This work takes as its central issue the existential movement as it appears in the philosophy of Soren Kierkegaard. There appears to be relatively little secondary literature on this topic, so it is a very fruitful area to explore. The texts explored include Kierkegaard's 'psychological' books, in particular Concept of Anxiety and Sickness unto Death. These provide our work with the crucial concepts of innocence, guilt, despair, anxiety, existence and spirit. From the more traditional philosophical works, Philosophical Fragments, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments and Johannes Climacus have been utilised. These texts inform the work mostly on the meaning of movement, doubt, contradiction and absolute paradox. From the more lyrical works, this work is informed by Fear and Trembling and Repetition. Inquiry into these texts combined will provide a picture of existential movement as it is presented by Kierkegaard. This work attempts to capture the 'becoming subjective' which is so central to Kierkegaard's thought, through the reconstruction of the existential stages. It is also the purpose of this work (in the process) to treat areas of Kierkegaard's thought that are usually left untreated. The latter are for example, the problematic of the leap of sin, the unclear status of the...

[pt] O garantismo penal busca a interpretação do Direito Penal e Processual Penal em consonância com a Constituição, assegurando a todos os cidadãos, inclusive aqueles que respondem a processos, os direitos e garantias individuais, limitando o poder estatal. O direito penal deve ser fulcrado em princípios como legalidade estrita (devendo ser feita a análise da tipicidade de forma conglobante), materialidade e lesividade dos delitos, responsabilidade pessoal, contraditório, a presunção de inocência dentre outros, não podendo intervir de forma violenta contra o acusado, sob pena de estar contribuindo para o aumento da violência. Prisão não é solução contra crimes. Deve-se investir mais em políticas públicas efetivas. A liberdade é a regra. Prisão, exceção. Deve o magistrado, quando a prisão não for adequada e necessária, aplicar outras cautelares. As prisões cautelares devem servir ao processo, observando-se as regras processuais e princípios constitucionais. Na garantia da ordem pública, deve-se demonstrar o perigo na liberdade de forma concreta. As decisões do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas devem estar em consonância com as decisões garantistas do Supremo Tribunal Federal. / [en] The Penal Guaranteeism persuits the Criminal Law and Procedures interpretation in line with the Constitution, assuring all the citizens, including the ones whom respond to proceedings, the rights and individual guarantee, limiting the State power. The criminal law must be established to principles such as strict legality, (must be made the analysis of the typical features in an encompass way), materiality and how the offences prejudice, personal responsibility, contradictory, the presumption of innocence among others, do not taking part in a violent way against the accused, under penalty of being contributing to the violence increase. Arrest is not the solution against crimes. It must be more invested in effective public policies. Freedom is the rule. Arrest, an exception. The magistrate must apply interim measures when the arrest is not suitable or necessary. The interim measures must serve the proceeding, taking into account the procedural rules and the constitutional principles. In the public order assurance statement, it must be shown the danger in freedom in a concrete way. Court of Justice of the Estate of Minas Gerais decisions must be in line with the decisions from the garantists of the Supreme Court.

[pt] O trabalho tem como objetivo a análise crítica da prisão provisória brasileira à luz do Garantismo como modelo penal epistemológico, normativo e axiológico de legitimação do sistema processual-penal brasileiro de acordo com os parâmetros do Estado Constitucional de Direito. É possível constatar que o processo penal, em consonância com a visão metodológica instrumentalista própria do Garantismo, além da finalidade jurídica de fazer atuar o direito penal nos estritos limites da legalidade, presta-se ao objetivo maior de assegurar o respeito efetivo aos direitos fundamentais de indivíduos condenados, processados ou suspeitos da prática de infrações penais, contemplados na Constituição Federal de 1988, através das garantias inerentes ao devido processo legal, orientado pelo princípio político de presunção de inocência. O estudo das variadas modalidades de prisão provisória previstas no ordenamento jurídico pátrio conferiu ênfase à análise teleológica, especialmente ao questionamento da declarada natureza cautelar da prisão antes da condenação definitiva. Procurou-se criticar a tendência atual de utilização da prisão processual para fins inadequados de política criminal. Verificou-se que a prisão provisória nem sempre tem natureza cautelar, mas também assume fins extraprocessuais próprios à pena, ocupando assim um lugar privilegiado na economia real do sistema penal, revelando-se medida processual ilegítima em face do princípio constitucional de presunção de inocência. A partir de uma ponderação acerca de sua necessidade à luz do critério da proporcionalidade, também foi possível concluir que é necessário e possível criar mecanismos legais alternativos à prisão provisória enquanto medida cautelar. / [en] The work has as objective the critical analysis of the Brazilian provisory arrest in the light of the Garantism as an epistemological, normative and axiological criminal model for legitimating the Brazilian procedural-criminal system, in accordance with the parameters of the Constitutional State of Law. It is possible to realize that the criminal proceeding, in accordance with the proper methodological instrumentalist vision of the Garantism, beyond the legal purpose of reinforcing the criminal law in the strict limits of legality, is useful to the higher objective of effectively assuring the respect of the basic rights of individuals condemned, processed or suspected for the practical of misdemeanors, through the inherent guarantees of the due process of law, guided by the political principle of innocence presumption contemplated in the Federal Constitution of 1988. The study of several modalities of provisory arrest foreseen at the native legal system emphasizes the teleological analysis, especially for questioning the declared provisional nature of the arrest before the definitive conviction. The current trend of using the procedural arrest for inadequate ends of criminal politics was criticized, verifying that the provisory arrest not always has provisional nature, but also assumes extra procedural purposes, thus occupying a privileged place in the real economy of the criminal system, being an illegitimate procedural measure in face of the constitutional principle of innocence presumption. From a perspective concerning its necessity in the light of proportionality criterion, it was also possible to conclude that it is necessary and possible to create alternative legal mechanisms to the provisory arrest as a provisional measure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Augusto Antunes.pdf: 587638 bytes, checksum: e38d8fd384e746318641f7f12aaab1a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-09 / Centro Universitário Assunção UNIFAI / The dissertation shall treat the principle of the presumption of innocence, by approaching its historical evolution and its current concepts within the legal system in which it is fitted. The mentioned principle shall be analyzed in the scope of international treaties and legal systems of other countries. The dissertation shall also deal with the so called criminal law of the enemy, as amended by the current doctrine of criminal law, by presenting its origins and the treatment it received in the legislation of other countries, in order to demonstrate the cases in which this right is currently previewed in the Brazilian legislation. At the end, a critical analysis on the possibility of harmonizing the principle of the presumption of innocence and the criminal law of the enemy shall be accomplished, by making some conclusive reflections on the paths of the criminal law in the future, by considering the coexistence of both systems / A dissertação tratará do princípio da presunção de inocência, abordando a sua evolução histórica e a sua conceituação atual, dentro do sistema legal em que enquadrado. Referido princípio será analisado no âmbito dos tratados internacionais e dos sistemas legais de outros países. A dissertação também cuidará do denominado direito penal do inimigo, conforme destaque da doutrina atual de direito penal, apresentando as suas origens e o tratamento que lhe foi dado pela legislação de outros países, para se demonstrarem, também, os casos em que esse direito é atualmente previsto na legislação brasileira. Ao final, buscar-se-á fazer uma análise crítica sobre a possibilidade de harmonização entre o princípio da presunção de inocência e o sistema do direito penal do inimigo, fazendo algumas reflexões conclusivas sobre os caminhos do direito penal do futuro, considerando a coexistência de ambos os sistemas

Bc. Martina Stanjurová The Chronic Innocence: A Queer Reading Abstract: The Master's thesis analyses Klaus Rifbjerg's novel The Chronic Innocence (1958), one of the central works of the Danish literature. The analysis is carried out from the gender studies perspective, namely through the principles of the post structuralist queer theories. The thesis deals with the analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between the central figures, the narrator Janus and his classmate Tore. By using the queer reading method, the thesis unveils how the narrator expresses and conceals his platonic fascination for the friend. Moreover, the thesis tries to explain the essence of the narrator's relationship to the female figures, which shows misogynic traits.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la chimie organométallique des complexes pince indényle/indénediide de palladium et de platine et leurs applications en catalyse coopérative métal-ligand. Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit fait un point bibliographique non-exhaustif du domaine de la coopérativité métal-ligand, des travaux de Noyori sur l'hydrogénation asymétrique, jusqu'aux récents travaux de Milstein avec les ligands désaromatisés. Les ligands pince sont également présentés. Du premier exemple PCP décrit par Shaw jusqu'au CNC développé par Bezuidenhout. La versatilité de ces ligands est illustrée à travers quelques modifications permettant des réactivités originales ou l'isolation d'espèces hautement instables. Le second chapitre présente une nouvelle réaction de formation de cycle avec le complexe pince indénediide de palladium. Cette réaction implique pour la première fois deux molécules de substrat, le CO2 comme source C1 et les propargylamines/homopropargylamines. L'étude mécanistique du système a permis d'établir l'implication de la coopérativité métal-ligand. Ensuite, le troisième chapitre est un chapitre de chimie exploratoire. De nouvelles réactivités ont été étudiées avec les complexes pince de platine. L'activation de liaisons peu polaires telles que H-H et H-Si ont permis la réduction de liaisons insaturées. Les propositions mécanistiques, qu'il reste à confirmer, semblent indiquer que les métathèses ?, ainsi que les insertions migratoires, sont possibles avec ces complexes. Finalement, le dernier chapitre est consacré au développement d'un nouveau ligand pince ayant la particularité d'être hémilabile et ouvrant ainsi la voie à de nouvelles réactivités. Sa coordination au palladium, ainsi que la déprotonation de ce dernier, a permis le développement d'un complexe coopératif qui a été testé en cycloisomérisation. L'ensemble de ces travaux reflètent l'importance des ligands pince indényle/indénediide et de la coopérativité métal-ligand en catalyse. / This Ph.D. work deals with organometallic chemistry of indenyl/indenediide palladium and platinum pincer complexes and their applications in metal-ligand cooperative catalysis. The first chapter of this manuscript compiled a non-exhaustive bibliographic survey of the field of metal-ligand cooperation, from Noyori's system applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation, to the recent examples described by Milstein involving non-aromatic pincer ligands. Pincer ligands are also presented. Starting from the first example, in which Shaw shed light a PCP pincer, to the contemporary CNC pincer reported by Bezuidenhout. The versatility of those ligands is illustrated through few modulations allowing originals reactivities or stabilisation of highly unstable species. The second chapter is focused on the development of a new catalytic reaction with the indenediide palladium pincer complex. This reaction entail, for the first time, two substrates, the CO2 as a C1 source and propargylamines/homopropargylamines. The mechanistic studies turn out the importance of the metal-ligand cooperativity. Then, the third chapter concerns exploratory chemistry. New reactivities have been studied with the platinum complexes. The activation of low polar bond such as H-H and H-Si allowed the reduction of unsatured C-C bond. The mechanistic propositions, that remain to be confirmed, seem to indicate the feasibility of ? bond metathesis and migratory insertions. Finally, the last chapter is dedicated to the development of a new ligand. The latter showed the distinctive characteristic to be hemilabile, leading the way of new reactivities. His coordination to palladium, followed by his deprotonation to give rise to the non-innocent nature of the complex is presented, as well as the application of the resulting complex in the context of a cycloisomerisation. Those results are reflecting the importance of the indenyl and indenediide pincer ligands besides the metal-ligand cooperativity in catalysis.

Juvenile justice reforms in America today closely resemble the ones that occurred over a century ago. The reforms of both eras aim to separate juveniles from adults and emphasize rehabilitation over punishment. Why is policy repeating itself? In search of an answer, I look to a monumental series of liberal Supreme Court decisions made in the 1960s that constituted what is now known as the Civil Rights Era’s “due process revolution.” In these cases, the Supreme Court provided juveniles with procedural protections in attempt to prevent the manifestation of racial bias in the juvenile court. It is commonly agreed upon that the due process revolution failed in its mission to protect minority youth. However, scholars are divided on why it failed. Some claim that states simply did not implement the protections properly. Others argue that a conservative backlash obstructed their proper implementation. In this thesis, I put forth that the decisions themselves — specifically, Kent v. United States and In Re Gault — criminalized youth by mistakenly presuming that racism could be regulated out of the court by enhanced procedures of due process. The liberal decisions made in Kent and Gault ultimately paved the way for the conservative carceral agenda of the late twentieth century and subjected minority youth to unprecedented punitive policy. I refer to Naomi Murakawa’s “racial innocence” theory to illuminate this interpretation of events and suggest that communities look inwards for alternatives to institutional reform.

The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.

In this article, the author attempts to establish the limitations and consequences resulting from the use of evidence that, being obtained from the exercise of the powers of investigation and enforcement that owns the Treasury, then is carried to the tax criminal proceedings, as the basis for the complaint made by the Tax Administration. For this, the author approaches the taxpayer’s right against self-incrimination (or not to incriminate himself ) as well as some general concepts of the state of innocence, and then analyzes how these concepts are related to the tax law, specifically with the evidence inside it. The article also contains a number of ideas that attempts to summarize the thoughts and positions taken on the issue in current doctrine and jurisprudence in Argentina, establishing in turn, parallel situations and comparisons with the Peruvian tax system.

Esta dissertação aborda a questão da “inocência americana” em duas obras do escritor norte-americano Henry James, empregando conceitos da Literatura Comparada como base para a análise dos textos escolhidos: The American e Daisy Miller: A Study. Portanto, os conceitos de intertextualidade, influência e alteridade são fundamentais para o estabelecimento das confluências e divergências entre as duas obras. Este trabalho também apresenta uma análise, com base na teoria comparatista da interdisciplinaridade, entre a obra literária Daisy Miller: A Study e o filme Daisy Miller, dirigido por Peter Bogdanovich. O tema recorrente nas obras analisadas, o da “inocência americana”, foi abordado por Henry James em grande parte de sua produção literária, sendo um reflexo de sua própria experiência como o “outro”, bem como de suas observações sobre seus compatriotas, quando confrontados com os valores e tradições vigentes na Europa, no século XIX. James alcançou seu merecido lugar no cânone literário ocidental, graças ao seu estilo incomparável, o qual foi aperfeiçoando durante toda sua carreira e até hoje é parâmetro para escritores contemporâneos. / This thesis approaches the “American innocence” issue in two works of the North- American writer Henry James by using some concepts of Comparative Literature as base to the analysis of the chosen texts: The American and Daisy Miller: A Study. Therefore, the concepts of intertextuality, influence and alterity are vital to establish the confluences and divergences between the analyzed works. This work also presents an analysis, based on the interdisciplinary theory, between the literary work Daisy Miller: A Study and the film directed by Peter Bogdanovich, Daisy Miller. The recurrent theme in the analyzed works, the American innocence, was approached by Henry James in most part of his literary production, being a reflex of his own experience as the “other”, and his observations on his countrymen, when confronted with the values and traditions in vigor in the nineteenth-century Europe. Henry James has achieved his place on the Western literary canon, due to his incomparable writing style, which he had improved through his career and still today is a reference to contemporary writers.