Both the short-term and long-term unemployment rates for older workers in the United States have increased significantly since the 2007 recession. Researchers who examine the impact of involuntary job loss have predominantly focused on the experiences of men. Limited prior research exists on the job loss experiences of women over 50 years of age compared to men. The goal of this study was to address this gap in knowledge by examining the lived experiences of women over 50 who had experienced involuntary job loss, the barriers faced to reemployment, and the ways women overcame the barriers to reemployment. A phenomenological design was employed to gather data from a convenience sample of 10 women in a northeastern metropolitan city. Guided by the frameworks of Bandura and Leana and Feldman, this transcendental approach aimed to capture the lived experiences of the women who incurred involuntary job loss. Data transcribed from audio-taped interviews were manually coded and aligned with the appropriate research question. The findings highlighted the emotions, finances, family and social life of women following job loss. The findings suggest women faced age discrimination, organizational practices, technological challenges, and stereotypical beliefs in their attempts toward reemployment. The results of the study can be used to inform organizational leaders of the need for greater emphasis on programs offering solutions to older female workers seeking reemployment. The study promotes potential positive social change by informing organizational leaders of the experiences of women over 50 who had experienced involuntary job loss.

Avec la vague des départs à la retraite amorcée par la génération des baby-boomers, le marché du travail canadien traversera inéluctablement une période de transition. Le vide laissé par ces départs obligera de nombreuses industries à réajuster leur tir afin de ne pas être secouées par de trop fortes turbulences. À cet effet, l’impact des retraites n’aura pas la même ampleur pour chacune des branches d’activité. S’appuyant sur les données longitudinales de l’Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu de 1993 à 2010, cette recherche analyse les tendances au fil du temps et entre les industries en regard des départs d’emploi de carrière. Une attention particulière est aussi portée aux emplois de transition selon le secteur d’activité, afin de déterminer si cette pratique peut amoindrir les répercussions des départs d’emploi de carrière. Les résultats montrent que l’intensité des départs d’emploi de carrière s’accroit au cours de la période considérée et que d’importantes variations existent entre les travailleurs des diverses catégories d’industries examinées. L’industrie des services professionnels, scientifiques et techniques affiche la plus faible proportion de travailleurs ayant quitté un emploi de carrière (26 %). À l’autre extrémité du spectre, les travailleurs du secteur de l’hébergement et des services de restauration présentent la plus forte probabilité d’effectuer un départ d’emploi de carrière (47 %). Au chapitre des emplois de transition, les travailleurs en provenance l’industrie de la construction montrent la plus forte propension à oeuvrer au sein d’un tel type d’emploi. Si certaines industries se démarquent des autres, cela s’explique surtout en raison du comportement différentiel des travailleurs les plus âgés (55 à 64 ans). / With the Baby-boom generation entering upon a retirement wave, the Canadian labour force will ineluctably go through a transition period. Those departures will leave a vacuum that will force many industries to readjust in order to avoid heavy turbulences. The impact of the retirement wave will not have the same impact for each of the industries. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics for years 1993 to 2010, this study analyzes trends over time and across industries regarding workers leaving a career job. A particular attention will also be paid to bridge jobs by industry, in order to determine if this type of work may lessen the effects of the loss of many career jobs. The results show that workers are increasingly leaving career jobs during the period under review and that considerable variations exist between workers of various industries. The industry of Professional, Scientific and Technical Services shows the smallest proportion of workers that have left a career job (26%). Conversely, the highest probability of leaving a career job was recorded among workers of the Accommodation and Food Services industry (47%). Regarding bridge jobs, workers coming from the Construction industry have the greatest propensity to start such a type of work after leaving a career job. If some industries stand out from all the others, this is largely attributable to the distinct behaviour of the eldest workers (55 to 64 years old).

Avec le vieillissement général de la population et ses implications sur la pérennité des finances publiques, le marché du travail des seniors est un thème qui va continuer à préoccuper nos sociétés. L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à des problématiques concrètes relatives au marché du travail des personnes âgées. Cette thèse comprend quatre chapitres. Les deux premiers chapitres s’intéressent à l’évolution des trajectoires salariales en fin de carrière professionnelle. Les résultats ne supportent pas l’idée que les salaires décroissent pour les travailleurs âgés à cause de l’âge. La diminution du salaire observée pour les travailleurs âgés en coupe transversale est le résultat d’effet de cohorte, de changement d’emploi, ou de la retraite partielle. Le Chapitre 3 évalue les effets des réformes du régime des retraites sur les transitions du chômage à l’emploi. Les réformes du régime des retraites ont des effets limités sur le retour en emploi des chômeurs, mais elles sont accompagnées par une augmentation des sorties vers l’inactivité, entraînant ainsi une baisse du taux de chômage des travailleurs âgés. Enfin, le Chapitre 4 examine les principaux facteurs des difficultés des seniors à se maintenir en emploi. Il propose également une analyse des opportunités d’emploi des chômeurs âgés. Les résultats montrent que l’état de santé, les incitations économiques et l’âge augmentent la probabilité de quitter son emploi, alors que l’âge diminue les chances de réemploi des travailleurs âgés. Une décomposition à la Oaxaca confirme le rôle déterminant de l’âge dans les différences de durée de chômage entre travailleurs d’âge différent, ce qui est consistent avec des attitudes discriminatoires. / With the global ageing of population and the consequences on public finances sustainability, the labour market of older workers remains a key concern for societies.The aim of this dissertation is to address particular issues on the labour market for older workers.This thesis consists of four chapters.The first two chapters examine the age-earnings trajectories late in working life.We do not find support of a decline of earnings at older ages as the consequence of ageing.The decline of the age-earnings profile observed for older workers at cross-sectional analysis is attributable to cohort effects, job-changing, and partial retirement.Chapter 3 evaluates the effects of French pension reforms on older workers’ transition out of unemployment and into employment. We find that the retirement reforms have limited effects on re-employment, and they increase transitions into inactivity, leading to a decrease of unemployment rate of older workers.Finally,Chapter 4 investigates the factors behind difficulties to remain in employment as workers age. It also evaluates job opportunities of older unemployed workers.The results indicate that the probability of leaving employment increases with economic incentives, ill health and age, while the probability of getting back to employment decreases with age.An Oaxaca decomposition supports the key role of age in the unemployment duration gap between ‘older’ and ‘younger’ workers, which is consistent with age discrimination.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Silva Gomes.pdf: 1071079 bytes, checksum: e406874e42c8d301fb8ad4a1b18b2083 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The main objective of this research is to present and analyze the process of population aging in Brazil and its consequences on the labor market and public employment policies. It was adopted the literature, and used as sources of empirical data the statistics provided by the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). First, it is concluded that in Brazil there are not specific labor public policies for the elderly. Although the guidelines for labor public policy (or employment) for the elderly in Brazil are set out in legal documents, outside the social security field, there is not government action aimed at changing the level of employment among older people, or actions that let his stay or return to the labor market. The labor public policies for older people can mitigate the negative effects of the considered population aging on the labor market, similar to what already occurs in OECD countries, and allow the permanence and rehabilitation of elderly in the Brazilian labor market. It also concludes that Brazil is experiencing the called demographic dividend (relative increase in the economically active population), i.e. the lowest dependency ratio. Therefore, this is the best time to implement the labor public policies suggested. Finally, the government and society must not allow this opportunity is missed / O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar e analisar o processo de envelhecimento populacional no Brasil e as suas consequências no mercado de trabalho e nas políticas públicas de emprego. Neste trabalho foi adotada a pesquisa bibliográfica e usadas como fontes de dados empíricos as estatísticas disponibilizadas pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Primeiramente, conclui-se que no Brasil não existem políticas públicas de emprego específicas para o público idoso. Embora as diretrizes para as políticas públicas de trabalho (ou emprego) para os idosos no Brasil sejam previstas nos documentos legais, fora do campo previdenciário, praticamente não há ação governamental com o objetivo de alterar o nível de emprego entre os idosos, ou ações que permitam sua permanência ou reinserção no mercado de trabalho. As políticas públicas de emprego para os idosos podem amenizar os efeitos considerados negativos do envelhecimento populacional sobre o mercado de trabalho, a exemplo do que já ocorre nos países da OCDE, e permitir a permanência e a reinserção dos idosos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Conclui-se também que o Brasil está vivenciando o denominado bônus demográfico (relativo aumento da população economicamente ativa), ou seja, a menor razão de dependência. Portanto, este é o melhor momento para implementar as políticas públicas de emprego. E, por fim, é necessário que o governo e a sociedade não permitam que esta oportunidade seja perdida

Cette thèse propose d’expliquer le faible taux d’emploi enregistré en France après 55 ans par les risques de fragilité économique, professionnelle, sociale et familiale que révèle le passage à la retraite. Elle repose sur le postulat de la liberté de choix dans la décision de retraite.En 2005, une étude quantitative sur les intentions de départ à la retraite a été menée auprès de 1004 individus en emploi, âgés de 54 à 59 ans. Les trajectoires personnelles comportant leur part d’incertitude et de changements, 31 entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés auprès de membres de l’échantillon initial, cinq ans plus tard, afin de permettre un suivi longitudinal. L’articulation des représentations de la retraite, du parcours professionnel et de la trajectoire familiale vise à cerner les écarts entre les projets et les choix adoptés et à déterminer les facteurs-clés impliqués dans la décision.Cette thèse souligne tout d’abord que la majorité des projets initiaux ne sont pas concrétisés. Le déterminisme du contexte professionnel sur la décision de retraite explique en partie ces réajustements : dégradation des conditions de travail, déclassement en fin de carrière, stigmatisation sont autant d’arguments susceptibles d’inciter les individus à partir à la retraite plus tôt que prévu. Mais les itinéraires familiaux pèsent également sur ces choix : « pivots générationnels » entre des parents âgés et des descendants à soutenir, les jeunes retraités doivent faire face à des charges familiales qui influent sur leur décision. Enfin, cette recherche met en évidence la manière dont les jeunes retraités issus du baby-boom, très attachés à leur liberté individuelle tout au long de leur parcours, défendent la préservation d’espaces personnels (individualisation des pratiques), adoptant ainsi des modèles familiaux et une manière de vivre la retraite inédits. / This thesis seeks to explain the low employment rate in France for people aged 55 years and above in terms of the increasing risk of economic, professional, social and family fragility observed in the transition to retirement. The research is based on the postulate of “free choice” in retirement decisions.In 2005, a quantitative study on the intentions of retirement was conducted among 1,004 employed individuals aged 54-59 years. As personal life courses are marked by change and uncertainties, a longitudinal analysis comprising 31 semi-structured interviews was conducted five years later with participants of the initial sample. The combined study of representations of retirement, end of career and family context allows differences to be identified between plans and the final adopted choices, and the key factors involved in the final decision to be determined.First of all, this thesis demonstrates that most of the initial plans are not realised. The determinism of the professional context on the retirement decision partly explains the observed adjustments: a degradation of working conditions, the assignation of under-qualified tasks at the end of a career, and stigmatisation are all factors that encourage people to retire earlier than expected. But the family environment also influences choices: as "generational pivots" between elderly parents and children to support, young retired people have to face family responsibilities that affect their decisions. Finally, this research highlights how young retirees from the baby boom, for whom individual freedom played a central role in their past life course, adopt new family models and a new way of living (the preservation of “individual spaces” and individualised behaviours) during retirement.

This study sought to explore the challenges faced by older workers who do not fit the age-type of their jobs and how older workers adapt to overcome those challenges. Specifically, I surveyed a national sample of 227 workers 50 years of age and older, in a wide variety of jobs, on measures of perceived age discrimination and adaptation behaviors. I found that fit, as determined by career timetables theory, but not prototype matching theory, successfully predicted perceived age discrimination. Specifically, more age discrimination was perceived when fewer older workers occupied a job. Additionally, multiple regression analysis showed that career timetables theory, prototype matching theory, and measures of perceived discrimination interacted to predict adaptation behaviors. That is, older workers made more efforts appear younger at work when they perceived age discrimination in jobs occupied by fewer older workers and older women expressed greater desires to appear younger at work when they perceived age discrimination in jobs viewed as more appropriate for younger workers. Although older workers made a wide variety of efforts to appear younger at work, from changing the way they dressed to undergoing surgical procedures, the adaptation efforts believed to be the most effective against age discrimination were more oriented toward enhancing job performance than one’s appearance. It is especially troubling that greater perceived age discrimination was found in young-typed jobs (than in old-typed jobs) given that the number of older workers occupying young-typed jobs is expected to rapidly grow in the near future and perceived discrimination is associated with mental and physical consequences for older adults. Understanding effective adaptations to age discrimination is a valuable first step in helping older workers overcome the iv disadvantages they may face in the workplace, especially when they occupy young-typed jobs. Implications for theory and research are discussed