This paper addresses the question of whether individual delinquent behaviour, or criminogenic risks that lead to it, can be reduced for convicted violence offenders with personality disorder, using the newly developed offence-oriented therapeutic program TERČ ("TARGET"). If so, how will these changes manifest in the recidivism rate, and how they will reflect the personality characteristics of inmates. TARGET was first systematically applied within a special treatment unit for prisoners with mental and behavioral disorders in Liberec Remand Prison in 2008. It is based on selected elements of the Ambulant intensive program (AIP) from Switzerland. A total of 100 convicts were entered TARGET from 2008 to 2015. 65 individuals completed the program successfully, and 57 were released again. The already released graduates of TARGET re-offended within 12 months in 10.4%. Of all admitted TARGET participants, a total of 30.2% either relapsed or failed during the program since 2009. Graduates showed positive, statistically significant changes in the monitored areas of life satisfaction, emotional stability, insight, self-control and aggression, while on scales representing personality disorder no positive, statistically significant effect was observed. For later re-offending prisoners, the changes were...

Juvenile delinquency amongst school-going adolescents is a growing concern in South Africa. Initiatives by policy-makers, educationists and school authorities, amongst others, have not yielded the desired changes in learner behaviour. This dissertation focuses on adolescent delinquency amongst learners in Gauteng secondary schools, with the precise aim of making recommendations to address the problem. An extensive literature review was conducted. An interpretive-constructivist paradigm with a mainly qualitative design was followed. A questionnaire and focus group interviews were administered to teachers. The findings confirmed the researcher’s view that juvenile delinquency in schools is escalating and warrants attention and intervention from all stakeholders. The main conclusion drawn from this research was that current policies and interventions on learner behaviour had no impact because policy-makers lacked the necessary will to ensure that interventions were implemented, reviewed and monitored. This study argues for a multi-pronged approach to address the problem. The Gauteng Department of Education (GDE) should review its policies and approach to the problem, and support teachers to ensure that teaching and learning remain the main priority of schooling. Future research could explore the role of social ills in the South African context on the development of learners’ antisocial behaviour. / Educational Foundations / M. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Considerable attention has focussed on identifying individual factors associated with, or predictive of, sexual offending (e.g., Efta-Breitbach & Freeman, 2004). In light of these individual factors, clinicians and researchers have developed standardized instruments for assessing the risk posed by sexually offending youth. Two such instruments are the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II; Prentky & Righthand, 2003) and the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offence Recidivism Version 2.0 (ERASOR-II; Worling & Curwen, 2001). In addition to individual factors, research on crime has demonstrated that structural factors within the community may be important determinants of sexual and non-sexual offending (e.g., McCarthy, 1991; Ouimet, 1999; Shaw & McKay, 1942; Wirth, 1938). Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to compare the psychometric properties of two newly developed risk assessment instruments (i.e., J-SOAP-II and ERASOR-II) and (b) to use the better instrument to compare the levels of risk posed by sexually offending youth in 3 neighbouring, but diverse communities. Using file information, the J-SOAP-II and ERASOR-II were scored on 84 adolescent males between the ages of 11 and 20 years who had committed a sexual offence and received treatment at Youth Forensic Psychiatric Services (YFPS) in the Greater Vancouver Area (GVA; n = 30), Central Okanagan (CO; n = 26), and Thompson Nicola region (TN; n = 28). Calculations of interrater reliability and item-total correlations indicated that the J-SOAP-II was a better assessment instrument for this sample of offenders. Consequently, further regional analysis of risk was conducted using the J-SOAP-II data. Results indicated that although there were no regional differences among the severity and history of sexual offending, TN youth generally had a greater number of risk factors than did youth in CO and GVA. Specifically, youth in TN were found to be higher risk in the areas of intervention, general problem behaviour, iii and family/environment dynamics. These results suggest that to better understand youth who commit sexual offences and to provide appropriate prevention and intervention strategies for individual offenders and their communities, youth should not be evaluated in isolation from their social and community context. Recommendations for practice are discussed. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate

Ancienne colonie française, le Sénégal à l'instar de beaucoup d'autres pays de l'Afrique Occidentale Française (AOF) a subi l'influence du droit français.Cependant, après les indépendances, les jeunes Etats africains, bien que s'inspirant toujours de cet héritage commun que constitue le droit français, ont essayé de bâtir leur propre législation en tenant compte des contextes sociologique, politique, mais surtout économique. Ainsi, au Sénégal, le législateur, sous prétexte des réalités locales, mais aussi de la nécessité du développement, a instauré un droit des relations collectives de travail en général, et des conflits collectifs du travail en particulier, fondée sur une conception assez particulière du syndicalisme, qui vise à accentuer leur responsabilité (sans pour autant occulter celle des grévistes) et qui finalement, aboutit à une limitation du droit de grève, qu'on jugera excessive. Ainsi, force est de constater qu'aujourd'hui, ce droit sénégalais des conflits collectifs tranche sur plusieurs points avec le droit français.L'étude de la responsabilité à l'occasion des conflits collectifs de travail nous permet de faire le bilan, de voir ce qui reste de cet héritage juridique que constitue le droit français, et dans quelle mesure il peut toujours constituer une référence pour le Sénégal, compte tenu des objectifs visés et surtout du contexte nécessairement différent dans lequel s'exercent les conflits collectifs du travail. / The Former French colony , Senegal following the example of many of the other countries of French West Africa ( AOF) underwent the influence of the French law.However, after the independences, the young African States, although being always inspired by this common inheritance which establishes the French law, tried to build their own legislation by taking into account sociological, political, but especially economic contexts. So, in Senegal, the legislator, under pretext of the local realities, but also the necessity of the development, established a law of the collective working relations generally, and the collective conflicts of the work in particular, based on a rather particular conception of the trade unionism, which aims at stressing their responsibility (without hidting that of the strikers) and which finally, ends in a limitation of the right to strike, which we shall judge. So, we have to admit that today, this right Senegalese of the collective conflicts cuts on several points with the French law.The study of the responsibility on the occasion of the collective working conflicts allows us to draw up the balance sheet, to see what stays of this legal inheritance which establishes the French law, and in which measure he can always establish a reference for Senegal, considering the aimed objectives and especially considering the inevitably different context in which practice the collective conflicts of the work.

La justice pénale constitue, à partir du règne de Saint Louis, une part importante de l’activité de la Cour du roi. En effet, tandis que se développe, notamment grâce à son intervention, un véritable « État de droit » dès le milieu du XIIIe siècle, le nombre d’affaires pénales portées devant elle ne cesse de s’accroître, et leur résolution constitue bientôt un domaine où s’élabore une politique judiciaire spécifique dont il y a lieu de déterminer les objectifs, les moyens et les résultats. Les décisions prises par ce qui devient le « Parlement » tendent à s’inscrire dans le prolongement des idées du temps sur le devoir incombant à la royauté de punir les infractions et de maintenir la paix, tout en révélant une confrontation régulière des juges aux difficultés inhérentes au caractère composite de l’organisation judiciaire et à l’enchevêtrement des coutumes, privilèges et autres droits propres. L’application d’une justice conforme aux idéaux de la royauté passe de manière nécessaire et préalable par la fixation d’un cadre judiciaire et juridique respectueux des droits acquis, mais également porteur d’obligations pour les juges pénaux du royaume. La cour souveraine les contraint ainsi au respect d’un certain nombre de principes, hérités pour partie de ceux qu’elle-même définit comme les fondements du procès pénal dans le cadre de son propre « style » naissant. La manière de résoudre le trouble provoqué par l’acte délictueux devient donc essentielle : après en avoir défini les éléments nécessaires à l’imputation d’une faute punissable, la cour applique et fait appliquer des peines toujours minutieusement « arbitrées » selon l’importance du dommage et l’intention coupable manifestée. La poursuite des crimes, le règlement de juges, la résolution des litiges entre juges et justiciables, sont autant de lieux privilégiés de la défense de la « chose publique », la cour s’assurant par là que les « crimes ne demeureront pas impunis », même si la part de la miséricorde demeure toujours réservée : ils seront traités par voie de droit, c’est-à-dire selon un droit pénal royal conforme à « ce que recommande la justice / As early as the reign of St. Louis, criminal justice represents a major part of the work of the Court of the King. Indeed, from the middle of the thirteenth century, while a true “State of law” is being developed, especially through its daily activities, the number of criminal cases risen before it increases steadily. Their settlement becomes soon an area where a specific judicial policy is adopted, of which it is necessary to determine the objectives, the means and the outcome. The judicial decisions taken by what is becoming the “Parliament”, tend to fall in line with the ideas of that time about the duties of the monarchy concerning the punishment of offenses and the maintaining of peace, while revealing that the judges are confronted on a regular basis to the difficulties posed by the composite character of the judiciary, and the entanglement of customs, privileges and personal laws. Applying justice consistently with the ideals of the monarchy makes it a necessity and a prerequisit to set a judicial and legal framework, respectful for acquired rights, but also binding for criminal judges of the kingdom. The sovereign court forces them to respect a number of principles, partly inherited from those it itself defines, in its own developing procedure, as the fundamentals of the criminal trial. The way to solve the disorder caused by the criminal act becomes essential: after defining the elements necessary for the attribution of a punishable offense, the court applies and enforces penalties that are always meticulously “arbitrated” accordingly to the damage and to the guilt. Thus, the prosecution of crimes, the settlement between judges in criminal matters, or between the judges and private persons are all privileged areas for the defense of “public good”: through those, the court makes sure that “crimes do not go unpunished”, even if room is always left for mercy, and will be dealt with through law, that is through a royal criminal law in accordance with “what justice recommends”.

L’analyse de la dignité du condamné dans l’exécution de sa peine privative de liberté suppose d’étudier d’une part les conditions dans lesquelles il exécute sa peine lorsqu’il est incarcéré au sein d’un établissement pénitentiaire, puis d’autre part celles dans lesquelles il exécute sa peine dans la phase post-carcérale. Cependant, la constatation du respect ou de la négation de la dignité du condamné repose sur l’appréciation de l’adaptation et de la proportionnalité de l’atteinte portée à ses spécificités humaines primaires et à leurs supports, à un objectif légitime d’intérêt général. Ainsi, si l’humanisation des conditions de détention permet d’assurer progressivement le respect de la dignité du condamné, sa responsabilisation et la réappropriation de sa condition humaine lui offrent les moyens de promouvoir sa dignité par la stimulation de ses potentialités humaines d’amélioration. La phase d’exécution post-carcérale de la peine privative de liberté semble connaître un mouvement inverse. En effet, si la conception et la mise en œuvre des mesures d’aménagements de peine semblaient garantir le respect et la promotion de la dignité du condamné, l’introduction « d’une éthique de conviction » de surveillance étatique du condamné dans la phase post-carcérale emporte la négation de la dignité du condamné par une atteinte à son autonomie qui s’avère totalement inadaptée à l’objectif de prévention de la récidive criminologique. / The analysis of the convict's dignity while serving their custodial sentences implies to study the conditions in which they serve their penalties when incarcerated in a prison establishment on the one hand, then the conditions in which they carry out their sentences when out of prison on the other hand. However, if the convict's dignity is respected or negated, it depends in both cases on how the adaptation and proportionality of the infringement of their primary human features are assessed according to a legitimate public interest.As a result, if more human detention conditions allow to ensure that the convict's dignity is gradually respected, the fact that they are encouraged to bear more responsibility and are again considered human beings enables them to promote their dignity by stimulating their human potential powers of improvement. The post-detention stage (when the custodial sentence is served out of prison) seems to evince an opposite trend. As a matter of fact, if the creation and implementation of measures of sentence reduction seemed to guarantee the respect and the promotion of the convict's dignity, the introduction of a “code of conviction” of state surveillance over the convict in the post-detention stage entails a negation of the convict's dignity as their autonomy has been infringed in a way totally inadapted to the aim of preventing second-offence crime.

This diploma thesis is about forensic science, criminal acts and organization of protective security units investigating such activities in the former Czechoslovakia between the years of 1948 and 1969. It also indicates how the criminal activity was developed in the Czechoslovakia and how the former police departments took part in the investigation. The course of the investigation, the crime investigation methods, and the theoretical bases of that time, on which the forensic science was based, are thoroughly described on specific serious crimes. The thesis mainly draws from the primary resources such as archive research, notably from the Security Service Archive's materials, and the periodical press. Keywords Forensic science in the Czechoslovakia, "Department of Public Security" (Veřejná bezpečnost), murder, criminal activity, criminal offence in the Czechoslovakia, Security Services Archive

My dissertation Alternatives of Home Violence Settling deals with various alternatives of how the home violence problems can be settled. The introductory chapter goes through the professional interpretation of the home violence term as well as causes, forms and specific signs of this violence type, being followed by description of its consequences and the myths which have gained a foothold in the general public. The home violence is characterized as a long-term, repeated and escalating physical, mental, or sexual cruelty to persons living in the common household; it takes place between close persons, adult family members, or also life partners. The victims, being exposed to long-term violence, lost their self-confidence, however, their fear and confusion increase; they also suffer from a good many various symptoms as depression, shame, decline of general state of health, or increased suicidal behavior. Chapter two focuses on the characterization of the home violence victims and delinquests as well. As to the victims, these can be everybody, irrespective of their education, age, social position or economic situation - women, seniors and handicapped persons as well as men. The home violence occurs between adult partners, spouses, parents and their children, but also between young and aged persons. Chapter...

La question des sanctions est centrale lorsqu’est ouvert le débat relatif à l’effectivité du droit de la représentation collective des salariés dans l’entreprise. Chargée de protéger les valeurs essentielles de la société, la voie pénale doit être réservée aux atteintes portées aux prérogatives des instances de représentation du personnel lesquelles présentent un caractère fondamental. Pour le surplus, il est des sanctions, d’ordre administratif ou civil, plus efficaces. Reste que la seule restriction du champ pénal ne suffit pas à garantir l’effectivité du droit de la représentation collective. Des réponses substantielles et « organisationnelles » tenant notamment à la définition d’une politique pénale d’envergure, à la révision de la ligne de partage des responsabilités dans l’entreprise et à la recherche de sanctions pénales renouvelées s’imposent. Au-delà de la voie répressive, d’autres méritent d’être explorées. L’application des règles du droit de la représentation collective doit être garantie au moyen d’outils non plus répressifs mais préventifs en dehors de toute participation d’une quelconque autorité judiciaire. La voie extra-pénale fait une large place à la fonction préventive de l’inspection du travail laquelle doit accompagner les entreprises en recourant à de nouvelles méthodes d’accompagnement et d’évaluation. La définition d’une politique sociale d’entreprise, moyennant la conclusion d’un accord unique sur la représentation du personnel, est légalement de nature à garantir l’effectivité de la norme en tenant compte des spécificités propres à chaque entreprise. / The issue of sanctions is critical when is opened the debate on the effectiveness of employee representation rules in the company. Aiming at protecting the core values of society, criminal law should be reserved for infringements of the prerogatives of employee representation bodies which are fundamental. For the rest, there are sanctions , administrative or civil, more effective. Still, the only restriction of the criminal field is not sufficient to guarantee the effectiveness of employee representation rules. Some substantial and “organizational” answers relating in particular to the definition of a major criminal policy, the revision of the division of responsibilities in the company and the search for renewed criminal sanctions seem necessary. Beyond the repressive way, others deserve to be explored. The application of employee representation rules must be guaranteed by tools rather preventive than repressive and without any involvement of any judicial authority. The extra-criminal policy leaves a large place to the preventive function of labor inspection which should help companies by using new methods of support and assessment. The definition of a corporate social policy, through the conclusion of a single agreement on staff representation, is legally adequate to ensure the effectiveness of the rule by taking into account the specificities of each company.

La lutte contre le terrorisme, ainsi que ses conséquences sur la sphère des droits de l'Homme, n'est pas un thème nouveau en Europe. Cependant, depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 perpétrés sur le sol des Etats-Unis, «confirmés» par ceux de Madrid en 2004 et Londres en 2005, elle n'a jamais incarné une telle priorité. La majeure partie des mesures prises par l'Union européenne tombe sous le titre de la coopération en matière pénale, c’est-à-dire sousl’ex-troisième Pilier, parmi lesquelles la décision-cadre sur la lutte contre le terrorisme, la décision-cadre sur le mandat d'arrêt européen et les accords entre l'Union européenne et les Etats-Unis d'Amérique sur l'extradition et l'assistance juridique mutuelle. Sur base des mesures européennes, certains Etats, historiquement non concernés par ce phénomène, ont été pressés à adopter des mesures anti-terroristes alors que d’autres y ont vu une légitimation pour renforcer leur corpus juridique déjà existant. Quel est l'impact des mesures européennes et de celles prises par les Etats sur le délicat équilibre entre la sécurité et la liberté ? En d'autres termes, quel est le rôle de l'Etat de droit : une limitation à ces mesures ou, un principe visant au renforcement du combat contre le terrorisme? / The fight against terrorism, as well as its consequences in the field of Human Rights, is not a new theme for Europe. However, since the terrorist attacks of September the 11th 2001 in the United States of America, “confirmed” by the ones of Madrid in 2004 and London in 2005, it has never embodied such a priority. The larger part of the measures taken by the European Union falls under the heading of cooperation in criminal matters, i.e. within the scope of the former Third Pillar, among which the framework decision on combating terrorism, the framework decision on the European arrest warrant and the agreements between the European Union and the United States of America on extradition and mutual legal assistance. On basis of the European measures, some States, not historically concerned by terrorism, have been compelled to carry out counter-terrorism measures whereas, others have seen a legitimation to reinforce their existing body of law. What is the impact of the European measures and the ones taken by States on the delicate balance between security and liberty? In other words, what is the role of the Rule of Law: a limitation to those measures or, a principle aiming to the strengthening of the fight against terrorism?