Examensarbetet är en läromedelsanalys där syftet är att undersöka hur ett läromedel iämnet svenska för årskurs 1 förhåller sig till läsförståelsestrategier. I arbetet undersöks vilka läsförståelsestrategier som framkommer i läromedlet Arktibus ögon, hur de strategi­erna kan kopplas till forskningsbaserade modeller som utvecklar läsförståelse och hur läromedlet stämmer överens med läroplanens kunskapskrav för läsförståelse i slutet av årskurs 1.   För att få svar på forskningsfrågorna gjordes en innehållsanalys och en litteraturstudie. Litteraturstudien innefattar tre forskningsbaserade läsförståelsemodeller som innehåller läsförståelsestrategier (reciprocal teaching, transactional strategies instruction och con­cept-oriented reading instruction). Dessa strategier har dokumenterats ge god effekt på läsförståelsen. Examensarbetet utgår från Vygotskijs teori om ett sociokulturellt lärande, som innebär att lärandet ses som något socialt som sker i samspel mellan individer.   Resultatet av studien visar att i Arktibus ögon framkommer de läsförståelsestrategier som de tre forskningsbaserade modellerna lyfter fram. Uppgifter i läromedlet som behandlar läsförståelse och läsförståelsestrategier går att koppla till alla delar av kunskapskravet för godtagbara kunskaper i läsförståelse för årskurs 1 (Skolverket 2019a).

In this thesis the performances of different approximations are compared for a standard actuarial and financial problem: the estimation of quantiles and conditional tail expectations of the final value of a series of discrete cash flows. To calculate the risk measures such as quantiles and Conditional Tail Expectations, one needs the distribution function of the final wealth. The final value of a series of discrete payments in the considered model is the sum of dependent lognormal random variables. Unfortunately, its distribution function cannot be determined analytically. Thus usually one has to use time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations. Computational time still remains a serious drawback of Monte Carlo simulations, thus several analytical techniques for approximating the distribution function of final wealth are proposed in the frame of this thesis. These are the widely used moment-matching approximations and innovative comonotonic approximations. Moment-matching methods approximate the unknown distribution function by a given one in such a way that some characteristics (in the present case the first two moments) coincide. The ideas of two well-known approximations are described briefly. Analytical formulas for valuing quantiles and Conditional Tail Expectations are derived for both approximations. Recently, a large group of scientists from Catholic University Leuven in Belgium has derived comonotonic upper and comonotonic lower bounds for sums of dependent lognormal random variables. These bounds are bounds in the terms of "convex order". In order to provide the theoretical background for comonotonic approximations several fundamental ordering concepts such as stochastic dominance, stop-loss and convex order and some important relations between them are introduced. The last two concepts are closely related. Both stochastic orders express which of two random variables is the "less dangerous/more attractive" one. The central idea of comonotonic upper bound approximation is to replace the original sum, presenting final wealth, by a new sum, for which the components have the same marginal distributions as the components in the original sum, but with "more dangerous/less attractive" dependence structure. The upper bound, or saying mathematically, convex largest sum is obtained when the components of the sum are the components of comonotonic random vector. Therefore, fundamental concepts of comonotonicity theory which are important for the derivation of convex bounds are introduced. The most wide-spread examples of comonotonicity which emerge in financial context are described. In addition to the upper bound a lower bound can be derived as well. This provides one with a measure of the reliability of the upper bound. The lower bound approach is based on the technique of conditioning. It is obtained by applying Jensen's inequality for conditional expectations to the original sum of dependent random variables. Two slightly different version of conditioning random variable are considered in the context of this thesis. They give rise to two different approaches which are referred to as comonotonic lower bound and comonotonic "maximal variance" lower bound approaches. Special attention is given to the class of distortion risk measures. It is shown that the quantile risk measure as well as Conditional Tail Expectation (under some additional conditions) belong to this class. It is proved that both risk measures being under consideration are additive for a sum of comonotonic random variables, i.e. quantile and Conditional Tail Expectation for a comonotonic upper and lower bounds can easily be obtained by summing the corresponding risk measures of the marginals involved. A special subclass of distortion risk measures which is referred to as class of concave distortion risk measures is also under consideration. It is shown that quantile risk measure is not a concave distortion risk measure while Conditional Tail Expectation (under some additional conditions) is a concave distortion risk measure. A theoretical justification for the fact that "concave" Conditional Tail Expectation preserves convex order relation between random variables is given. It is shown that this property does not necessarily hold for the quantile risk measure, as it is not a concave risk measure. Finally, the accuracy and efficiency of two moment-matching, comonotonic upper bound, comonotonic lower bound and "maximal variance" lower bound approximations are examined for a wide range of parameters by comparing with the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. It is justified by numerical results that, generally, in the current situation lower bound approach outperforms other methods. Moreover, the preservation of convex order relation between the convex bounds for the final wealth by Conditional Tail Expectation is demonstrated by numerical results. It is justified numerically that this property does not necessarily hold true for the quantile.

<div>Some of the biggest challenges with analog signal processing at radio frequencies (RF) are: RF loss at the frequency of interest, large enough fractional bandwidth, and sufficient delay. It is difficult to achieve enough delay in radio front ends using a purely electromagnetic approach since it is limited to a fraction of the speed of light. A solution has been the use of acoustic RF devices, such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) delaylines and MEMS filters. For some acoustic RF devices, like high performance Transmit and Receive SAW correlators, the long delays introduce significant propagation losses. These propagation losses can be compensated within the device by integrating a low noise amplifier into the acoustic correlator architecture. This can be accomplished by designing the SAW correlator on a high performance acoustoelectric (AE) platform. The AE effect is a phenomenon where nearby free carriers can interact with a travelling acoustic wave. Free carriers in close proximity to a piezoelectric material can interact with a travelling acoustic wave through its periodic potential. When a drift field is applied, depending on the relative velocity difference between the free carriers and acoustic wave, energy can either be transferred into (amplification) or out of (attenuation) the acoustic wave. </div><div><br></div><div>This thesis investigates the design and feasibility of AE MEMS devices on several Lithium Niobate (LN) platforms. First, the key acoustic and free carrier parameters are discussed and optimized for an ideal high performance AE material stack. In order to debug and analyze the performance of intermediate steps in the process of making high performance AE MEMS devices, three LN-based platforms are used throughout this work. These platforms help further examine some of the key challenges associated with making a high performance AE platform, like wafer bonding, fabrication, device design, and device operating conditions. These material stacks consist of: thin film LN bonded to a silicon wafer (LNOSi), thin film LN bonded to a silicon on insulator wafer (LNOSOI), and epitaxial indium gallium arsenide bonded to a LN wafer (InGaAs-LN).</div><div><br></div><div>The acoustic and piezoelectric performance of SAW devices on the LNOSi and LNOSOI platforms are modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics. A full study is performed to determine the piezoelectric coupling coefficient variation vs. device wavelength, propagation angle, transducer metal, and acoustic mode. A lumped element cross-field Mason model is modified to include substrate conductivity and simulated in Advanced Design System (ADS) software. SAW delaylines are then fabricated with both aluminum (Al) and gold (Au) Interdigital Transducers (IDT) and measured to compare to the simulated results. The analytical AE theory is then presented and calculations are performed to determine the desired (optimum) carrier concentration for AE devices. In addition to the 1D analytical AE model, initial work is done on developing a generalized 2D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) AE modeling scheme in COMSOL. The results for a piezoelectric semiconductor bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator and SAW delayline amplifier are presented. </div><div><br></div><div>On the LNOSi platform, gate controlled passive AE delaylines are fabricated and measured to examine the effects of LN bonding on Silicon free carrier concentrations and interface charges. Then, the fabrication and initial measurement results for doped Silicon AE delayline amplifiers are outlined. Based on the device design, the non-reciprocal nature of the AE effect can be used for more than just amplification and loss compensation. Using the InGaAs-LN platform, several classes of AE devices are designed and tested in pulsed mode operation. First, a series of segmented AE delayline amplifiers are measured to look at how the relative AE gain performance and input DC power scale with acoustic frequency, segment unit length, and number of segments. By taking advantage of the non-reciprocal shift in acoustic velocity, a dual-voltage AE delayline phase shifter is designed and tested. Routing of the acoustic waves between parallel delaylines can be accomplished through multistrip couplers (MSC) and can increase the library of possible AE device designs. The simplest example is a 3-port AE switch, which is designed and tested. The demonstration of these AE MEMS devices opens the door to a larger library of non-reciprocal acoustic devices utilizing the AE effect in high performance integrated material platforms.</div>

(English) Meiotic homologous recombination, homologous chromosomes synapsis, and F1 hybrid sterility (enabling formation of species) are mutually interconnected phenomenons, one being the prerequisite to the latter. In the present thesis, these phenomenons were investigated on a genetic and mechanistic level using a mouse subspecies as a model. Noncrossovers (NCOs, gene conversions), 90% prevalent resolution of Prdm9- determined meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs), were uniquely identified and characterized on a chromosome-wide level. The mean gene conversion tract length, based on 94 NCOs events, was calculated to be 32 bp. On a local level, the NCOs overlapped the known hotspots of PRDM9-controlled histone trimethylation and DSB formation, indicating their origin in the standard meiotic DSB repair pathway. On chromosome-wide level, NCO and CO distributions differed, in particular COs being relatively preferred over NCOs in subtelomeric regions. A specific subset of nonparental/asymmetric NCOs and COs was underrepresented in our datasets, proposing their problematic repair, hypothetically enabled by sister chromatids, and thus not contributing to indispensable homologous synapsis. Genome-wide crossover (CO) rates, genetically and mechanistically crucial ~10% of DSB repair, were proven to be...

Museums are increasingly reckoning with their roles in the colonization of Indigenous peoples as they seek to engage diverse forms of participation and justify their social relevance. Many are turning to digital solutions to aid with these endeavors, including digital repatriation/return platforms. How users interact with these platforms to create knowledge and how these platforms contribute to a larger decolonial aspiration is not well understood. In this study, I explore these issues, drawing on postcolonial/decolonial theories and affordance theory, using the Reciprocal Research Network (RRN). The RRN was co-designed by the Museum of Anthropology, U’mista Cultural Society, Musqueam Indian Band, and Stó:lō Nation/Tribal Council to meet the need for museums to involve Indigenous communities in heritage work. With an actor-network theory approach, I interviewed nine stakeholders (users, developers, and steering group members) of the RRN and explored the platform and documents to identify RRN actors’ specific enactments of decolonial aspirations as affordances. My exploration revealed that the RRN is bound as a network by the Item Search, which allowed for multiple entry points into a vast collection of heritage objects. These multiple entryways broke down technical and cultural barriers to and allowed for plurality in interaction with heritage. The RRN also allowed a direct contestation of museums’ data ownership by allowing users to dictate how shared knowledge is used. The RRN also was deeply embedded in Vancouver, BC, and its surrounding area, where multiple points of offline/online interaction allowed for deep explorations of the histories of First Nations peoples and aided in projects aimed at their revival. However, platform logics and museums’ lack of participation in relationship-building threatened the decolonial aspirations of the RRN. Broadly, my findings indicate that the RRN, as a communal heritage platform, is a necessary step towards building relations with Indigenous communities that requires further participation on museums’ part to develop.

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We study the thermodynamic properties induced by non-reciprocal interactions between stochastic degrees of freedom in time- and space-continuous systems. We show that, under fairly general conditions, non-reciprocal coupling alone implies a steady energy flow through the system, i.e., non-equilibrium. Projecting out the non-reciprocally coupled degrees of freedom renders non-Markovian, one-variable Langevin descriptions with complex types of memory, for which we find a generalized second law involving information flow.We demonstrate that non-reciprocal linear interactions can be used to engineer non-monotonic memory, which is typical for, e.g., time-delayed feedback control, and is automatically accompanied with a nonzero information flow through the system. Furthermore, already a single non-reciprocally coupled degree of freedom can extract energy from a single heat bath (at isothermal conditions), and can thus be viewed as a minimal version of a time-continuous, autonomous ‘Maxwell demon’.We also show that for appropriate parameter settings, the non-reciprocal system has characteristic features of active matter, such as a positive energy input on the level of the fluctuating trajectories without global particle transport.

<p><strong> </strong>Comparison of tissue-specific gene expression profiles between sibling species and their F1 interspecific hybrids are expected to reveal important information about the mechanisms involved in speciation and species divergence. In the present study, the expression of 40 candidate genes were analyzed using qRT-PCR in the testis, ovary and head tissues (both male and female) among the hybrids and their parental species. The expression patterns of these genes were profiled via quantification of misexpression (both over- and under-expression) relative to that of their parents as well as across tissues. We set out to answer several questions as well as test the following hypotheses: (1) Do <em>Drosophila</em> sibling species differ in tissue-specific distribution of gene expression? (2) Do males and females differ in tissue specific distribution of expression? (3) Do reciprocal crosses differ in patterns of gene misexpression suggesting X-effect? (4) Do sex and non-sex genes differ in extent of gene misexpression? The results of this study gave rise to two important findings. First, it was found that while the majority of genes showed head and testis expression in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, more genes showed head and ovary expression in <em>D. sechellia</em>. Second, we observed differences in gene misexpression between reciprocal <em>D. simulans </em>and <em>D. sechellia</em> hybrid females, suggesting the role of maternal effect. Thus, these findings supply a wealth of data regarding tissue-specific expression in both fertile females and sterile male hybrids, the former of which have largely been ignored, as well as advance our understanding of the process of species divergence and speciation. Ultimately, this thesis will provide a contribution to the field of gene regulatory evolution.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)