração dos estados de sono e vigília basal. As concentrações médias de cortisol salivar neonatal e materno pós-punção em relação a pré-punção não diferiram estatisticamente (p=0,731; p=1,000, respectivamente). Encontrou-se associação entre o escore médio do NFCS na FP e a concentração de cortisol salivar pré-punção materno (r=0,32; p=0,040); a porcentagem tempo do choro na FP e a concentração de cortisol salivar pré-punção materno (r=-0,32; p=0,047); a FC neonatal na FP e as concentrações de cortisol salivar noturno (r=-0,49; p=0,002), pré-punção (r=-0,34; p=0,025) e pós-punção (r=-0,51; p=0,001) materna; a FC neonatal na FR e as concentrações de cortisol salivar noturno (r=-0,45; p=0,004), prépunção (r=-0,41; p=0,007) e pós-punção (r=-0,50; p=0,001), as concentrações de cortisol salivar pré-punção neonatal e noturno materno (r=0,39; p=0,016) e as concentrações do cortisol pós-punção neonatal e materno (r=0,34; p=0,027). A presença de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e o comportamento maternos não influenciaram a resposta de dor e estresse do prematuro. A concentração do cortisol salivar materno pré-punção foi preditor da variância da concentração do cortisol salivar pós-punção do prematuro [coeficiente R2 ajustado=0,092; F(1,36)=4,764; p=0,036]; a concentração de cortisol salivar noturno materno, juntamente com a idade pós-natal do prematuro, explicaram a variância da FC neonatal [coeficiente R2 ajustado=0,282; F(2,35)=8,219; p=0,001]. Concluiu-se que a capacidade das mães participantes do estudo em regular o seu próprio estresse pode contribuir para a resposta de dor e estresse do prematuro. Outros estudos são necessários para fortalecer as evidências. / Maternal kangaroo care (MKC) effectively reduces acute pain and stress in the preterm, but very little is known about the maternal role during MKC. The main purpose of the present non-controlled intervention study was to examine relationships between maternal factors (caregiving behaviour, depression and anxiety and maternal own stress) and preterm infant pain and stress response during heel lance (HL) for routine neonatal blood screening while in MKC. The study was carried out in a neonatal unit at a university hospital in Ribeirao Preto- SP and involved 42 consenting mothers and their stable preterm infants. Maternal and infant data were collected during three study phases: Baseline (10 minutes - before HL), HL procedure (during blood collection) and Recovery (10 minutes - post HL). On the day of the infant\'s scheduled HL, maternal and infant salivary cortisol samples were collected at baseline and 20 minutes post-HL. Two additional maternal salivary cortisol samples were collected (night and awakening). Continuous measures of infant heart rate (HR) were collected and maternal caregiving behaviour and infant pain behaviour (facial action, cry and infant state) were continuously videotaped during the three study phases. Within the following week of each infant\'s HL, the emotional state of study mothers was assessed using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. The Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) and the Maternal Mood Infant Pain Behaviour Coding System were used to code infant and maternal behaviour, second-by-second, from which time based measures of behaviour were generated. Relationships between maternal and neonatal measures were initially analyzed using bivariate analyses and RM-ANOVA was used to examine change in maternal and infant measures. Multiple regression analyses were then used to test which maternal variables predicted neonatal responses. No statistical significant differences in infant mean NFCS score, cry percentage duration and HR were observed across the study phases when baseline percentage duration of infant sleep-awake state was controlled. Also, maternal and neonatal salivary cortisol pre-HL and post-HL did not differ statistically (p=0.731; p=1.000, respectively). However, mean NFCS score and percentage duration of infant cry during the HL procedure were found to be associated with maternal pre-HL salivary cortisol level (r=0.32; p=0.040 and r=-0.32; p=0.047, respectively). Associations were also observed between neonatal HR duration and maternal nocturne (r=-0.49; p=0.002), pre-HL (r=-0.34; p=0.025) and post-HL (r=-0.51; p=0.001) salivary cortisol levels. Further, neonatal HR post HL procedure was related with nocturne (r=-0.45; p=0.004), pre-HL (r=-0.41; p=0.007) and post-HL (r=-0.50; p=0.001) maternal salivary cortisol. In this study, maternal scores of depression and anxiety and percentage of time spent expressing typical and typically depressed behaviour were not found to predict preterm pain and stress response. However, mother salivary cortisol level pre-HL predicted preterm salivary cortisol post-HL [adjusted R2=0.092; F(1,36)=4.764; p=0.036]; and maternal nocturne salivary cortisol together with gestational age predicted neonatal HR [adjusted R2=0.282; F(2,35)=8.219; p=0.001]. Study findings support the effectiveness of the maternal regulatory role in MKC but do suggest that the stress regulatory ability (as reflected by maternal cortisol levels) of the studies mothers may be predictive of alteration in pain and stress response in preterm offspring. Similar studies are needed to substantiate and to build on study findings.

The Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC), or Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter (PICVC), is an intravenous device inserted through a superficial vein of the extremity that progresses for the blood flow and for insertion procedures, until the third distal of the vena cava, stayed in central level. Currently, the nurse is the main responsible for assessing the need of the use of this device and is the most professional directly involved in the insertion, maintenance and prevention of complications. The aim of this study was: to understanding the role of nurses in the use of PICC in neonates and children in a teaching hospital. The specific aims were: to describe the role of nurses in the use of PICC in neonates and children in a teaching hospital; to analyze the risks and benefits of using PICC considering the patient safety in neonates and children in a teaching hospital and to discuss the limits and possibilities of the use of PICC in neonates and children in the context of a teaching hospital. It was a qualitative and exploratory-descriptive study realized of April to May 2012. The subjects were 20 nurses from the Pediatric Inpatient Unit, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Pediatric, Emergency Room Pediatric and Center of Bone Marrow Transplantation, of a teaching hospital in the southern Brazil. The Creative Sensitive Method, using three dynamics of sensitivity and creativity: Tree of Knowledge, Knowledge Body and Almanac. Data were sumitted to Discourse Analysis in this current French. The ethical aspects of the research were respected in accordance with Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council, and the project was approved with the protocol number 00541812.6.0000.5346. The results indicate that the nurse holds a prominent position in the use of PICC in neonates and children, being that its preparation starts in the graduation, complemented with the legal training and extends into daily practice, racioning clinically and evaluating risks and benefits. The incorporation of new technologies in intravenous therapy brought the concern with the patient safety. The nurses have care to stabilize the child hemodynamically, manipulate your body the little possible and not to expose them to risk of infection, with observation of asseptic techniques. So, they choose carefully the acess and not exceed three attempts. In order to prevent the stress of the patient, family and group, should be pay attention in the guidance, analgesia and sedation. It is recommended to invidualization / uniqueness of each case with the implementation of the Systematization of Nursing Care (SNC), it enables the SNC, records and highlights the work of nurses. Thus, it is expected that this professional can assume and maintain autonomy in the face of indications, insertion, maintenance and removal of the PICC, working with technical and legal competence. Thus the nurse should be prepared for this activity developing it responsibly, conscious and preventive. / O Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica (CCIP), ou Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter (PICC) é um dispositivo intravenoso inserido através de uma veia superficial da extremidade que progride, por meio da ajuda do fluxo sanguíneo e de procedimentos de inserção, até o terço distal da veia cava, ficando a nível central. Atualmente, o enfermeiro é um dos principais responsáveis pela avaliação da necessidade do uso desse dispositivo, além de ser o profissional mais diretamente envolvido na construção de protocolos institucionais. Assim, delimitou-se como objeto de estudo: a atuação das enfermeiras na utilização do PICC em neonatos e crianças em um hospital de ensino. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi compreender a atuação de enfermeiros na utilização do PICC em neonatos e crianças em um hospital de ensino. Os objetivos específicos foram: descrever as bases para a atuação dos enfermeiros na utilização do PICC em neonatos e crianças em um hospital de ensino; analisar os riscos e benefícios da utilização do PICC no cenário de estudo e discutir os limites e possibilidades da utilização do PICC em neonatos e crianças no contexto de um hospital de ensino. Tratou-se de um estudo qualitativo de caráter exploratório-descritivo, realizado de abril a maio de 2012. Os sujeitos foram 20 enfermeiros da Unidade de Internação Pediátrica, Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal e Pediátrica, Pronto Socorro Pediátrico e Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, de um hospital de ensino no sul do Brasil. Foi aplicado o Método Criativo Sensível, por meio de três Dinâmicas de Sensibilidade e Criatividade: Árvore do Conhecimento, Corpo Saber e Almanaque. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Discurso em sua corrente francesa. Os resultados apontam que o enfermeiro ocupa posição de destaque na utilização do PICC em neonatos e crianças, sendo que seu preparo inicia na graduação, complementa-se com a capacitação legal e estende-se na prática diária, raciocinando clinicamente e avaliando riscos e benefícios. A incorporação de novas tecnologias em terapia intravenosa traz a necessidade de atenção redobrada com a segurança do paciente. As enfermeiras tem o cuidado de estabilizar, hemodinamicamente, a criança, manipular o mínimo possível seu corpo e não a expor ao risco de infecção, com observação de técnicas assépticas. Para tanto, escolhem criteriosamente o local de acesso e não excedem três tentativas. Para prevenir o estresse do paciente, equipe e familiares deve-se atentar para as orientações, a analgesia e a sedação. Recomenda-se a invidualização/singularização de cada caso com a implementação da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem, pois esta viabiliza, registra e evidencia o trabalho do enfermeiro. Assim, espera-se que esse profissional possa assumir e manter a autonomia diante da indicação, inserção, manutenção e retirada do PICC, atuando com competência técnica e legal. Desse modo, o enfermeiro deve buscar capacitação continuada para assumir esta atividade desenvolvendo-a de forma responsável, consciente e preventiva.

In relation to children's health, notes the importance of prenatal care, for the sake of ensuring a peaceful and healthy pregnancy, and help reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality indicators. The objective was to know the history of pregnancy and prenatal women who had their children admitted to neonatal intensive care; describe aspects related to delivery and birth of babies who required hospitalization in intensive care. This is a qualitative study involving 25 mothers of newborn infants admitted to neonatal intensive care a public teaching hospital in southern Brazil. The data was collected in 2014 through semi-structured interviews. The data were submitted to thematic content analysis. The results showed that the participants discontinued the use of the contraceptive and sometimes found themselves pregnant women to seek care due to health problems. Although considered with a pregnancy risk, they perceived it as a quiet moment and prenatal care. The women began prenatal care late and had difficulty establishing bond with professionals and did not feel embraced in health services. The participants made a peregrination to get care for themselves and their children at birth. The type of birth was defined by the clinical condition of the mother and child. The findings of this study showed that women had to make a peregrination to access to health services for childbirth safely. The situation of risk, at delivery, obstructed the right of these women to participate in the process as a whole. This is in line with that recommended by current public policies. In this context, also because of the situation of clinical fragility of the baby, the direct and immediate contact with the mother was hampered by the need for hospitalization. It is recommended to practice of health professionals, to explain to women about reproductive planning and about the conditions of pregnancy and the right of access to a referral service safely. / Em relação à saúde da criança, constata-se a importância do cuidado no pré-natal, em prol de garantir uma gestação tranquila e saudável, e contribuir para diminuir indicadores de morbimortalidade materna e neonatal. Objetivou-se conhecer a trajetória da gestação e pré-natal de mulheres que tiveram seus filhos internados em terapia intensiva neonatal e descrever aspectos relacionados ao parto e ao nascimento de recém-nascidos que necessitaram de internação em terapia intensiva. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa em que participaram 25 mães de recém-nascidos internados em terapia intensiva neonatal de um hospital de ensino público no sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2014 por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados apontaram que as participantes interromperam o uso do anticoncepcional e, por vezes, se descobriram gestantes ao buscarem atendimento devido a problemas de saúde. Embora com uma gestação considerada de risco, perceberam-na como um momento tranquilo e realizaram pré-natal. As mulheres iniciaram o pré-natal, tardiamente e tiveram dificuldades em estabelecer vínculo com os profissionais e não se sentiram acolhidas nos serviços de saúde. As participantes realizaram uma peregrinação para conseguirem atendimento para si e seus filhos no momento do parto. O tipo de parto foi definido pelas condições clínicas do binômio mãe-filho. Os achados deste estudo apontaram que as mulheres precisaram realizar uma peregrinação para ter acesso aos serviços de saúde para um parto com segurança. A situação de risco, no momento do parto, obstaculizou o direito destas mulheres à participação no processo como um todo. Isto vai de encontro ao preconizado pelas políticas públicas vigentes. Nesse contexto, também devido à situação de fragilidade clínica do bebê, o contato direto e imediato com a mãe foi prejudicado pela necessidade de internação. Recomenda-se para a prática dos profissionais de saúde, o esclarecimento às mulheres sobre o planejamento reprodutivo e acerca das condições da gestação e o direito ao acesso a um serviço de referência de forma segura.

Adolescent athletes with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) face unique challenges when compared to peers with and without diabetes. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) provides a method of insulin delivery that can enhance flexibility in insulin regimens and lifestyle that may be especially appealing to the adolescent athlete. No studies have explored the impact of athletics in this population. This descriptive qualitative study explored and described the experiences of adolescent athletes using CSII as their primary insulin delivery method, with a focus on athletic participation and performance. The purposeful sample consisted of four adolescent athletes, ages 13 to 15 years with T1DM, using CSII, in excellent diabetes control, and recently participated in organized sports activities. After written informed consent, data were collected through a semi-structured interview with the adolescent and parent. Results were transcribed verbatim and analyzed for emerging themes. Four themes emerged from the transcripts along with multiple subcategories. The main themes included: protecting the pump and infusion site; dealing with highs and lows; maximizing participation and performance; and keeping watch. Information gathered from this study will prepare healthcare professionals to anticipate the needs of adolescent athletes using CSII when prescribing a diabetes management regimen.

Ongoing evaluation of current practice and incorporation of evidence based research into guidelines and protocols is a requirement for the provision of high quality, cost efficient care. Despite some literature describing observational data, midline catheters (MCs) are not an appropriate vascular access device for Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) patients due to insufficient high level evidence demonstrating safety and efficacy. In addition, national guidelines for MC use in neonatal and infant patients lacks sufficient information for safe and effective use of MCs. The results of this small, online survey indicate that while some neonatal nurses and Nurse Practitioners report the use of MC use in the NICU, there is a wide range of practice pertaining to MC unit-specific protocols, competencies, success with placement, and clinician agreement of appropriate use for this vascular access device (VAD). Multicenter, randomized control trials are needed to evaluate current MC practice in the NICU, and institutions must incorporates current, evidence based practice into policies, procedures, and guidelines.

In post-basic education of neonatal nurses the challenge is in how to prepare reflective practitioners for their role in neonatal nursing practice. Generic outcomes from SANC and higher education are available that promote the education of reflective neonatal nurses, but do not give much clarity on exactly how this is to be achieved. This prompted the research question: ‘How can professional nurses in a South African context be educated to become reflective neonatal nurses?’ This study aims to develop a model for the education of reflective neonatal nurses in a South African context. To achieve the aim of the study, an exploratory and descriptive design was used, which was in essence qualitative and contextual in nature, to develop the model. The model was developed following the process for developing nursing theory: a topic of interest was selected, which was a framework of several concepts; relationships between the concepts supported by evidence was identified and clarified; and relational statements were organised to describe the components of the conceptual model. The structural components of the model were identified as a purpose (specific learning-, critical- and end-product outcomes of education of reflective neonatal nurses); a framework (higher education, nursing education and neonatal nursing practice in a South African context); dynamics (reflective learning); a recipient (neonatal nurses as students); an agent (neonatal educator); and a procedure (education programme). The study had three phases that had different goals, but occurred simultaneously, overlapping and interrelating in the process of developing the model. The first phase was identifying and clarifying the concepts related to educational aspects of importance in education of reflective neonatal nurses. It was based on theoretical inquiry, concept analysis and inductive and deductive reasoning to describe the framework of education (higher- and nursing education), reflective learning, neonatal nursing students, role of the educator and educational approaches. The second phase was identification and clarification of concepts in neonatal nursing practice related to education of reflective neonatal nurses. This was done by means of inductive and deductive reasoning, based on the extensive experience and knowledge of the researcher in the field, followed by literature control and confirmed by peer review of neonatal nursing Model for education of reflective neonatal nurses in a South African context experts and/or educators. As a result the competences and professional characteristics expected of reflective neonatal nurses were synthesised and the content outline of an educational programme was deduced. The third phase was constructing and describing a model for educating reflective neonatal nurses in a South African context, which involved developing relational statements linking the concepts clarified in the previous two phases. Experts in model development, higher education, nursing education and / or neonatal nursing practice evaluated the model in this phase. Ethical considerations of relevance in this study were especially informed consent by the participants (peer- and expert review), and to give credit to all sources used. Strategies to enhance trustworthiness included triangulation of sources, prolonged engagement of the researcher, clarification of the underlying assumptions of the study, thick description of the process, and validation by means of peer- and expert review. Recommendations were made regarding dissemination of the model, practice, education and further research. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Nursing Science / unrestricted

Abstract Introduction & Background The role of dietary fiber in breast cancer etiology remains unclear. A negative correlation may be due to fiber’s ability to stave off obesity and aid in the extraction of serum estrogen, two known risk factors for the disease. Effects may differ by source, and type, of fiber. Most of the data available is from research with non-Hispanic white women. However, fiber intake may vary significantly across cultures. Purpose Statement & Question The research sought to investigate whether an increased intake of dietary fiber was associated with a corresponding decrease in the incidence of breast cancer. The question posed was: Among post-menopausal women of various cultures, what is the effect of high dietary fiber intake compared to low intake on the risk of developing breast cancer? Literature Review The search was for specific studies examining the effect of dietary fiber on breast cancer development. The university’s scholarly search engine was utilized to find five studies using key terms such as “dietary fiber” and “breast cancer”. Findings Results showed an overall protective effect from high (> 25 grams/day) total dietary fiber intake on developing breast cancer. Findings for soluble versus insoluble fiber were inconsistent, but evidence suggests that fiber from beans, vegetables, and fruit may have a greater effect than fiber from whole grains. Conclusion High total fiber consumption may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Future research should investigate whether results hold true across more diverse populations.