The dissertation examines recognition of new states, the practice historically employed to regulate membership in international society. The last fifteen years have witnessed novel or reinvigorated demands for statehood in many areas of the world. The claims of some, like those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, Croatia, Moldova, Georgia or East Timor, achieved recognition; those of others, like Kosovo, Krajina, Bouganville, Abkhazia, Somaliland or Chechnya, did not. However, even as most of these claims gave rise to serious conflicts, the practice has elicited little systematic scholarly reflection. Drawing upon writings of international society theorists, the dissertation looks at the criteria that have guided recognition of new states. It charts the practice from the late eighteenth century until the present. Its central finding is that state recognition has always been tied to the idea of self-determination of peoples and not, as is conventionally assumed, only since the end of the First World War. State recognition can be said to have (1) emerged as a coherent practice in response to this idea and (2) evolved chiefly as a result of the continuous necessity to come to terms with the dilemmas presented by this idea. Two versions of the idea have guided the practice - selfdetermination as a natural and as a positive right. The former, dominant from the 1820s to the 1950s, took as the standard for acknowledgment the achievement of de facto statehood by a people desiring independence. The latter, prevalent since the 1950s, took as the basis of recognition a positive right to independence in international law. The development of self-determination as a positive right, however, has not led to a disappearance of claims of statehood that stand outside of its confines. Groups that feel unhappy within the states they belong to have continued to make demands for independence irrespective of the fact that they may not have an international right to it. The study concludes by expressing doubt that contemporary international society can find a sustainable basis for recognition of new states other than de facto statehood. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The establishment reform came into force 2010 and the employment service was given the main responsibility for the establishment of the newly arrived. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the officers at the labor market work on establishing new arrivals with residence permit. The problem statements was labor market officers work with establishment based on their professional role and legislation, the service officers practical work, establishment in general and getting new jobs for the newly arrived in the labor market. The study used a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five employment service officers. The theoretical framework consisted of empowerment. The results of the study show that the establishment reform has had both positive and negative impacts. Many newly arriveds have established themselves in society and entered the labor market. The results show further that there are still aspects to change in order to improve the establishment. The study shows that the establishment reform has had a positive impact on new arrivals in the labor market. The employment officers want to work with an individualized and empowerment-oriented approach, but the heavy workload is hindering their work. / Etableringsreformen trädde i kraft 2010 och arbetsförmedlingen fick huvudansvaret för nyanländas etablering. Syftet med föreliggande studien var att undersöka hur handläggarna på arbetsförmedlingen arbetar med etablering av nyanlända med uppehållstillstånd. Frågeställningarna i studien var etableringshandläggarnas arbete med etablering utifrån sin yrkesroll och lagstiftning, etableringshandläggarnas praktiska arbete, etablering i allmänhet och för att få ut nyanlända på arbetsmarknaden. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem handläggare på arbetsförmedlingen. Den teoretiska ramen bestod av empowerment. Studiens resultat visar att etableringsreformen har haft både positiv- och negativ inverkan. Många nyanlända har etablerat sig i samhället och kommit ut på arbetsmarknaden. Av resultatet framkommer det vidare att det fortfarande finns aspekter kvar att ändra på för att få en ytterligare förbättring av etableringen. Studien visar att etableringsreformen har haft en positiv inverkan för de nyanlända på arbetsmarknaden. Men det råder stor arbetsbelastning för etableringshandläggarna på arbetsförmedlingen. Handläggarna vill arbeta med ett individanpassat och empowermentorienterat arbetssätt men hård arbetsbelastning utgör ett hinder för deras arbete.

Bakgrund: Stress är vanligt förekommande för såväl student som för sjuksköterska. Vid negativ stress uppstår det en obalans mellan förmåga och krav och hälsan blir drabbad. Att få ett större ansvar samt vara oerfaren är väldigt krävande för den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan.  Syfte: Syftet var att belysa upplevelserna av yrkesrelaterad stress vid övergången från student till sjuksköterska. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats. Genom en litteraturöversikt har resultatet från tio kvalitetsgranskade artiklar analyserats och sammanfattats till ett nytt resultat. Resultat: Kategorierna som presenteras är: Från teori till praktik, Vikten av kunskapsutveckling och Hindrande och underlättande faktorer för sjuksköterskan. Många hade svårt att identifiera sig med sin nya roll och ökat ansvar satte prestationsförmågan på prov. Slutsats: Övergången från student till sjuksköterska upplevs många gånger svår och introduktion samt kollegor har en stor inverkan på hur övergången upplevs. Konsekvenserna av yrkesrelaterad stress framträder som emotionell och fysisk påverkan på hälsan, bristande självförtroende och överväganden att lämna professionen. / Background: Stress is a common occurrence for both students and nurses. In the case of negative stress, there is an imbalance between ability and demands and health is affected. Getting more responsibility and being inexperienced is very demanding for the newly graduated nurse. Purpose: The purpose was to illustrate the experiences of occupational stress during the transition from student to nurse. Method: The method is a qualitative literature study with manifest content analysis. Through a literature review, the results from ten quality-reviewed articles have been analyzed and summarized into a new result. Results: The categories presented are: From theory to practice, The importance of knowledge development and the obstructive and facilitating factors for the nurse. Many had difficulty identifying themselves with their new role and increased responsibility put performance skills to the test. Conclusion: There are various factors in the experience of what triggers occupational stress. The consequences of occupational stress appear as emotional and physical impact on health, lack of confidence and consideration for leaving the profession.

This scientific paper examines five newly qualified social workers (NQSW) in Sweden who are in an intermediate position after graduation between education and working life in social work. The study aimed to investigate how the graduates felt prepared after training to execute professional conversations and meetings in social work with clients. Qualitative interviews were conducted for this paper, where the results show that the NQSW felt partially prepared for this. Some challenges were seen in the result related to conversations and meetings, amongst these, were their role in the exercise of authority, that showed that they had met deeper dimensions of authority than what their education had prepared them for. Through theories related to different roles based on Erving Goffman (2011), analysis has been made to different roles that NQSW needs to take on, and its impact on them. Results show, among other things, that NQSW perceive it as a difficult balance between being personal and professional in meetings with clients. The result also highlights personal and professional development for self-awareness from the education as helpful, but there was a wish for more of this during the social work program.With theories of knowledge according to Gustavsson (2000; 2002), the results were also analyzed and presented about how NQSW obtained knowledge and how education made it possible to gather knowledge for conversations and meetings in the social work. It was found in the results, as in previous research, that theoretical knowledge from education that was linked to actual situations or practice, has been beneficial to NQSW in their professional practice. However, NQSW felt that the education could continue to be more related to practice and wished for more reality-based education. Based on this essay, one can also point out the importance of the transition between education and practical work. NQSW could be seen as they carried a certain vulnerability in the form of knowledge gaps, uncertainty of their role, and how practical social work is executed when the NQSW goes from education. They felt that introduction to the field was important given from the new workplaces. In this essay, they meant that they were given some opportunity and support in continuing developing their knowledge, related to meetings and conversations through further education and collegial support at their workplaces.

The aim of this literature study was to investigate and analyze how social workers do to communicate with newly arrived people who cannot speak Swedish. The aim of the study was also to investigate what obstacles and opportunities arise when the social worker and the newly arrived must speak through an interpreter. We then processed the result and analyzed it with the help of power theory, role theory, a communication theory and stigma. Our results showed that the interpreter has a central role in the communication between social workers and the newly arrived and the interpreter's actions and professionalism influence how well the communication works in the meeting between social workers and the newly arrived. We also discovered that it places higher demands on the social worker as he tries to communicate and build a relationship with newly arrived.

NYUTEXAMINERADE SJUKSKÖTERSKORS UPPLEVELSE AV ARBETSRELATERAD STRESS EN LITTERATURSTUDIE TILLIE GERLING ROBINSSON PAULA WINHOLT NORDGREN Gerling Robinsson T, Winholt Nordgren P. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress. En litteraturstudie. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö universitet: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2020. Bakgrund; Det finns vetenskaplig evidens för att förhållandena på arbetsplatsen har betydande effekt på utveckling av stressymptom vilket kan leda till både psykiska och fysiska problem. Enligt Socialstyrelsen beror en stor del av långtidssjukskrivningarna i Sverige på psykisk ohälsa som är relaterad till arbetet, vilket uppmärksammats speciellt i yrken som innebär mycket kontakt med och ansvar för andra människor. Arbetsförhållanden spelar en stor roll i eventuell utveckling av stressrelaterade symtom. Det finns evidens för samband mellan arbetsrelaterad stress och långtidssjukskrivningar. I denna litteraturstudie belyses stressorer som är kopplade till arbetsrelaterad stress hos nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor. Syfte; Syftet är att belysa arbetsrelaterade stressorer i den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskans arbetsmiljö. Metod; Litteraturstudie som är baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ design. Artiklarna i studien är hämtade från två databaser, den ena med inriktning på omvårdnad och den andra med inriktning på psykologi. Artiklarna analyserades med metoden innehållsanalys. Resultat; Fyra huvudteman och tre subteman identifierades vid analys av artiklarna. Huvudteman var: Överväldigande inför verkligheten, känslan av vilsenhet i den nya professionella rollen, känslan av ensamhet vid bristande mentorskap och att vänja sig vid skiftarbete. Konklusion; Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor står inför en utmanande första tid som kliniskt verksamma. I studierna framkom det flera stressrelaterade faktorer som kan komma att påverka den enskilde individen både fysiskt som psykiskt. Organisation, arbetsmiljö och socialt stöd spelar en stor roll i utvecklingen av stressrelaterade symtom. Individer kan reagera olika på stressrelaterade faktorer, vanligt förekommande symtom som återkom i studierna var koncentrations- och minnesproblematik, sömnstörningar, fatigué, försämrat immunförsvar, gastrointestinala problem samt hjärt- och kärlpåverkan. Genom att uppmärksamma och minimera stressrelaterade faktorer i början av yrkeslivet och ha ett fungerande socialt stöd underlättas den utmanande första tiden för de nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorna. Nyckelord: Nyutexaminerad, sjuksköterska, stress, stressorer, upplevelse. / NEWLY GRADUATED NURSE’S EXPERIENCE OF WORK-RELATED STRESS A LITERATURE REVIEW TILLIE GERLING ROBINSSON PAULA WINHOLT NORDGREN Gerling Robinsson T, Winholt Nordgren P. Newly graduated nurses' experience of work-related stress. A literature study. Degree project in nursing 15 Credits. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Care Science, 2020. Background; There is scientific evidence that conditions in the workplace have a significant effect on the development of stress symptoms that can lead to both mental and physical problems. According to the National board of health and welfare in Sweden a large part of long-term sick leave in Sweden is due to mental ill-health related to the work, which has been paid special attention in occupations that involve contact with and responsibility for other people. Working conditions play a major role in the possible development of stress-related symptoms. In order for the newly graduated nurse to get a good start in her professional life, it is crucial that the conditions are the best possible so that good and safe care can be practiced. Aim; The purpose is to elucidate the experiences associated to work-related stressors in the newly graduated nurse's work environment. Method; A literature study based on 10 scientific articles with qualitative design. The articles in the study are taken from two databases, one with a focus on nursing and the other with a focus on psychology. The articles were analyzed using the content analysis method. Result; Four main themes and three sub-themes were identified when analyzing the articles. The main themes were: overwhelming reality, the feeling of disorientation in the new professional role, the feeling of loneliness in the absence of mentoring and getting used to shift work. Conclusion; Newly graduated nurses are facing a challenging first time as a clinically active. The studies revealed several stress-related factors that may affect the individual individually both physically and mentally. Organization, work environment and social support plays a major role in the development of stress-related symptoms. Individuals may react differently to stress-related factors, commonly occurring symptoms that emerged in the studies were concentration and memory problems, sleep disorders, fatigue, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal problems and cardiovascular effects. By paying attention to and minimizing stress-related factors at the beginning of the professional life having a functioning social support, the challenging first time for the newly graduated nurse is facilitated. Keywords: Experience, newly graduated, nurse, stress, Stressors

Bakgrund: Efter avslutad sjuksköterskeutbildning kan en legitimation ansökas om från socialstyrelsen som garanterar tillräcklig kompetens och färdigheter för yrket. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen är i konstant behov av korrigering till följd av sjukvårdens kontinuerliga kunskapsutveckling samt stora krav på kvalité och effektivitet som samhället ställer. Gapet mellan verksamhetens krav och den förberedande kunskapen från utbildningen medför en stor omställning vid övergången. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva hur nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplever övergången från utbildning till yrkesverksam. Metod: Studien gjordes som en litteraturöversikt innehållande 18 artiklar med kvalitativa och kvantitativa data samt mixad metod. Artikelsökningar genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: I resultatet framkom flertalet olika faktorer som påverkade nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser under övergångsperioden. Tre huvudtema uppdagades: utbildning, övergång och arbetsmiljö med respektive underteman. Huvudresultatet visade att gapet mellan utbildning och praxis, brist på handledarskap samt dålig arbetsmiljö var tre av de mest framträdande tillkortakommanden som bidrog till upplevelsen av övergångschock. Konklusion: Övergångsperioden är en komplex process med flertalet bakomliggande påverkbara faktorer. Det krävs en djupare förståelse från utbildningsansvariga, yrkesverksamheten och andra nyckelaktörer för att kunna skapa förutsättningar för en lyckad och tillfredsställande övergång till yrkesrollen för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor. / Background: Upon completion of nursing education, a certificate can be applied for from the National Board of Health and Welfare, which guarantees adequate competence and skills for the profession. Nursing education is in constant need of correction as a result of the continuous development of health care and the high demands on quality and efficiency that society places. The gap between the operational requirements and the preparatory knowledge from the education entails a major change in the transition. Aim: The purpose was to describe how newly graduated nurses experience the transition from education to vocational practice. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review containing 18 articles with qualitative and quantitative data and mixed method. Article searches were performed in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: In the result, a number of different factors emerged that affected newly graduated nurses' experiences during the transition period. Three main themes were discovered: education, transition and working environment with respective sub-themes. The main result showed that the gap between education and practice, lack of preceptorship and poor working environment were three of the most prominent shortcomings that contributed to the experience of transition shock. Conclusion: The transition period is a complex process with a number of underlying influences. A deeper understanding is required of education officers, the profession and other key players in order to create the conditions for a successful and satisfactory transition to the professional role of newly graduated nurses.

Bakgrund: I slutet på 2019 befann sig 79,5 miljoner människor på flykt i världen, hälften av dem är kvinnor och flickor. Nyanlända kvinnor söker vård i lägre utsträckning än män i liknande situation och även i lägre utsträckning än inrikes födda kvinnor. Det behövs mer kunskap kring nyanlända kvinnors upplevelse av att söka hälso- och sjukvård. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva nyanlända kvinnors upplevelse av att söka hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie med tio kvalitativa studier. Data analyserades och kategoriserades genom en innehållsanalys där meningsbärande enheter lyftes ut, kondenserades och kodades till teman och subteman i enlighet med Polit och Becks niostegsmodell. Resultat: Två huvudteman och fyra subteman identifierades. De två huvudteman var tillgänglighet och bemötande. Resultatet visar att nyanlända kvinnor upplever varierande och ibland likartade hinder för att få tillgång till adekvat vård. Slutsats: Att söka hälso- och sjukvård som nyanländ kvinna kan leda till lidande då vården inte upplevs individanpassad vilket medför en negativ upplevelse där individens behov inte tillgodoses. Genom att sjuksköterskan ger personcentrerad vård utifrån den unika individen kan dennes behov tillgodoses i högre grad. Med intersektionalitet som utgångspunkt ökar också medvetenhet och kompetens kring strukturella faktorer och maktordningars påverkan på individen. Förslag på fortsatt forskning: Resultat indicerar att kvinnliga nyanlända upplever hinder för vårdsökande vilket leder till att författarna till föreliggande studie ser att det finns behov av vidare forskning utifrån individens perspektiv med frågan om vad som skulle underlätta vårdsökande för den enskilda individen. / Background: It is estimated that by the end of 2019, 79.5 million people were forcibly displaced in the world, approximately half of them are women and girls. Newly arrived women are less likely to seek healthcare compared to men in the same situation and non- immigrant women. There’s a need for more knowledge about newly arrived women’s experiences of healthcare seeking. Aim: The aim was to describe newly arrived women's experiences of healthcare seeking. Method: A general literature review was conducted with ten scientific articles with qualitative data. Data was analyzed and categorized through a content analysis where meaningful units were highlighted, condensed and coded into themes and subthemes in accordance with Polit and Beck ́s nine-step model. Results: Two main themes and four sub themes were identified. The two main themes were accessibility andtreatment. Results show that newly arrived women experience varying and sometimes similar obstacles to accessing adequate care. Conclusion: When newly arrived women seek care and the care isn’t individualized and the needs of the individual isn’t met it can lead to a negative experience and suffering. The need of the unique individual can be met to a greater extent when nurses providing person-centered care. With intersectionality as a point of view we can increase awareness and competence about how structural factors and system of power affect the individual. Proposals for further research: Results indicate that newly arrived women experience obstacles for healthcare seeking which indicate the need for further research from the individual’s perspective with the question of what would facilitate care seeking for the individual.

In the year of 2035, it is expected that Sweden will have a surplus of 10 000 people educatedwithin human resources and behavioral sciences as a result of an increase in popularity for nonvocationaleducations. As a result, many graduates will not have the opportunity to work intheir area of competence. Studies show that contacts often are crucial for newly graduatedstudents to find work. The aims of this study are to find an understanding of how newlygraduated sociology students experience the importance of contacts; which parts of the socialnetwork that are used; and how they use their social network to establish themselves in the labormarket. Differences in how males and females use their social network are also examined.Previous findings show that social network and social capital are critical components of anindividual’s job search in a saturated labor market. Using qualitative semi-structured interviewsand analysis with theories about social network, social capital, and gender, this study finds thata majority of the respondent’s social network comes from previous workplaces and contactsfrom the university. This study shows that social network is important for gaining access to andestablishing oneself in the labor market; that social capital differs during the respondent career;and that women and men use their social network in gender differentiated ways.

This thesis is decribing documentation of brand new shopping center building at the terms of project specification for the building permit. There are requirements set to the draft for the layout of the building in connection with ensuring construction in terms of static, thermal technical, fire safety, energy saving and safety in usage. The project is created in software AutoCad, the calculation for the assessment of thermal properties is created in the software Teplo a Ztráty. Calculation for the fire safety and static calculation of reinforced concrete panel is processed by manual calculation.