This research study is a concept analysis of the Critical Cross-Field Outcomes (CCFOs). Legislation and related documentation such as SAQA Bulletins, respective Acts, and position papers of the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) and the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) describe the CCFOs as one of the transformational tools utilised by the SAQA to ensure access, portability and lifelong learning. CCFOs express the intended results of education and training and underpin all learning processes, thus enhancing the learning process and contributing to the full development of an individual. CCFOs are generic and cross-curricular, they are not restricted to any specific learning context, but inform the formulation of specific outcomes in the individual areas of learning for all learners at all levels on the NQF. CCFOs should direct education, training and development practices, as well as the design and implementation of learning programmes. Learning materials should also be designed and utilised accordingly. Critical Cross-Field Outcomes are also referred to as soft competencies, personal competencies, thinking competencies and life competencies, which are the abilities that people need to be active, responsible and successful members of society. They provide the means to build a career and make the person more effective in executing a job. CCFOs should be developed during learning processes so that learners are able to deploy them when achieving work-related outcomes. Knowledge is of little value if it cannot be utilised in new situations or in a form very different from that in which it was originally encountered. Although knowledge is a necessary requirement in education, training and development, it is not sufficient for becoming an expert. What is needed is some evidence that the learners can do something with their knowledge, which implies that they can apply what they know to new situations and problems. The CCFOs are tools that the learner or facilitator can utilise to access knowledge and to develop new knowledge of purposeful objectives. The outcome of this research is a categorisation of underpinning competencies related to the CCFO statements that facilitators, proposers of qualifications, service providers and Education and Training Quality Assurance (ETQA) Managers can use to incorporate the CCFOs in the education, training and development initiatives. These competencies also serve as the starting point for the outcomes-based principle of designing back. These competencies can also be utilized as a benchmark for conducting competencies audits on the CCFOs. Selected competencies are to be implemented at all levels of the NQF in all the fields as identified by SAQA. / Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

On its own, the Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) is not a solution to either inequalities or unemployment, but it is an important strategy to address access to education and training for those previously excluded (SAQA, 2003a, p. 31) This study deals with the search for valid and sustainable mechanisms for the implementation of the Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) in South Africa. Some of the elements that facilitate implementation include stringent quality criteria and common benchmarks that build trust in the process and ensures the protection of the integrity of the system. In an education and training system, which is subject to intense change, RPL has an important contribution to make to the opening up of access to education and training for individuals previously denied the privilege. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Curriculum Studies / Unrestricted

”Jag tror ju att det mesta är vilja, vill du tillräckligt mycket då kan du alltid lära dig” - En kvalitativ studie om kunskapsdelningens förutsättningar i svensk tillverkningsindustri. Vår kandidatuppsats syftar till att bidra med ökad kunskap och förståelse om vilka förutsättningar och hinder som påverkar kunskapsdelningsprocessen.    Studiens teoretiska referensram baseras på teorier och tidigare forskning gällande kunskap som begrepp, förutsättningar och faktorer som påverkar kunskapsdelning samt Knowledge Management. Den teoretiska referensramen har utvecklats och omarbetats under studiens gång baserat på det empiriska materialet likt det abduktiva förhållningssättet. Metoden för studien var av kvalitativ karaktär med semi-strukturerande intervjuer som insamlingsmetod, där sex (6) av elva (11) anställda från en avdelning i den undersökta verksamheten deltog.   Studiens resultat visar att organisatoriska förutsättningar,  relationer samt organisationskulturen har påtaglig inverkan på möjligheterna att dela kunskap och i de fall förutsättningarna inte är gynnsamma hindras processen avsevärt. Studien visar på att kunskapsdelning tydligt påverkas av sociala faktorer kopplade till medarbetarnas relationer och att den interpersonella kontexten är av central betydelse. Vidare framkommer att avsaknad av Knowledge Management är ett tydligt hinder för kunskapsdelning vilket synliggör behovet av att kunskapsdelning leds genom ett aktivt Knowledge Management. / "I think most of it are will, if you want enough then you can always learn" - A qualitative study on the conditions of knowledge sharing in the Swedish manufacturing industry. Our bachelor's thesis aims to contribute with increased knowledge and understanding about the conditions and obstacles that affect the knowledge sharing process.  The theoretical frame of reference of the study is based on theories and previous research regarding knowledge as a concepts, conditions and factors that influence knowledge sharing and Knowledge Management. The theoretical frame of reference has been developed and revised during the study based on the empirical material similar to the abductive approach. The method of the study was of a qualitative nature with semi-structured interviews as a method of data-collection in which six (6) out of eleven (11) respondents from a department in the studied organization participated.  The results of the study show that organizational conditions, relationships, and organizational culture have a strong impact on the ability to share knowledge and in cases where the conditions are not favorable, the process is significantly hindered. The study shows that knowledge sharing is strongly influenced by social factors linked to employees' relationships and that the interpersonal context is of central importance. Furthermore, it emerges that the absence of Knowledge Management is a clear barrier to knowledge sharing, which highlights the need for knowledge sharing to be led through active Knowledge Management.

The thesis is focused at the measurement of the benefit of modern technologies in relation to sustainable development for companies that are implementing the so-called Key Enabling Technologies, into their production processes. The multidisciplinarity of these technologies and their huge impact on societal and environmental challenges of the current society are the reason, why the companies implementing these technologies have to be assessed differently, more comprehensively. It is also proven within the detailed literature review. The aim of the thesis is to develop evaluation model of the benefit of modern technologies in manufacturing companies that reflects the aspects of the sustainable development. For this purpose, the relevant performance indicators have to be developed. The various statistical methods are applied, especially the structural equation modelling, in order to achieve the goal of the thesis. Finally, the pilot testing of the optimized model is realized on the specific company.

Against a burgeoning worldwide discourse on the psychological and emotional impact of HIV&AIDS on children’s development, I conducted an empirical inquiry to explore how a group of nine orphaned and vulnerable children who were residing in a children’s home negotiated pathways to well-being while they were affected by HIV&AIDS. The study aimed to explore, understand and describe the phenomenon of well-being within the specific context of the child participants’ perspectives of their life-worlds. The study was informed by a qualitative and instrumental case study design within an interpretivist paradigm. In addition, it was guided by a conceptual framework derived from key concepts within the fields of HIV&AIDS, positive psychology, coping and resilience theories. The study employed both inductive and deductive methods for knowledge development. I utilised task-based participatory activities to guide the informal and conversational interviews with the children in the study as the main data generation strategy. I incorporated the use of informal observations and an examination of documentation as additional data generation methods. By means of a thematic analysis approach incorporating principles of the constructivist grounded theory analysis of the children’s expressions, I gained insights that informed my understanding of the children’s perceptions and experiences of well-being, risks, challenges and stressors. Findings indicate that the children in the study experienced risks, challenges and stressors arising from personal illness, stigma, discrimination, orphanhood, residential care, death and bereavement. The study has further revealed that those children who portrayed characteristics of well-being and resilient adaptation utilised psychosocial coping mechanisms. In addition, they were supported and strengthened by their positive intrapersonal characteristics and affirmative relationships that offered emotional and psychosocial support within their environments. The findings of the study suggest that feelings of well-being, hope and optimism might have co-existed with feelings of despair and hopelessness in the daily lives of the children in the study who were affected by HIV&AIDS. I concluded this study by suggesting that the well-being experiences of the children in this study may exist on a continuum and may depend on specific events, occasions or incidents on a day-to-day basis. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar as experiências, sentimentos e expectativas de casais em processo de adoção legal na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram acompanhados diversos casais e entrevistados em profundidade três deles, os quais se encontravam em momentos distintos dos processos legais de adoção de cada um. Através de observação participante foram identificadas e acompanhadas algumas fases recorrentes no processo de adoção, em que se destacam dois momentos ou etapas significativas que se superpõem: o processo de habilitação de pretendentes à adoção, onde é mandatório seguir um curso destinado aos candidatos à adoção, e que é conduzido e certificado pelos Grupos de Apoio à Adoção, autorizados pelas Varas de Infância, Juventude e do Idoso de cada comarca / município; o outro momento e observado corresponde às visitas a abrigos de crianças e jovens sob a tutela do Estado. Ao analisar esse material, foram encontradas semelhanças e diferenças entre as experiências dos casais, cada qual marcada por um sentimento e questão particulares. A partir de suas narrativas foram observadas diferenças na atuação dos operadores técnicos – Grupos de Apoio, Juizados e abrigos institucionais – que contradizem uma impressão inicial dos participantes, de que o processo legal seria um caminho reto e menos complicado para o tão sonhado filho. / [en] This dissertation aims to present and analyze the experiences, feelings, and expectations of some couples in the process of legal adoption in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Several couples were monitored and three of them were interviewed in depth; they were, each one, at different times in the legal processes of adopting. Through participant observation, some recurring stages in the adoption process were identified, especially two significant moments or stages that overlap: the process of qualifying applicants for adoption, where it is mandatory to follow a course for candidates for adoption, which is conducted and certified by the Adoption Support Groups, authorized by the Child, Youth and Elderly Courts of each district / municipality; the other moment corresponds to visits to shelters for children and young people under the tutelage of the State. When analyzing this material, similarities and differences were found between the couples experiences, each marked by a particular feeling and issue. From their narratives, differences were observed in the performance of the technical operators – Support Groups, Courts, and institutional shelters - which contradict the initial impression of the participants, that the legal process would be a straight and less complicated path for the long-dreamed son.

[pt] O trabalho Ambiente esportivo e cuidado: repercussões no amadurecimento pessoal trata da facilitação ambiental ao processo de desenvolvimento do ser humano, proveniente de ações de cuidados advindas de fora do núcleo familiar. Tendo por base a teoria do amadurecimento pessoal de Winnicott, com ênfase em seus conceitos de ambiente facilitador e cuidado, buscou-se evidenciar as possibilidades que um ambiente esportivo tem de contribuir positivamente para a vida de crianças e adolescentes. Para tanto, elegeu-se um projeto social esportivo cuja filosofia preza pela formação de cidadãs, e não de atletas. Foram, então, selecionadas dez ex-participantes de suas atividades esportivo-educativas que tenham passado, no mínimo, cinco anos frequentando o projeto, e que tenham seguido carreiras diversas da esportiva. Realizou- se, então, uma entrevista com roteiro oculto semiestruturado, abordando os temas: histórico no projeto social, motivos de entrada, de permanência e de saída, aprendizados e o ambiente esportivo-educacional. Constatou-se, em seus discursos, que apesar de valorizadas, as questões esportivas são menos enfatizadas do que aquelas concernentes ao ambiente relacional do projeto. Estas, por sua vez, motivaram sua permanência e são responsabilizadas pelos aprendizados que as entrevistadas relatam terem tido. São também enfatizadas as repercussões da participação no projeto fora das quadras, em sua autoestima e sentimento de empoderamento perante a vida, no relacionamento interpessoal (em casa, no trabalho, na faculdade) e em seu senso ético. Para fins de análise dos dados das entrevistas, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, conforme proposto por Laurence Bardin. / [en] The work Sports environment and care: effects on maturational process deals with environmental facilitation: from care actions arising outside of the family environment, to the human development process itself. Based on Winnicott s theory of personal maturation, with emphasis on the concepts of facilitating environment and care, it sought to highlight the possibilities through which a sporting environment can positively contribute to the lives of children and adolescents. To achieve this goal, a specific sports social project whose philosophy values the formation of citizens, not athletes, was analyzed. Then, ten former participants of the social project s sporting and educational activities, who have spent at least five years attending the project, and who have followed different careers rather than becoming professional athletes, were selected and submitted to a semi-structured interview, with hidden script, on the following themes: personal records and history within the social project; input on reasons for enrolling, staying and leaving the project; personal growth and learning; and the sports-educational environment. It was found in their answers that, although cherished, the sports issues are less stressed than those concerning the relational aspects of attending a sports-educational environment. Such relational aspects, in fact, led to the respondents permanence in the project and were, according to them, responsible for the learning that they report having had. The impact of participation in the project off-court is also emphasized, especially concerning their self-esteem and sense of empowerment towards life, interpersonal relationships (at home, at work, in college) and in their sense of ethics. To analyze the interview data, content analysis, as proposed by Laurence Bardin, was used.

Bakgrund: Idag står offentliga organisationer och samhället som helhet inför många oväntade händelser och kriser, som kan innebära både möjligheter och hot. Det är viktigt att organisationer hittar olika sätt att hantera dessa situationer. Att vara motståndskraftig som organisation är avgörande. Det handlar om förmågan att anpassa sig till förändringar och svårigheter som kan hota organisationens verksamhet och mål. Det krävs också en noggrann analys av hur organisationer kan dra nytta av den ibland kaotiska miljön för att främja hållbar utveckling. Syfte: Trots den uppmärksamhet som organisatorisk motståndskraft får, har få studier analyserat integrationen mellan organisatorisk motståndskraft och styrsystem, särskilt inom offentliga organisationer. Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur offentliga organisationer utformar sina styrsystem för att stärka sin motståndskraft. Genom att undersöka nuvarande praxis och identifiera eventuella brister, avser studien också att formulera konkreta rekommendationer för att förbättra styrningen och därigenom öka motståndskraften inom offentliga organisationer. Metod: Studien har genomförts inom offentliga organisationer. Denna uppsats bygger på en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en iterativ forskningsansats. För att samla in data  användes en kombination av primära och sekundära källor, inklusive semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Tidigare forskningsmaterial har inhämtats från artiklar och böcker som behandlar ämnet styrning. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar att offentliga organisationer utformar och utvecklar sina styrsystem genom att integrera kontinuitetsplanering, delaktighet, lärande och samarbete för att främja en mer robust organisatorisk motståndskraft. Inom offentlig sektor har flera utmaningar identifierats, såsom målkonflikter, bristfälligt tvärsektoriellt samarbete, begränsat handlingsutrymme, informations- och cybersäkerhet samt oklara mål. Dessutom har studien identifierat flera faktorer som påverkar organisatorisk motståndskraft, vilka grupperas på tre nivåer (yt-, mellan- och djupnivå). Dessa faktorer interagerar med varandra både inom varje nivå och mellan olika nivåer. / Background:  Today, public organizations and society as a whole face many unexpected events and crises, which can present both opportunities and threats. It is important for organizations to find different ways to manage these situations. Being resilient as an organization is crucial. It involves the ability to adapt to changes and difficulties that may threaten the organization's operations and goals. It also requires a thorough analysis of how organizations can leverage the sometimes chaotic environment to promote sustainable development. Purpose: Despite the attention that organizational resilience receives, few studies have analyzed the integration between organizational resilience and control systems, particularly within public organizations. This study aims to increase understanding of how public organizations design their control systems to enhance their resilience. By examining current practices and identifying potential shortcomings, the study also intends to formulate concrete recommendations to improve governance and thereby increase resilience within public organizations. Method: The study has been conducted within public organizations. This paper is based on a qualitative interview study with an iterative research approach. To gather data, a combination of primary and secondary sources was used, including semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Previous research material has been collected from articles and books addressing the topic of Management. Conclusions: The study's findings demonstrate that public organizations shape and develop their governance systems by integrating continuity planning, participation, learning, and collaboration to enhance a more robust organizational resilience. Within the public sector, several challenges have been identified, such as goal conflicts, inadequate cross-sectoral collaboration, limited scope for action, information and cybersecurity, and unclear objectives. Additionally, the study has pinpointed several factors influencing organizational resilience, which are categorized into three levels (surface, intermediate, and deep). These factors interact with each other both within each level and across different levels.

Bakgrund och problem: Skolverksamhet präglas idag av en komplex mix av utmaningar som påverkar individer, såsom rektorer, lärare, föräldrar och elever. Rektorn har en central roll som inkluderar att organisera och leda skolan så att målen uppfylls. Tidigare forskning beskriver hur rektorns roll har förändrats och visar på ökad styrning och administration. Det beror på flera aspekter, såsom ett ökat externt tryck från myndigheter. Det betonas även hur skolledare har fått en roll där olika styrlogiker möts och att den offentliga sektorn präglas av motstridiga ideal.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur rektorer upplever styrningen av kommunala grundskolor, utifrån perspektiven förvaltning, lärare, elever/föräldrar och media. Genom att undersöka hur rektorerna navigerar och tolkar styrning från olika perspektiv, strävar studien efter att ge en mångsidig bild av hur styrningen upplevs och hanteras av rektorerna. Vidare är syftet att studera hur styrningen av rektorerna, influerar deras sätt att styra och leda sina skolor. Därav strävar studien efter att öka förståelsen för komplexiteten i rektorernas yrkesroll och de utmaningar de möter i sitt dagliga arbete med att leda och styra sina skolor.  Metod: Studien har genomförts på rektorer i kommunala grundskolor runt om i södra Sverige och är därmed en multipel fallstudie. Vidare har studien antagit en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv forskningsansats med inslag av en iterativ ansats. Studien har även använt semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in det empiriska materialet. Det teoretiska materialet samlades in genom tidigare forskning om styrning i skolan i form av artiklar och böcker.  Slutsatser: Uppsatsen belyser att den möjliggörande och tvingande styrningen samexisterar i kommunala grundskolor, utifrån rektorernas upplevelser. Ett övergripande mönster är att det förekommer skillnader mellan kommuner, avseende såväl politiska aspekter som upplevelsen av styrmedel. Det identifieras också hur rektors styrning och ledning influeras och bland annat visar uppsatsen att ökad administration begränsar det pedagogiska ledarskapet. Det konstateras även att rektorn behöver använda en pedagogisk ledarstil när tilliten är låg och en fördelad ledarstil när tillititen är hög mellan professionerna. / Background and problem: In today's educational landscape, we encounter a complex mix of challenges affecting individuals, such as principals, teachers, parents and students. The principal plays a central role in the school, which includes organizing and leading the institution, to achieve the general goals. Previous research highlights how the role of the principal has evolved, showing increased control and administration, influenced by various factors such as increased external pressures from authorities. It also emphasizes the clash of different control logics in the principals´ role and that the public sector is characterized by competing ideals.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe how principals perceive the control of municipal compulsory schools, from the perspective of administration, teachers, parents/students and media. Exploring how principals navigate and interpret the control from various perspectives, the study aims to provide a diverse picture of how control is perceived and managed by the principals. Furthermore, the aim is to examine how the control of principals influence thier ways of controlling and leading thier schools. Hence, the study also aims to increase the understanding of the complexity of principals´professional role and the challenges they encounter in their daily work of leading and controlling their school.  Method: The study was conducted with principals in municipal compulsory schools across southern Sweden, constituting a multiple case study. Additionally, a qualitative research method has been adopted, with an abductive research approach, incorporating elements of the iterative approach. The study used semi-structured interviews to gather empirical data, while theoretical materials were sourced from previous research on control in schools in the form of articles and books.  Conclusion: The thesis highlights that enabling and coercive control coexist in municipal compulsory schools, based on the principals´experiences. An overarching pattern is that there are differences between municipalities regarding both political aspects and the perception of control measures. Further, we identify how the principals's control and leadership are influenced and among other things, the thesis shows that increased administration limits pedagogical leadership. It is also noted that the principal needs to use a pedagogical leadership approach when trust is low, and a distributed leadership style when trust is high between the professions.

Bakgrund: Sjukvården i Sveriges står inför en problematik, vilken kan hänföras till få vårdplatser och knappa resurser, vilket i sin tur lett till överbelastade akutmottagningar. Denna problematik ställer krav på att utveckla förbättringar i syfte att öka effektiviteten och kvaliteten på mottagningarna. Styrningen av förbättringsprocesser består av både möjliggörande och tvingande inslag, vilka kan komma att antingen samspela eller ge upphov till styrspänningar.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att identifiera och analysera olika aspekter av förbättringsarbete på akutmottagningar, såsom hur de styrs och dess potentiella utmaningar. Studien syftar även till att undersöka de anställdas upplevelser av de möjliggörande och tvingande inslagen av styrningen samt ge förslag på hur styrningen av förbättringsarbete kan utvecklas i framtiden.  Metod: Studien har innefattat semistrukturerade intervjuer med diverse chefer, läkare, sjuksköterskor och politiker i Region Kronoberg och Region Kalmar, vilket gör det till en multipel flerfallstudie av kvalitativ karaktär. I metodavsnittet beskrivs det hur det empiriska materialet samlats in. Slutsats: Förbättringsarbete analyserades utifrån aspekterna: kvalitet, flöde och effektivitet, där det tydliggjordes hur förbättringsarbetet består av att möta de utmaningar som finns samtidigt som kostnadseffektivitet och vårdkvalitet behövs tas i beaktning. Vidare identifierades möjliggörande styrning på akutmottagningarna i form av värdegrunden och visionen, och i den professionella autonomin. Den tvingande styrningen kunde istället ses i budgeten och verksamhetsplaner, regler och riktlinjer samt i RETTS-systemet. Fem stycken styrspänningar identifierades mellan professionell autonomi och formella regelverk, personalbrist och överbelastning, effektiviseringskrav och resursbrist, läkare och sjuksköterskor, samt medicinsk personal och administrativa samt politiska aktörer. Dessa spänningar och relationer mellan aktörerna i regionerna förklarades med hjälp av aktör-nätverksteori. / Background: Swedish healthcare is facing problems associated with few hospital beds and scarce resources, which in turn has led to an overload in the emergency departments. This issue has created a demand for process improvement aimed at increasing the efficiency and quality of the emergency departments. Management of process improvement consists of both enabling and coercive elements, which may either interact or create tensions in governance. Purpose: The purpose of the essay is to identify and analyze various aspects of improvement work in emergency departments, such as how it is managed and its potential challenges. The study also aims to examine employees’ experiences of the enabling and coercive elements of management, and to provide suggestions on how the controls can be developed in the future. Method: The study has involved semi-structured interviews with various managers, physicians, nurses and politicians in Region Kronoberg and Region Kalmar, making it a multiple case study of qualitative nature. The methodology section describes how the empirical data was collected.  Conclusion: Improvement work was analyzed based on the aspects of quality, patient flow and efficiency, clarifying how the improvement work consists of meeting the challenges that exist while at the same time taking cost efficiency and quality of care into account. Furthermore, enabling control was identified in emergency departments in the form of the value and vision, and in the professional autonomy. Coercive controls could instead be seen in the budget, the operational plans, rules and guidelines, and the RETTS-system. Five tensions were identified between professional autonomy and formal regulations, staff shortages and overcrowding, efficiency demands and resource shortages, doctors and nurses, and medical staff and administrative as well as political actors. These tensions and relationships between actors in the regions were explained using actor-network theory.