L’image de Gautier dans la mémoire collective se réduit souvent à quelques clichés : le gilet rouge de la bataille d’Hernani ; la verve pamphlétaire de la préface de Mademoiselle de Maupin ; « l’art pour l’art » ; l’esthétique « impassible » d’Émaux et camées, qui annonce Le Parnasse contemporain ; la dédicace des Fleurs du mal au « parfait magicien ès lettres françaises ». Se fondant sur un corpus de près de 500 articles, cette thèse se propose d’éclairer l’origine de ces clichés par une étude des controverses suscitées par l’œuvre de Gautier, de 1830, date de publication de ses premières Poésies, à sa mort, en 1872. De 1830 à 1872, Gautier est la cible de la critique conservatrice, qui voit dans son esthétique le signe d’une déperdition des valeurs morales et religieuses et agite le spectre de la décadence littéraire. Rejoignant les conservateurs, les critiques républicains considèrent « l’art pour l’art » comme le produit de la société bourgeoise et mercantile du XIXe siècle. L’auteur a également des détracteurs au sein même du camp romantique. Hormis lors de la publication du Voyage en Espagne, en 1843, son style pittoresque et son indifférence politique sont associés au badinage, à la provocation et à l’antihumanisme. Son succès auprès des « fantaisistes », à partir de 1850, puis des parnassiens, au cours de la décennie suivante, dégrade encore son image : à l’exception de quelques grands critiques, comme Baudelaire, on lui reproche de réduire l’art littéraire à une jonglerie. Dans les années 1860, l’esthétique de Gautier est un repoussoir pour les réalistes et pour les naturalistes. / The image of Gautier is often reduced to a few clichés : The red vest of the battle of Hernani　; the lampoonist eloquence of the Preface to Mademoiselle de Maupin ; "art for art's sake" ; the "impassive" aesthetics of Enamels and Cameos , which is a precursor of the Parnassus Contemporary; the dedication of the Flowers of Evil to the "perfect magician of French letters". With almost 500 articles, this work shall attempt to clarify these clichés and see how they came about by studying the controversies which Gautier's works brought about, when his first Poems were published, until his death in 1872From 1830 to 1872, Gautier has been the target of conservative Literary Critism, which considered his work as a sign of the loss of moral and religious values, stimulating the image of Literary Decadence. Taking the side of the Conservatives, the Republican critics consider “art for art’s sake” as the product of the 19th century middle-class and mercantile society. The author also has detractors within the Romantic side itself. Except during the publication of Voyage en Espagne in 1843, Gautier’s picturesque style and his indifference in regards to politics are linked to his bantering, his provocation, as well as his antihumanism. His success among the “eccentrics” from 1850 on and the Parnassiens during the following decade continues to deteriorate his image : except for some great critics, like Baudelaire, he is criticized for reducing the literary art to the level of jugglery. In the 1860’s, the aesthetics of Gautier is repulsive to the Realists and the Naturalists.

My project offers a set of comparative close readings of texts by E.T.A. Hoffmann and Honoré de Balzac. Balzac’s early fiction, I contend, grapples with questions relating to the representational practice of mimesis through an explicit engagement with Hoffmann’s work. Hoffmann’s fiction, in turn, proves itself repeatedly to contain the traces of a proto-realist tendency, through its playful interventions into the staging of narrative creation. The contribution of my project to scholarship is twofold. First, it offers comparative readings of texts that have not yet been drawn together, hoping to re-adjust the common ascriptions of ‘Romanticism’ and ‘Realism’ to Hoffmann and Balzac respectively, and to identify a new complication in the relationship of those generic categories. Second, it articulates a new account of mimesis. By drawing on the work of twentieth-century theorists such as Erich Auerbach, Walter Benjamin and Merleau-Ponty, it shows that ‘mimesis’ refers not merely to the imitation of an object, but rather to the reproduction of a particular sensory experience of that object. This perspective on mimesis allows me to unfold new readings of the two authors. How is life compromised in the name of fiction, of the artwork? This question recurs compulsively in Hoffmann’s tales, figured in repeated and near-repeated scenarios in which the everyday is pitted against an ideal or delusional alternative. When Balzac imitates or repeats this mimetic question in the works I consider, it is invariably figured in the image of Hoffmann, called upon as a fictional co-author or authorial double, or as a para-textual element, often in highly visual terms. The thesis thus addresses what I have come to term the ‘stakes of mimesis’. If a particular compromise, or particular stakes, are involved in the creation of fictions, for Balzac those stakes are drawn in distinctly Hoffmannesque terms. The thesis is structured according to the conviction that the relationship between the two writers is not simply a linear one of filiation or influence, but one led by a more complicated sense of imitation. To this end, I take to task the conventional figure of the narrative ‘line’ and follow it through various Romantic and modernist complications. My first chapter, ‘Chiasm’, works as a conceptual introduction to the readings, tracing a particular account of literary mimesis from Plato to Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The four subsequent chapters each read a pair of texts by Hoffmann and Balzac alongside one another. Chapter Two, ‘Line’, focuses on the arabesque lines of Der goldne Topf and La Peau de chagrin. Chapter Three, under the emblem ‘Trope’, examines the paper identities of characters in Die Abenteuer der Sylvester-Nacht and Le Colonel Chabert. Chapter Four, ‘Figure’, considers the delusional artist figures and ekphrastic narrative frameworks of Der Artushof and Le Chef-d’œuvre inconnu. Finally, Chapter Five, ‘Cross’, examines questions of inheritance between Die Elixiere des Teufels and L’Élixir de longue vie. In unfolding these emblematic figures as models of reading, I seek new ways of thinking about the relationship between these two authors, and about the act of comparative reading.

This thesis analyses the development of provincial Toryism during the period from the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 to the passage of the Reform Acts in 1832, examining the beliefs, organisations, and actions of local Tories particularly in some large British towns. In the early nineteenth century, the existence of two parties, Tory and Whig, became a major feature of parliamentary politics, and local political associations supporting each of them were gradually organised and became powerful and influential in urban centres. Local Tories expressed their opinions and acted together in order to support the Tory party in Parliament. They found support in different regions, and developed a recognisable network and identity in various British towns. Like parliamentary Tories, however, they were not completely coherent in their ideology nor entirely agreed in what policies to pursue. They were ‘issue-oriented’ associations, which were loosely connected with each other. They sometimes acted independently and flexibly, lacked complete unity, and were not controlled by the national party at Westminster. Taking these circumstances into consideration, this thesis attempts to reveal how national and local politics were connected, and some of the most important aspects of local Tory politics particularly in terms of identity and organisation Chapter One examines the political ideology of local Tories, by looking at the provincial Tory press published in Bristol, Colchester, and Edinburgh in particular. Chapter Two investigates Tory clubs and societies, such as the Pitt Clubs, the True Blue Clubs, the King and Constitution Clubs, the Brunswick Clubs, and the Orange Lodges, which were widely and deeply entrenched in British urban communities. Chapter Three examines Tory electoral politics in three large, open, freeman boroughs: Liverpool, Bristol, and Colchester. It analyses the political opinions and actions of the electors and non-electors and investigates the extent and the ways in which national issues impacted on these urban constituencies. Chapter Four also examines the impact of national issues on local Tory politics, but does so by presenting a case study of the involvement of local Liverpool Tories in such significant provincial political arenas as Corporation politics, mayoral elections, and public meetings. The Conclusion stresses the importance of the diverse and flexible reactions of provincial Tories to various political events occurring in the localities as well as at Westminster.

404 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-17T18:39:59Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Elisangela Ferreira3.pdf: 638793 bytes, checksum: 6dddeb8b08db41b089208317b8e9d519 (MD5) Tese Elisangela Ferreira2.pdf: 1098770 bytes, checksum: 9a20fdfb78bd57366587a271dcdec1d3 (MD5) Tese Elisangela Ferreira1.pdf: 3390820 bytes, checksum: 09e2a58ff6039e9e7d8921fada58958f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-24T11:36:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Elisangela Ferreira3.pdf: 638793 bytes, checksum: 6dddeb8b08db41b089208317b8e9d519 (MD5) Tese Elisangela Ferreira2.pdf: 1098770 bytes, checksum: 9a20fdfb78bd57366587a271dcdec1d3 (MD5) Tese Elisangela Ferreira1.pdf: 3390820 bytes, checksum: 09e2a58ff6039e9e7d8921fada58958f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T11:36:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Elisangela Ferreira3.pdf: 638793 bytes, checksum: 6dddeb8b08db41b089208317b8e9d519 (MD5) Tese Elisangela Ferreira2.pdf: 1098770 bytes, checksum: 9a20fdfb78bd57366587a271dcdec1d3 (MD5) Tese Elisangela Ferreira1.pdf: 3390820 bytes, checksum: 09e2a58ff6039e9e7d8921fada58958f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este trabalho estuda a sociedade de Xique-Xique, no sertão do São Francisco, no século XIX, observada pelo viés da família e da vida material. Na senda de outros estudos na área de história da família, esta instituição é pensada aqui de forma dinâmica e multifacetada, pois as estratégias locais colocavam em jogo vínculos e práticas que não se restringiam à família como unidade de residência, que se estendiam à parentela mais ampla, unida por laços de parentesco consangüíneo ou por alianças e relações de parentesco fictício. As múltiplas histórias abordadas dizem respeito aos mecanismos de apossamento e ocupação das terras; às estratégias familiares na busca e manutenção da riqueza e ao papel desta no acesso às instâncias do poder local; à difícil luta pela sobrevivência empreendida pela grande maioria economicamente pouco favorecida; à importância do casamento nos cálculos econômicos e sociais; e ao alcance da autonomia feminina nas decisões do cotidiano e da vida em comunidade. Para explorar estes tópicos, foram utilizados centralmente como fontes inventários post-mortem e testamentos, processos cíveis e criminais, registros eclesiásticos de terras, correspondências particulares e de diversas autoridades, relatórios de presidentes da província, narrativas de viagens e a legislação civil e eclesiástica. / Salvador

This work seeks to understand the bidding process for the people of the school with a focus on creation and deployment of the evening schools of the Empire of Alagoas in the period 1870 to 1889. It also aims to understand the reasons why the intellectuals of the empire devoted their time to adult education when the emphasis at that time was given to training children. The research makes use of documentary sources produced by the presidents of the province of Alagoas, directors of public instruction, the minister's business empire, as well as national and local education laws. The sources were also important periodical published by the Journal of Alagoas, Gutenberg and The Liberal, in which circulating advertisements offering evening classes for primary and maps produced by the school inspectors and teachers. Contributed to the dialogue with the documentary sources some ideas and concepts developed by authors such as Bloch (2001) and Farge (2009). For a broader view about the nineteenth century were important studies Gondra and Schueler (2008), Primitivo Moacyr (1939) and Viotti (2010). From the standpoint of the more specific History of Adult Education, contributions Lemme (1940) and Paiva (2003) were few references to access, given a lack of production on the most current area. Before the confrontation between the remains found and literature, it was concluded that the offer from school to people in the Brazilian Empire was part of a civilizing project in pursuit of building a national identity on concepts and visions of liberal ideals of European countries, particularly France and England. The net creation of night schools in Brazil was the 1870s, as the most promising of them, a trait that also marked the founding of such institutions in Alagoas. In total 31 schools were recorded, distributed in several cities like Maceió, Penedo, Alagoas (now Marshal Deodoro), Atalaia, Traipu, São Miguel dos Campos, São Luiz do Quitunde, Viçosa, among others, whose length of stay was minimal due to the difficulty to afford them and to ensure student attendance. Commit them resulted from action or praiseworthy "goodwill" of some members of the intelligentsia. The survey found that teachers of evening schools, in general, were those who taught the day shift, for which they received a bonus when not engaged in the activity for free. The biographical features of some of these teachers reveal that some of them belonged to the intellectual elite of the province of Alagoas and publishing in local newspapers, linked to the abolitionist movement / Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender como ocorreu o processo de oferta da escola para o povo com enfoque na criação e desdobramentos das escolas noturnas de Alagoas no período Imperial, de 1870 a 1889. Também objetiva compreender as razões pelas quais os intelectuais do Império dedicavam seu tempo à formação de adultos quando a ênfase, à época, era dada a formação infantil. A pesquisa utiliza-se de fontes documentais produzidas pelos presidentes da província de Alagoas, diretores de instrução pública, ministro de negócios do Império, assim como da legislação educacional nacional e local. As fontes periódicas, publicadas pelo Diário das Alagoas, o Gutenberg e O Liberal, nas quais circulavam anúncios de oferta de aulas noturnas de instrução primária e mapas escolares produzidos pelos inspetores e professores, também foram importantes. Contribuíram para o diálogo com as fontes documentais algumas ideias e conceitos desenvolvidos por autores como Bloch (2001) e Farge (2009). Para uma visão mais larga sobre o século XIX foram importantes os estudos de Gondra e Schueler (2008), Primitivo Moacyr (1939) e Viotti (2010). Do ponto de vista mais específico da História da Educação de adultos, as contribuições de Lemme (1940) e Paiva (2003) foram as poucas referências acessadas, dada uma ausência de produção mais atualizada sobre a área. Diante do confronto entre os vestígios encontrados e a literatura, foi possível concluir que a oferta da escola para o povo no Império brasileiro fez parte de um projeto civilizador na busca pela construção de uma identidade nacional pautada nos conceitos e visões dos ideais liberais dos países europeus, em especial da França e da Inglaterra. A rede de criação de escolas noturnas, no Brasil, teve a década de 1870 como a mais promissora delas, traço que também marcou a fundação dessas instituições em Alagoas. No total, foram contabilizadas 31 escolas, distribuídas por várias cidades como Maceió, Penedo, Alagoas (atual Marechal Deodoro), Atalaia, Traipu, São Miguel dos Campos, São Luiz do Quitunde, Viçosa, dentre outras, cujo tempo de permanência era mínimo pela dificuldade de custeá-las e garantir a frequência dos alunos. Efetivá-las resultou da ação benemérita ou da boa vontade de alguns membros da elite intelectual. A pesquisa constatou que os professores de escolas noturnas, regra geral, eram os mesmos que lecionavam no turno diurno, os quais recebiam uma gratificação quando não exerciam a atividade gratuitamente. Os traços biográficos de alguns desses docentes revelam que alguns deles pertenciam à elite intelectual da província de Alagoas com publicação nos jornais locais, ligados ao movimento abolicionista

Neste trabalho tratamos dos relatos dos viajantes que estiveram na cidade de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul no período 1800-1850. Procuramos analisar nos relatos de viagem as suas impressões sobre a cidade, dando ênfase à maneira como esses viajantes viram, interpretaram e descreveram a paisagem e os aspectos urbanos da cidade. Paralelamente percorremos a documentação oficial produzida pela Câmara de Municipal da vila/cidade, para tentarmos perceber qual era o olhar que a autoridade local tinha para com os aspectos relatados pelos viajantes neste período, ao mesmo tempo procuramos analisar as demandas da população sobre o seu espaço. Além desses aspectos, a análise da cartografia histórica desse período permitiu-nos perceber como se dera o crescimento espacial da cidade. Nosso objetivo foi traçar um paralelo entre os diversos olhares sobre Porto Alegre e estabelecer as diferenças e semelhanças entre estes: o “olhar estrangeiro” e o “olhar local”. / This thesis concerns the reports of travelers who came to the city of Porto Alegre, capital of the province of Rio Grande do Sul within the period of 1800-1850. Based on such accounts, we seek to analyze their thoughts about the city, emphasizing the way these travelers saw, interpreted and described the landscape and the urban aspects of Porto Alegre. Simultaneously we go through the official documents produced by the City Council to try to apprehend how the local authorities perceived the aspects related by those travelers during this period, also considering the claims of the local population about the area. Also, the analysis of the historical maps and charts of this period allowed us to understand the spatial growth of the city. Our goal was to make a connection between the many impressions of Porto Alegre and also to establish what are the differences and resemblances between the foreign and the local points of view.

L’intégralité des textes de Marcel Schwob a d’abord paru en journaux. On se propose d’étudier l’influence de cette « matrice » journalistique, avec ses fortes contraintes, sur l’écriture de Marcel Schwob, et symétriquement l’influence de la publication ultérieure des mêmes textes en recueils sur leur réception par le lecteur.Les textes de Marcel Schwob, s’ils demeurent référentiels (descriptifs du réel, récits d’anecdotes ou de choses vues, réflexions sur des cas judiciaires) sont le lieu d’une fictionnalisation de la chronique, ce qui pose le problème des contraintes auxquelles Marcel Schwob souscrit et de celles (comme la contrainte de référence directe à l’actualité) dont il s’exonère. Mais cette fictionnalisation de l’écriture journalistique n’est pas originale à la fin du XIXe siècle, et il s’agira de la replacer dans une tradition. Il serait alors possible de considérer l’écriture journalistique chez Schwob comme une expérience déterminante des techniques d’insertion d’un savoir sur le passé ou sur le réel contemporain non seulement dans une chronique, mais aussi dans une fiction. On montrera d’ailleurs que la frontière entre écriture dite « journalistique » et écriture dite « littéraire » n’est pas pertinente pour Marcel Schwob, pas plus que pour les écrivains journalistes qui lui sont contemporains.L’érudition dont Marcel Schwob fait spectacle sert à cacher (puis, dans Mœurs des diurnales à exhiber) des références et allusions apparemment savantes mais fictives, en tout cas douteuses pour le lecteur, tant il est vrai qu’il serait impossible de tout vérifier, ce que démontre bien l’impossibilité d’une édition critique exhaustivement annotée des œuvres de Schwob. / The full texts of Marcel Schwob first appeared in newspapers. It is proposed to investigate the influence of this journalistic "matrix", with its strong constraints on writing Marcel Schwob, and symmetrically the influence of the subsequent publication of the same texts in collections on their reception by the reader.The texts of Marcel Schwob, they remain repositories (descriptive of reality, stories or anecdotes of things seen , reflections on court cases) are the site of a fictionalization of chronic, which poses the problem of constraints Marcel Schwob subscribed and those (such as duress direct reference to the news) he is exempt. But this fictionalization of journalistic writing is not original to the late nineteenth century, and it will be replacing it in a tradition. It would then be possible to consider journalistic writing in Schwob as a defining experience of insertion techniques of knowledge about the past or contemporary reality not only chronic but also in fiction. Moreover, we show that the boundary between writing called "journalistic" and write so-called "literary" is not relevant to Marcel Schwob, nor for writers-journalists who are her contemporaries.The erudition Marcel Schwob shows is used to hide (and, in Moeurs des diurnales to exhibit) references and scholarly but apparently fictitious allusions in any doubtful case to the reader, as it is true that it would be impossible to verify all, which demonstrates the impossibility of exhaustively annotated critical edition of the works of Schwob.

La littérature artistique française du XIXe siècle est bipolaire dans sa représentation de l’introduction de l’italianisme en France. Entre décadence du génie français et célébration de la rénovation architecturale opérée par des agents de la Péninsule, rares se font les positions nuancées. La figure de Léon Palustre marque le paysage historiographique de l’époque par une approche dialectique aboutissant à une synthèse réconciliant les styles. Le présent travail analyse les topoï d’une historiographie où le récit événementiel, la rhétorique et l’attributionnisme postulent une symbiose entre Renaissance et génie national / Nineteenth century’s French artistic literature states a dualism in its representation of Italian forms’ appearance in France. Nuanced opinions were rare in between those who pretended the decadence of French genius and those who, contrariwise, extolled the architectural renovation carried out by agents of the Peninsula. Léon Palustre distinguished himself in the historiographical landscape by a dialectical approach generating a reconciling synthesis of styles. This work analyses the topos of a dissertation where history, rhetoric and attributionnism postulate a symbiosis between Renaissance and national genius

A Campanha, no Rio Grande do Sul, tem como principais características a predominância de produção pastoril e grande concentração fundiária. Em 1998 o IBGE identificou um grupo numeroso de pequenos produtores que se dedicam à bovinocultura de corte e com características de agricultores familiares, os quais foram identificados como pecuaristas familiares. A literatura que aborda esta categoria social considera que este grupo tem, na sua origem, diferentes trajetórias e que estes processos se desenvolveram no período inicial do século XX, ou seja, o pecuarista familiar é originário do século XX. No entanto as pesquisas históricas recentes mostram que pequenos criadores de gado estavam presentes na Campanha desde, pelo menos, o início do século XIX. O presente trabalho busca avaliar a natureza da relação histórica entre os pequenos criadores de gado do século XIX e os pecuaristas familiares da região da Campanha hoje. O estudo focaliza principalmente o município de Santana do Livramento, visto que além de ter uma tradição na produção pecuária extensiva também se mostra um município com uma significante presença de pecuaristas familiares na atualidade. O estudo utiliza o conceito de sistemas agrários e se baseia principalmente em dados extraídos de entrevistas com os pecuaristas familiares do município e fontes documentais primárias: censo, processos crimes e cíveis e inventários post-mortem. Esta pesquisa permite identificar como principais resultados a existência de estabelecimentos agrícolas que desenvolviam a pecuária em uma complexidade de tipos, que variavam quanto à dimensão do estabelecimento, modo de acesso à terra e o estatuto social da mão de obra. Ressalta-se neste trabalho a identificação de um grupo de criadores existentes no século XIX que possuíam pequenos rebanhos de gado e utilizavam principalmente a mão de obra familiar, sendo que muitos deles não possuíam a propriedade da terra. Este grupo demonstra a persistência dos pecuaristas familiares como uma categoria social na Campanha desde o período do século XIX. / The principal characteristics of the Campanha region of Rio Grande do Sul are the predominance of livestock production and concentrated landholdings. In 1998, the IBGE (Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute) identified a large group of small producers dedicated to raising beef cattle, with the characteristics of family farmers, who have been identified as family ranchers. The literature on this social category affirms that this group emerged from different trajectories and that these processes began in the early twentieth century. In other words, the family rancher is a product of the twentieth century. However, recent historical research shows that small-scale cattle ranchers were present in the Campanha since at least the beginning of the nineteenth century. This master’s thesis attempts to evaluate the nature of historical relations between small ranchers of the nineteenth century and the family ranchers of the Campanha region today. The study focuses principally on the municipality of Santana do Livramento, which in addition to having a tradition of land extensive livestock production also has a significant number of family ranchers today. The study uses the concept of agrarian systems and is based principally on data extracted from interviews with family ranchers in the municipality and from primary documentary sources: a census, criminal and civil court records, and probate records. This research allows identification of several types of livestock raising establishments, which varied in size, in forms of access to land and in the social and legal status of their workers. This work highlights the existence of a category of ranchers in the nineteenth century that had small herds of cattle and used primarily family labor, many of whom were not landowners. This group demonstrates the persistence of family ranchers as a social category in the Campanha since the nineteenth century.

anos 1882 e 1891. Por meio de catálogos e pesquisa de campo junto a acervos e coleções, procuramos fazer o levantamento de obras do pintor nesse período. A análise das paisagens foi realizada buscando apreender a percepção do artista em relação aos espaços representados. Em diálogo com a fenomenologia, foram utilizados como articulação teórica a noção de conversibilidade de Merleau-Ponty, o conceito de metaxu como explicado por Emanuele Coccia, e, ainda, a relação entre paisagem in visu e paisagem in situ proposta por Anne Cauquelin. A produção de Caron é contextualizada em sua época, sendo considerados os possíveis diálogos com artistas que lhe eram contemporâneos. Desse modo, ao refletir sobre sua pintura de paisagem, refletimos sobre esse gênero também no âmbito da arte brasileira do século XIX. / between the years 1882 and 1891. Through catalogs and field research with collections, we sought to survey the painter's works during that period. The analysis of the landscapes was carried out seeking to apprehend the perception of the artist in relation to the spaces represented. In dialogue with phenomenology, the notion of convertibility of Merleau-Ponty, the concept of metaxu as explained by Emanuele Coccia, and the relation between in visu and in situ landscape proposed by Anne Cauquelin were used as theoretical articulation. The production of Caron is contextualized in his time, being considered the possible dialogues with artists that were him contemporaries. Thus, in considering on his landscape painting, we think over this genre also in the context of nineteenth-century Brazilian art.