Background/Aims: A 33-year-old man was referred for the first time to the Division of Neurology because of the presence and progression of neurological symptoms. Dysphagia, weakness, reduced tear production, and nasal speech were present. In order to point the attention of late-onset triple A syndrome we describe this case and review the literature. Methods: Hormonal and biochemical evaluation, Schirmer test, tilt test and genetic testing for AAAS gene mutations. Results: Late-onset triple A syndrome caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation in the AAAS gene (A167V in exon 6) was diagnosed at least 17 years after symptom onset. Conclusions: The association between typical signs and symptoms of triple A syndrome should suggest the diagnosis even if they manifest in adulthood. The diagnosis should be confirmed by Schirmer test, endocrine testing (both basal and dynamic), genetic analysis, and detailed gastroenterological and neurological evaluations. Awareness of the possible late onset of the disease and of diagnosis in adulthood is still poor among clinicians, the acquaintance with the disease is more common among pediatricians. The importance of an adequate multidisciplinary clinical approach, dynamic testing for early diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and periodical reassessment of adrenal function are emphasized. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

A monoclonal antibody, mAb 203.37, raised against purified nuclear matrix proteins identified a single ~270 kDa protein that localized to the nuclear envelope. Double-label immunofluorescent microscopy using differential permeabilization protocols showed that this protein was present exclusively on the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and that it co-localized with components of the nuclear pore complex. The nucleotide sequence of clones isolated using mAb 203.37 identified this protein as Tpr, a protein previously shown to be involved in oncogenic fusions with a number of protein kinases. Sequence analysis showed Tpr to be a 2348 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 265 kDa protein and a bipartite structure consisting of an ~1600 amino acid N-terminal domain that is almost entirely an α-helical coiled-coil followed by a highly acidic non-coiled carboxy-terminus. Ectopic expression of epitope-tagged Tpr constructs revealed two functional domains for Tpr: a nuclear pore complex binding domain and a nuclear localization sequence. The amino-terminus of Tpr, the portion of the protein shown to activate protein kinase oncogenes, did not localize to the nuclear pore complex indicating that the transforming activity of Tpr-protein kinase chimeras did not involve interactions with the nuclear pore complex. Ectopic expression of Tpr and a number of Tpr constructs resulted in the accumulation of poly (A)+ RNA in the nuclear interior but did not effect the import of a reporter protein into the nucleus indicating a role for Tpr in the export of mRNA from the nucleus.

Le système immunitaire est divisé en deux réponses : innée et adaptative. Dans la réponse adaptative, les principaux acteurs sont les cellules T CD8 et CD4, dont l'activation est médiée par le complexe antigène-récepteur (TCR) et la génération de signaux intracellulaires. L'intensité du signal est contrôlée par l'affinité du ligand impliquant la kinase p56lck et la protéine adaptatrice SLP-76. Les souris dépourvues de SLP-76 sont bloquées dans leur développement thymique, ce qui rend difficile l'évaluation de l'importance de l'adaptateur, dans la fonction des cellules T périphériques. Récemment, le laboratoire Rudd a généré une souris knock-in (KI) avec une forme de SLP-76 mutée au niveau d'un seul résidu, K56, ayant des cellules T périphériques normales. Cette mutation empêche SLP-76 de se lier au complexe de pore nucléaire (CPN). L'objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre le rôle de SLP-76, plus particulièrement du mutant K56E dans le contrôle de certains aspects de la fonction des cellules T périphériques. K56E sur un fond transgénique OT1, a montré une déficience partielle de la fonction et du métabolisme des cellules T en réponse à des ligands peptidiques d'ovalbumine de poulet, de différentes affinités. Plus précisément, les voies de la glycolyse et de la phosphorylation oxydative en ont été altérées. Dans l'ensemble, l'altération des fonctions et du métabolisme des lymphocytes T chez le mutant K56E confirme l'existence d'un lien entre le SLP-76 et le métabolisme des lymphocytes T, ce qui pourrait avoir des implications importantes dans le développement de thérapies ciblant la fonction des lymphocytes T. / The immune system is divided into two responses: innate and adaptive. In the adaptive response, the main players are CD8 and CD4 T-cells whose activation is mediated by ligation of the antigen-receptor complex (TCR) and its generation of intracellular signals. The strength of signal is controlled by the affinity of the ligand in a process that involves upstream kinases such as p56lck and downstream targets such as the adaptor protein SLP-76. Mice lacking SLP-76 are blocked in thymic development, making it difficult to assess the importance of the adaptor in peripheral T-cell function. Recently, the Rudd lab generated a knock-in (KI) mouse with a form of SLP-76 mutated at a single residue K56 which shows a normal peripheral T-cell compartment. The mutant prevents SLP-76 binding to the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The object of this dissertation is to understand role of SLP-76 and specifically the K56E mutant in the control of aspects of peripheral Tcell function. The K56E mutant on an OT1 TCR transgenic background showed a partial impairment of T-cell function and metabolism in response to chicken ovalbumin peptide ligands of different affinities. Specifically, both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways were impaired in response to peptide ligand activation. Overall, the impairment of T-cell function and metabolism in the K56E mutant supports a link between SLP-76 and T-cell metabolism which may have important implications in the development of therapies targeting T-cell function.

No description available.

Movement is a prerequisite for normal fetal development and growth. Intrauterine movement restrictions cause a broad spectrum of disorders in which the unifying feature is a reduction or lack of fetal movement, giving rise to the term fetal akinesia deformations sequence (FADS [OMIM 208150]). FADS corresponds to a clinically and genetically heterogeneous constellation of properties and is characterized by multiple joint contractures, facial abnormalities, and lung hypoplasia as a result of the decreased in utero movement of the fetuses. Affected babies are often prematurely and stillborn, and those born alive typically die within minutes or hours after birth. The genetic causes for this fatal disorder are ill-defined as a genetic diagnosis is rarely executed, but mutations in three genes, namely RAPSN, DOK7, and MUSK, as well as in the subunits of the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) have been described. These mutations are thought to affect neuromuscular junctions, although this has not been proven experimentally.The nucleoporin NUP88 is a constituent of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), the gate for all trafficking between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NUP88 resides on both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear side of NPCs, and it is found in two distinct subcomplexes. It associates with NUP214 and NUP62 on the cytoplasmic face, while on the nuclear side NUP88 binds NUP98 and the intermediate filament protein lamin A. The NUP88-NUP214-NUP62 complex plays an essential role in the nuclear export of a subset of proteins and pre-ribosomes, which is mediated by the nuclear export receptor CRM1. NUP88 in particular somewhat participates in the nuclear export of NF-κB proteins in a CRM1-dependent manner. Moreover, NUP88 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, and its role in cancer appears linked to the deregulation of the anaphase-promoting complex. Here, we report the first Mendelian disorders caused by mutations in NUP88 and with that the first lethal developmental human disease due to mutations in a nuclear pore component. We demonstrate that biallelic mutations in NUP88 are likely to cause fetal akinesia of the Pena-Shokeir subtype. We confirm in zebrafish that loss of NUP88 impairs movement and the mutations identified in the affected individuals resemble a loss-of-function phenotype. We show that loss of NUP88 affects expression and localization of rapsyn, the protein encoded by RAPSN, in human and mouse cell lines, and patient samples. Consistent with altered rapsyn, AChR clustering and neuromuscular junction formation in zebrafish are abnormal. We therefore propose that defective NUP88 function cause FADS by affecting neuromuscular junction formation.Keywords: Nuclear pore complex, NUP88, Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence, rapsyn, acetylcholine receptor clustering, synaptic transmission, fetal development, inherited developmental disorder. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Signal transduction by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) cytokines is mediated by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that depends on the Smad proteins to transduce an extracellular stimulus into the nucleus. In the unstimulated state, Smads spontaneously shuttle across the nuclear envelope and distribute throughout the cell. Upon TGF-β or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulation, the receptor-activated Smads are phosphorylated, assemble into complexes with Smad4, and become mostly localized in the nucleus. Such signal-induced nuclear translocation of activated Smads is essential for TGF-β–dependent gene regulation that is critical for embryonic development and homeostasis. The molecular machinery responsible for this process, especially how the activated Smads are imported as complexes, is not entirely clear. Thus, I became interested in investigating the molecular requirements for nuclear targeting of Smads upon stimulation. Recently, whole-genome RNAi screening offers a complementary cell-based approach to functionally identify molecules that mediate nuclear accumulation of Smads in response to TGF-β. In the first part of this dissertation, I performed a genome-wide RNAi screen that uncovered the importin moleskin (Msk) required in nuclear import of Dpp-activated MAD. Both genetic and biochemical studies further confirmed this finding. I also investigated Smad interactions with the Msk mammalian orthologues, Importin7 and 8 and validated that Smads are bona fide cargos of Imp7/8. Besides the importin Msk, the screen also uncovered a subset of nucleoporins as required factors in signal-induced nuclear accumulation of MAD. Thus in the second part of this thesis, I focused on how the NPC mediates this Msk-dependent nuclear import of activated MAD. Most of these nucleoporins, including Sec13, Nup75, Nup93 and Nup205, were thought to be structural nucleoporins without known cargo-specific functions. We, however, demonstrated that this subset of nucleoporins was specifically used in the Msk-dependent nuclear import of activated MAD but not the constitutive import of cargos containing a classic nuclear localization signal (cNLS). I also uncovered novel pathway-specific functions of Sec13 and Nup93. Regulation of TGF-β signaling can be achieved not only by modulating Smad nuclear translocation but also by modifying Smad phosphorylation status. Previously we identified a kinase, Misshapen (Msn), that caused the linker phosphorylation of MAD, resulting in negative regulation of Dpp signaling (Drosophila BMP). In the third part of this thesis, I investigated the biological relevance of Msn kinase to Dpp signaling in Drosophila wings. Both over-expression and RNAi studies suggest that Msn is a negative regulator of the Dpp/MAD pathway in vivo. As a whole, my findings delineated two critical requirements for MAD nuclear import: the importin Msk and a unique subset of nucleoporins. For the first time, structural Nups are implicated in the direct involvement of cargo import, providing a unique trans-NPC mechanism.

La translocation de biopolymères à travers un nanopore intervient dans de nombreux processus biologiques et technologiques, comme le transport nucléocytoplasmique dans le pore nucléaire des cellules eucaryotes, la sécrétion de protéines, le séquençage rapide de l’ADN ou l’électrophorèse capillaire.Nous proposons une technique optique en molécule unique originale pour l’étude de la translocation de biopolymères à travers un nanopore basée sur l’effet Zero-Mode Waveguide. Nous nous sommes intéressés au passage d’ADN double-brin de plusieurs tailles, d’ADN simple-brin et d’ARN, entraînés par un flux à travers une membrane nanoporeuse track-etched. Nous montrons qu’il existe un flux critique régissant le passage des biopolymères indépendant du rayon des pores ainsi que de la taille des biopolymères et de leur nature, conformément aux prédictions théoriques de Brochard et de Gennes.Le pore nucléaire est un nanopore biologique responsable du transport sélectif entre le noyau et lecytoplasme des cellules. Nous avons étudié l’influence de la concentration en importinBeta1 – une protéine nécessaire au transport nucléocytoplasmique – sur l’organisation du canal central du pore nucléaire deXenopus laevis en mesurant la diffusion de molécules de Dextran fluorescentes à travers celui-ci. Nous observons une ouverture du canal central à basse concentration suivi d’un rétrécissement de celui-ci à plus forte concentration. Cette évolution du rayon du canal central avec la concentration en importin Beta1est conforme aux modèles en champ moyen de Opferman et coll. et de Ando et coll. et aux observations expérimentales sur des systèmes reconstitués in vitro de Lim et coll. et Zahn et coll. / The translocation of biopolymers through a nanopore is a feature common to many biological andtechnological processes such as the nucleocytoplasmic transport through the nuclear pore complex(NPC), protein secretion, fast DNA sequencing or capillary electrophoresis.We have developed an original single molecule optical detection technique for the study of biopolymerstranslocation through a nanopore based on the Zero-Mode Waveguide effect. We studied thepassage of double stranded DNA of different sizes, of single stranded DNA and of double-stranded RNAdriven by a flux through track-etched nanoporous membranes. We demonstrate that translocation isgoverned by a critical flux independent of both biopolymer size and nature and of the pore radius inagreement with the theoretical predictions of Brochard and de Gennes.The NPC is a biological nanopore responsible for the selective transport between cytoplasm andnucleus in cells. We studied the influence of importinBeta1 concentration – a protein involved in the nucleocytoplasmictransport – on the structure of the central channel of the NPC of Xenopus laevis byassessing the diffusion of fluorescently labeled Dextran molecules through the NPC. We observe anopening of the central channel at low concentration followed by a shrinking at higher concentrationin importinBeta1 in agreement with mean-field models from Opferman et al. and Ando et al. and withexperiments on biomimetic in vitro systems from Lim et al. and Zahn et al.

No description available.

Le complexe de pores nucléaires est le seul point d'entrée et de sortie du transport nucléocytoplasmique. Le panier nucléaire, l'un de ses principaux composants, s'est avéré impliqué dans la régulation des gènes et pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans le contrôle de la qualité de l'export d'ARNm. Cependant, on sait peu de choses sur le fonctionnement du panier dans l'export nucléaire et la régulation des gènes. La principale composante structurelle du panier, la TPR (Translocated Promoter Region), est considérée comme l'acteur principal de la fonction de contrôle de la qualité du panier. Il reste à établir par quel mécanisme cette protéine assure la sélection des mRNP compétentes pour l'exportation. Malgré son implication connue dans le contrôle de la qualité des mRNP, l'exportation et la maturation, des questions demeurent: que fait vraiment le panier, qu'est-ce qui définit le contrôle qualité, comment le panier nucléaire est-il capable d'identifier l'ARN qui n'est pas compétent pour l'exportation et quels sont les rôles de différentes protéines composant le panier nucléaire. Récemment, il a été montré que la protéine TPR est présente dans deux populations, l'une dans le nucléoplasme et l'autre liée au NPC. Nos études préliminaires utilisant FRAP (Fluorescence Recorvery After Photobleaching) et la microscopie à molécule unique montrent que les molécules nucléoplasmiques de TPR ne sont pas impliquées dans un échange rapide avec les molécules assemblant avec les paniers ancrés au NPC et présentent différentes sous-populations basées sur la diffusion. L'analyse de études protéomiques préliminaires de notre laboratoire a révélé que l’interactome de TPR présente un enrichissement inattendu en protéines impliquées dans la maturation de l'ARNm, notamment l'épissage et les facteurs de traitement de l'extrémité 3'. Ces résultats pourraient suggérer des interactions complexes des nouvelles fractions nucléoplasmiques de TPR avec la machinerie de maturation des ARNms et nous amènent à poser les questions suivantes : Quelle est la fonction de la protéine du panier TPR lorsqu'elle n'est pas associée au NPC, et la TPR nucléoplasmique participe-t-elle au métabolisme de l'ARN nucléaire, reliant potentiellement les processus nucléaires au contrôle de la qualité au NPC? Mon projet s'est concentré sur l'étude des fonctions et de la dynamique de la protéine du panier nucléaire TPR à l'aide de techniques d'imagerie fluorescente en cellule vivante et de suivi de protéine unique. Nous avons pu identifier la dynamique et la localisation des différentes populations de TPR à partir des profils de diffusion de leurs trajectoires, qui peuvent être réparties en 5 catégories : Dirigée, Brownienne, Restreinte, Confinée et Butterfly. Nos données suggèrent que les trajectoires confinées pourraient être liée à l’association de TPR à la chromatine tandis que les browniennes représenteraient les molécules de TPR diffusant librement dans le noyau. De plus, nous avons constaté que les trajectoires dirigées et restreintes pourraient être liées à la maturation de l'ARN vu que ces deux sous-populations de TPR sont les plus affectées lorsque la transcription est inhibée. Également, en absence de la transcription par l’ARN polymérase II, TPR forme des granules dans le nucléoplasme, suggérant son implication durant la transcription active. Ainsi, notre étude montre que la fraction nucléoplasmique du TPR est subdivisée en fractions non associées aux pores hétérogènes qui pourraient jouer plusieurs rôles dans le métabolisme de l'ARN et la qualité de l'export. / The nuclear pore complex is the only entry and exit point for the nucleocytoplasmic transport. The nuclear basket, one of its main components, was shown to be involved in gene regulation and could play a major role in quality control of mRNA export. However, little is known on how the basket functions in nuclear export and gene regulation. The main structural component of the basket, TPR (Translocated Promoter Region), is thought to be the main actor in the quality control function of the basket. It is yet to be establish by which mechanism this protein ensures the selection of competent mRNPs for export. With all these involvement of the basket in quality control, export, and maturation, one question remains: What is the basket really doing, what defines quality control, how the nuclear basket can identify RNAs that aren’t competent for export, and what are the roles of the different proteins that make up the basket. Recently it was shown that TPR is present in two populations, one in the nucleoplasm and another bound at the NPC. Our preliminary studies using FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) and single molecule microscopy shows that the nucleoplasmic TPR molecules aren’t exchanging with the baskets anchored at the NPC and present different subpopulations based on diffusion. Analysis of preliminary proteomics studies from our laboratory revealed an interactome with an unexpected enrichment of proteins involved in mRNA maturation notably splicing and 3’ end processing factors. These results imply complex interactions of the new fractions of TPR and lead us to ask these following questions: What is the function of the basket protein TPR when it is not associated with the NPC, and does nucleoplasmic TPR participate in nuclear RNA metabolism, potentially linking nuclear processes to quality control at the NPC? My project focused on investigating the functions and dynamics of the nuclear basket protein TPR using fluorescent live-cell and single-protein imaging techniques. We were able to identify the dynamics and localization of the different populations of TPR based on the diffusion profiles of their trajectories, which can be divided in 5 categories: Directed, Brownian, Restricted, Confined and Butterfly. Our data suggest that the confined population might be linked to chromatin association of TPR, whereas the Brownian would represent the free diffusing TPR molecules in the nucleus. We further found that the Directed and Restricted trajectories could be linked to RNA maturation as these two subpopulations of TPR are most affected when transcription is inhibited. Moreover, in absence of transcription, TPR forms granules in the nucleus, suggesting its implication during active transcription. Altogether, our study shows that the nucleoplasmic fraction of TPR is subdivided in heterogenous diffusive fractions that could play several roles in the metabolism of RNA and quality of export

Les virus ont besoin d’interagir avec des facteurs cellulaires pour se répliquer et se propager dans les cellules d’hôtes. Une étude de l'interactome des protéines du virus d'hépatite C (VHC) par Germain et al. (2014) a permis d'élucider de nouvelles interactions virus-hôte. L'étude a également démontré que la majorité des facteurs de l'hôte n'avaient pas d'effet sur la réplication du virus. Ces travaux suggèrent que la majorité des protéines ont un rôle dans d'autres processus cellulaires tel que la réponse innée antivirale et ciblées pas le virus dans des mécanismes d'évasion immune. Pour tester cette hypothèse, 132 interactant virus-hôtes ont été sélectionnés et évalués par silençage génique dans un criblage d'ARNi sur la production interferon-beta (IFNB1). Nous avons ainsi observé que les réductions de l'expression de 53 interactants virus-hôte modulent la réponse antivirale innée. Une étude dans les termes de gène d'ontologie (GO) démontre un enrichissement de ces protéines au transport nucléocytoplasmique et au complexe du pore nucléaire. De plus, les gènes associés avec ces termes (CSE1L, KPNB1, RAN, TNPO1 et XPO1) ont été caractérisé comme des interactant de la protéine NS3/4A par Germain et al. (2014), et comme des régulateurs positives de la réponse innée antivirale. Comme le VHC se réplique dans le cytoplasme, nous proposons que ces interactions à des protéines associées avec le noyau confèrent un avantage de réplication et bénéficient au virus en interférant avec des processus cellulaire tel que la réponse innée. Cette réponse innée antivirale requiert la translocation nucléaire des facteurs transcriptionnelles IRF3 et NF-κB p65 pour la production des IFNs de type I. Un essai de microscopie a été développé afin d'évaluer l’effet du silençage de 60 gènes exprimant des protéines associés au complexe du pore nucléaire et au transport nucléocytoplasmique sur la translocation d’IRF3 et NF-κB p65 par un criblage ARNi lors d’une cinétique d'infection virale. En conclusion, l’étude démontre qu’il y a plusieurs protéines qui sont impliqués dans le transport de ces facteurs transcriptionnelles pendant une infection virale et peut affecter la production IFNB1 à différents niveaux de la réponse d'immunité antivirale. L'étude aussi suggère que l'effet de ces facteurs de transport sur la réponse innée est peut être un mécanisme d'évasion par des virus comme VHC. / Viruses interact with cellular factors in order to successfully replicate and propagate in host cells. Germain et al. (2014) performed a proteomics analysis to elucidate viral-host interactors of hepatitis C virus (HCV). They found that the majority of host factors did not have an effect on viral replication, suggesting that these host proteins may be beneficial to the virus by affecting other cellular processes such as evading the innate antiviral immunity. To test that hypothesis, 132 virus-host interactors were selected and silenced by RNAi for their effect on inteferon-beta (IFNB1) production as a readout of the innate antiviral response. 53 were found to modulate the response with enrichment in the gene ontology (GO) terms related to nucleocytoplasmic transport and the nuclear pore complex. An interesting point is that the genes associated with these terms (CSE1L, KPNB1, RAN, TNPO1, and XPO1) were previously elucidated as HCV NS3/4A interactors by Germain et al. (2014), as well as positive regulators of the innate antiviral response. Although it is surprising that a cytoplasmic-replicating virus like HCV would interact with proteins associated with the nucleus, we proposed that viruses interact with these proteins for their benefit to interfere with the innate immune response. The innate antiviral response requires the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and NF-κB p65 for the production of type I interferons. As it is unclear which transporters or nucleoporins are involved, 60 genes associated with the nuclear pore complex and nucleocytoplasmic transport were studied for their effect on the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and NF-κB p65 via a microscopy-based RNAi screen during a 10-hour viral infection time course. Overall, the study revealed that many of these proteins are involved in the trafficking of these transcription factors during a viral infection, and can affect the production of IFNB1 at different levels of the innate antiviral response. The study also suggests that the effect of these transport factors on the immune response may be an evasion mechanism for viruses such as HCV.