Media and politics as well as media and elections are very closely related with each other, that is why is the topic of this thesis presidential election in 2018 in the Czech Republic in the Czech newspaper. Quantitative content analysis was used to analyse framing of the presidential election in Hospodářské noviny, Lidové noviny and Mladá Fronta DNES. The main theoretical frame used is Entman's (1993) definition of framing. It is also analysed how balanced and neutral the news, including the analysis of incumbency bonus. Research of the neutrality and balance of the news is based on the Westerstahl's definition of objectivity. The thesis also compares results of the framing and unbias analysis with the framing and unbias analysis of the presidential election in 2013 by the author Tamara Kejlová (2014). The main goal of the comparison is to show the trends that are present in the media content related to presidential election in the Czech Republic. In the thesis I also provide context of the presidential election in the Czech Republic.

[pt] A fenomenologia husserliana, com o intuito de oferecer um fundamento filosófico para o conhecimento em geral, procura evitar, ao mesmo tempo, tanto o psicologismo quanto o logicismo. Embora a investigação fenomenológica pretenda esclarecer a relação cognoscitiva a partir da clarificação lógica do sentido, no entanto, seu propósito não trata a atividade filosófica como uma analítica da linguagem, mas infere que a Filosofia deve ter, propriamente, método, questões e objetos independentes de quaisquer outros saberes racionais. De acordo com a perspectiva fenomenológica, a superação do psicologismo não se refere somente à afirmação de que o acesso à objetividade dependa do reconhecimento da esfera ideal como sendo independente da sensibilidade. Husserl entendeu que o problema era que a base de argumentação cognitiva mantinha seu foco, até então no objeto transcendente, do mesmo modo, e analogamente, que a apreensão intuitiva desse objeto só podia ser efetuada pelo sujeito empírico. O fato de a objetividade pertencer a uma esfera independente, em referência aos aspectos sensíveis, torna imprescindível uma teoria da subjetividade pura, para que seja possível, de modo correto, efetuar a correspondência significativa que a relação de conhecimento exige. Se a experiência sensível do eu (sujeito psicológico) não for neutralizada, não é possível justificar coerentemente o ato noético em relação à objetividade e, por conseguinte, não pode haver fundamentação, precisamente porque o conhecer não se encontra livre do contato com a transcendência. / [en] Husserlian Phenomenology as the aim to offer philosophical foundation for the general knowledge, seeks to avoid, at the same time, both psychologism and logicism. Although the Phenomenological inquiry intends to clear the cognoscitive relationship from logic clarification of sense, however, its purpose does not deal with the philosophical activity as an analytical one from linguistics, but it infers that philosophy must properly own its method, questions and objects, independently from any other rational knowledge/wisdoms. As to the Phenomenological view, the overcoming of psychologism is not related only to the affirmation that the access to the objectivity relies on the recognizing of the ideal sphere as being independent from sensibility. Husserl understood that the problem was that the basis for cognitive arguing had so far maintained its focus, on the transcendent object in the same way, and analogically that the intuitive apprehension from this object could only be made by the empirical subject. The fact that the objectivity belongs to an independent sphere, in reference to sensible aspects a theory of pure subjectivity becomes indispensable, in order to be possible, in a correct way, to make the significant correspondence that knowledge relation requires. If the I that experiences sensibly is not neutralized, it is not possible to coherently justify the noetic apprehension of objectivity as pure possibility and hence there may not be foundational, precisely because the knower is not found free from contact with transcendence.

The Swedish educational system is based on policies such as school law, education act, regulations and the curriculum. These governing documents state that the education should be based on scientific basis and proven experience. However, a lack of education with terms such as non-objective and value free, there is room for interpretation and variety of views. There is a media debate in which different opinions are being expressed whether the teacher should remain objective or not while teaching. A topic such as social science, is interesting to research within political objectivity. How teachers perceive their professional role, maintain balance between objectivity, freedom of expression, and carefor the school’s value. Thanks to interviews with teachers at various upper secondary schools, the essay shares an insight of the teachers’ perceptions. A questionnaire survey was used to help compare how students’ perceive their teachers’ objectivity. This wasused to investigate how and if the teachers’ interpretation of the policies corresponds toreality. The interviews provided a clear consensus that the teachers consider objectivity to be self- evident in discussions of Swedish politics. However, if students’ express opinions which are not in line with the values of the Swedish school-system the teachers believe that they hold a key-role in providing moral guidance which the swedish school system provides and shield. Furthermore there is also a clear consensus in the interpretation of the teachers profession which inherently contains a zero-tolerance policy towards racism and expressions that claim people to be of different values. At the same time as the students’ education is a tool for them to be a part of the democratic system, the students should at all times be given two perspectives in the same field for their ability to create their own views and values.

Desde a publicação de Angústia, em 1936, tem-se observado que a crítica dedicoulhe uma atenção desigual, não a colocando em realce como se pretende neste trabalho. O intuito da análise da obra de Graciliano Ramos, (1892 AL 1953 RJ), é destacar sua importância e singularidade no cenário da Literatura Brasileira, distinguindo-a das obras produzidas na década de 1930; aproximando-a daquelas que são símbolo de modernidade, obras essas, marcadas pelo distanciamento do realismo presente, na literatura, até o final do século XIX (Hauser); observando o pensamento de Graciliano quanto a seu projeto político e literário, presentes em Angústia. Esta análise faz aproximações com a estética expressionista e com a Nova Objetividade; no caso do Expressionismo, associando-o às imagens grotescas encontradas com freqüência nessa obra de Graciliano e, quanto a Nova Objetividade, esta se aproxima da visão crítica às instituições sob o olhar do protagonista; observa também a construção da personagem, um homem solitário, isolado, segundo Fehér, em uma sociedade social. / Since Angústia was published in 1936 it has been observed that the critic has devoted uneven attention to it by not highlighting it as this present work attempts. The aim of this analysis of the work of Graciliano Ramos (1892 AL 1953 RJ) is to emphasize its importance and singularity in the Brazilian Literature scenario, by distinguishing it from other works produced in the 1930s and approaching it to the ones that are symbols of modernity and therefore, are marked by the distancing of realism that was present in literature until the end of the 20th century (Hauser) and also observing Gracilianos political and literary project present in Angústia. This analysis makes relations with the expressionist aesthetics and with the New Objectivity. Expressionism is associated to the grotesque images frequently found in this work by Graciliano whereas the New Objectivity is related to the critical view of institutions in the eyes of the protagonist. It also observes the construction of the character, a lonely man, isolated, according to Fehér, in a social society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Elza Mack.pdf: 518644 bytes, checksum: 351e337ff36e03b758336cada2ab81a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nothing can be taken for granted in Winnicott s view, not even time: each new individual must create his/her own concept of time. This awareness allows us to reach a deeper understanding of the significance of time for the English psychoanalyst. If time is created by individuals as a result of their special relationship with their mothers, then we cannot understand time as something that exists beforehand, like chronological time. Each individual is faced with the challenge of fashioning a time to live in. This dissertation is interested in researching the experiences of temporality of the baby. Under the care of a good enough mother, each child is able to experience time in its continuity, and therefore create the subjective, transitional and objective time necessary to keep on being / Na teoria de D. W. Winnicott percebemos que nada é dado ao sujeito e até mesmo o tempo é uma conquista do processo de amadurecimento. Isto revela um aspecto bastante particular da concepção de tempo em Winnicott, já que se trata de um tempo vivo e necessário à existência. E aqui, é preciso apreender a palavra vivo em uma concepção especificamente winnicottiana, pois não se trata, como é o caso do tempo cronológico, de um tempo apresentado como uma dimensão a priori da realidade, como algo que pré existe ao sujeito. Com efeito, este tempo vivo deve ser constituído e, neste sentido, cabe ao bebê constituir o tempo necessário à própria existência. Pretendemos, portanto, no presente trabalho, investigar as experiências de temporalização (como modos de permanência do ser) do bebê que, sujeito aos cuidados maternos, é capaz de experimentar um tempo contínuo e assim criar seus tempos, a saber, o tempo subjetivo, o transicional e o objetivo. Nestes tempos o sujeito experimentará a continuidade de ser, fato que, para Winnicott, equivale à manutenção da saúde

The purpose of this study is to inquire if there are dispositions of any type. of newscast carried by ABC News about Nigeria and if these newscasts are positively or negatively inclined. The analysis quantified and verified that while the broadcast content of ABC News presentations on Nigeria have been objectively covered, the newscasts have taken stereotypical patterns. This, thereby establishes the need for ABC News, being an example of American network news, to diversify and cover stories of social and human interest in Nigeria and other Third World countries. The study concludes that a true maxim of news coverage is needed as a guide to unbiased, unslanted or cliched news presentations.

Ao julgarem casos concretos, os juízes consultam e interpretam diversas fontes do direito com o intuito de determinar quais são os elementos jurídicos de decisão relevantes e como eles se aplicam a um determinado caso, apresentando os argumentos que fundamentam sua convicção e revelando uma respectiva racionalidade jurídica. No presente trabalho, pretendemos enfrentar o seguinte problema: pode o direito ser objetivo no sentido de que exista alguma racionalidade jurídica capaz de fornecer uma única resposta correta a um caso? Frente ao problema mais amplo da existência de respostas objetivamente corretas no direito, a pesquisa lança mão de um recorte autoral para estabelecer seu referencial. O interesse foi o de colaborar com o estudo do pensamento de Ronald Dworkin, o qual sustenta a tese de uma única resposta juridicamente correta. Para tanto, busca-se explorar os argumentos do autor a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico em materiais publicados em meios físicos e digitais. Após apontar alguns dos elementos da teoria positivista do direito de Hart que funcionaram como ponto de crítica inicial da perspectiva dworkiniana, divide-se a tese da resposta correta de Dworkin, que é objeto do trabalho, em duas etapas, tomando o texto Objectivity and truth: you\'d better believe it (1996) como marco de divisão. A primeira dessas etapas nos mostra que a tese da resposta correta no âmbito do direito fundamenta-se na concepção do autor acerca deste ser uma prática essencialmente interpretativa, orientada a identificar os valores que melhor justificam a história institucional e moral de uma comunidade. Logo, a resposta correta do ponto de vista jurídico depende da resposta correta do ponto de vista moral. Na segunda etapa, investiga-se a defesa de Dworkin frente aos diferentes ceticismos externos em relação à objetividade da moral, bem como suas ideias a respeito da independência metafísica do valor e a favor de uma epistemologia moral integrada. Ao final dos capítulos de cada etapa, noções críticas são apresentadas com o intuito de auxiliar na reflexão do pensamento do autor. / When judging concrete cases, judges consult and interpret several sources of law in order to determine what are the relevant legal elements of decision and how they apply to a certain case, presenting the arguments that support their conviction and revealing a respective legal rationality. In the present work, we intend to face the following issue: can the law be objective in the sense that there is a legal rationality capable of providing a single right answer to a particular case? Regarding the wider problem of the existence of objectively right answers in law, the research uses an authorial restriction in order to establish it\'s referential. The interest was to collaborate with the study of Ronald Dworkin\'s thought, which contains the one legal right answer thesis. To do so, we seek to explore the author\'s arguments from a bibliographical survey of published materials in print and digital media. After pointing out some of the elements of Hart\'s positivist theory of law that functioned as an initial point for the criticism of dworkinian\'s perspective, Dworkin\'s right answer thesis, that is its work\'s object, is divided in two phases, taking the text Objectivity and truth: you\'d better believe it (1996) as a division mark. The first of these phases shows us that the right answer thesis in legal scope is based on the author\'s conception about law being an essentially interpretative practice, oriented to identify the values that best justify the institutional and moral community history. Therefore, the right answer from a legal point of view depends on the right answer from the moral point of view. In the second phase, it investigates Dworkin\'s defense of different external skepticisms about moral objectivity, as well as his ideas about the metaphysical independence of the value and in favor of an integrated moral epistemology. At the end of each phase chapters, critical notions are introduced with the purpose of exercising the reflection about the author\'s presented thoughts.

Wan Ching Kwan, Carol. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [70]-[71]). / Questionnaire also in Chinese. / Acknowledgement / Abstract / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Theoretical Framework and Literature Review --- p.6 / Third-Person Effect Hypothesis --- p.6 / Sensationalism --- p.18 / Non-sensational News --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Rationale and Hypotheses --- p.25 / Hypotheses --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Methodology --- p.32 / Measurement and Procedures --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Findings --- p.36 / Subjects --- p.36 / Descriptive Findings --- p.37 / Findings of Other Statistical Tests --- Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis2 --- p.41 / Negative and Positive Third-Person Effect --- p.44 / Negative Reverse Third-Person Effect and Positive Reverse Third-Person Effect --- p.45 / Findings for Hypothesis3 --- p.47 / Findings for Hypothesis4 --- p.48 / Differences Between Popular Newspaper Journalists and Elite Newspaper Journalists --- p.49 / Working Experience in the Journalism --- p.50 / Length of Service in the Present Organisations --- p.51 / Job Levels --- p.52 / Age --- p.53 / Other Demographics --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Discussion --- p.55 / Perception of Media Impact --- p.55 / Negative Third-Person Effect --- p.56 / Level of Education and the Estimation of the Media Impact --- p.58 / Estimation of Media Impact and the Support for the Improvement of Professional Standard --- p.59 / Differences Between Popular Newspaper Journalists and Elite Newspaper Journalists --- p.61 / Self-perception of the Journalists --- p.62 / Length of Service in the Present Organisations --- p.64 / Other Demographics --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.67 / Bibliography / Appendix I English Questionnaire / Appendix II --- Chinese Questionnaire

Com o intuito de mapear o território e os limites éticos e morais numa indústria da comunicação que passa por mudanças estruturais, o estudo recupera dilemas capazes de nortear a atuação do comunicador e aprofunda a discussão da moralidade na mídia, por conta de um vácuo na formação do comunicador em relação à ética e à moral na perspectiva da história do conhecimento. Com o uso de exemplos clássicos da literatura, da dramaturgia ou da própria comunicação, o resultado é um itinerário que perpassa momentos relevantes para a mídia com o objetivo de revelar diferenças entre conceitos sólidos da modernidade e a fluidez que estes mesmos conceitos encontram tanto na modernidade quanto no que se convencionou chamar de pós-modernismo. Ao mesmo tempo, detalha como se edifica uma nova mídia enquanto se delineia a concentração global da indústria da comunicação, assentada na dispersão dos indivíduos. O trabalho também pretende endereçar a questão do futuro das comunicações, qual a importância do jornalista no momento em que qualquer indivíduo, cidadão ou instituição tem facilmente às mãos os meios tecnológicos capazes de lhe dar poder para fazer comunicação local ou de massa além de analisar como ética e moral se inserem neste contexto. / In order to draw up the ethical and moral boundaries of a communication industry that goes through structural changes, the study gets back to dilemmas that both drives the communicators behavior and deepens the discussion of morality in the media space due to the a void in the formation of the communicator with respect to ethics and morality in the context of the history of knowledge. With examples of classic literature, dramaturgy or communication, the study is a journey that passes through relevant moments for the media industry in order to reveal differences between solid concepts of modernity and fluidity that these same concepts come across on modernity and even what it was designated as post-modernism. At the same time, it details the build up of the new media while it outlines the global concentration of the communications industry, founded in the dispersion of individuals. The work also intends to answer the question about the future of communications: what is the importance of the journalist at a time that any individual, citizen or institution has easily in his hands the technological resources appropriate to provide power to make local or mass communication, in addition to analyze how ethics and moral fit in this context.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 David Borges Florsheim.pdf: 853783 bytes, checksum: 2455f617d0ace469af8a071aedbd5d8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The scientific discourse about psychic suffering, that is, psychopathology, has several theoretical references, it being, thus, multidisciplinary. For some people this feature indicates a virtue of the discipline, but this, at the same time, is responsible for the occurrence of controversies. The method used in this dissertation, typical of fundamental psychopathology, consists in the use of a case study in addition to multidisciplinary theoretical research. In the clinical case described here it became evident the difficulty of professionals with different theoretical presuppositions to establish a dialogue. This seems to have influenced the treatment in a negative way. The aim of this dissertation is to consider both the concept of objectivity and subjectivity in the construction of psychopathological knowledge. We use some aspects of the thought of Sigmund Freud and Karl Jaspers as comparative theoretical references. We discuss some more general questions, such as the differences between the human and the natural sciences, and other issues related to metaphysics, such as the status of reality itself. We focus the concept of hysteria, and conclude that discussing the use of concepts from common sense is essential. It will, thus, be possible to contextualize and, so denaturalize, the premise that there is only one valid way of describing reality. Conceptual diversity could, then, be validated. This will tend to improve interdisciplinary dialogue and, consequently, the very psychopathological treatment / O discurso científico sobre o sofrimento psíquico, a Psicopatologia, possui múltiplas referências teóricas, sendo, portanto, multidisciplinar. Se para alguns essa característica aponta para uma riqueza da disciplina, por outro lado muitas controvérsias são geradas em razão disso. O método utilizado nesta dissertação, próprio à Psicopatologia Fundamental, consiste no uso do caso clínico e da pesquisa teórica multidisciplinar. No caso clínico narrado aqui ficou evidente a dificuldade em dialogar por parte de profissionais com pressuposições teóricas diferentes entre si. Isso parece ter influenciado o tratamento de forma negativa. O objetivo desta dissertação é refletir sobre a objetividade e a subjetividade no que se refere à construção do conhecimento psicopatológico. Utilizaremos alguns aspectos do pensamento de Sigmund Freud e de Karl Jaspers como referências teóricas comparativas. Abordaremos questões gerais como as diferenças entre Ciências Humanas e Ciências Naturais e outras referentes à Metafísica, tal como o estatuto da realidade. Ao enfocar o conceito de histeria, concluímos que é crucial questionarmos o uso de conceitos oriundos do senso comum. Dessa forma será possível contextualizar e, assim, desnaturalizar a premissa de que há apenas uma forma válida de descrever a realidade. A diversidade conceitual, em decorrência disso, poderá ser legitimada. Isso tenderá a melhorar o diálogo interdisciplinar e, consequentemente, o próprio tratamento psicopatológico