Ce travail de thèse vise à une meilleure compréhension et prise en compte des mécanismes d'endommagement ductile au cours des procédés de mise en forme à froid. Le tréfilage, le laminage de fils et le laminage à pas de pèlerin sont pris comme exemples d'application. Une grande attention est portée également à la méthodologie d'identification des paramètres des modèles d'endommagement implémentés. Trois approches de l'endommagement ductile ont été étudiées : des critères de rupture phénoménologique, des modèles phénoménologiques couplés et des modèles micromécaniques. Ces modèles ont été implémentés dans Forge®, et les algorithmes ont dû être adaptés à sa formulation mixte vitesse-pression et à son élément fini (P1+/P1). Parallèlement aux développements numériques, différents essais mécaniques ont été effectués sur trois matériaux différents (acier haut carbone, acier inoxydable et alliage de zirconium) pour identifier les paramètres des modèles d'écrouissage et d'endommagement. Des essais de traction in situ sous micro-tomographie aux rayons X ont été exploités pour l'identification des mécanismes d'endommagement ductile (germination, croissance et coalescence), ainsi que l'identification du modèle micromécanique. Enfin, la dernière partie de ce travail a consisté à réaliser des études comparatives de ces différents modèles d'endommagement pour les différents procédés de mise en forme et différents matériaux. Concernant le tréfilage et le laminage de l'acier inoxydable, un bon accord entre les simulations numériques et les résultats expérimentaux a été obtenu. Pour l'acier à haute teneur en carbone (perlitique), le modèle micro-mécanique GTN a donné le meilleur résultat à la fois qualitativement et quantitativement pour le tréfilage ultime. Par ailleurs, la comparaison entre les différents modèles sur différents procédés (laminage du fil avec l'acier haut carbone, laminage à pas de pèlerin avec l'alliage de zirconium) a aidé d'une part à mettre en évidence le rôle important du troisième invariant de la contrainte déviatorique sur la localisation de l'endommagement dans les procédés de mise en forme où le cisaillement est dominant. D'autre part, elle montre que le processus d'identification lui-même devrait se fonder sur la mesure de la microstructure afin de garantir un résultat précis lors de l'application aux procédés. / The present PhD thesis aims at a better understanding and modeling of ductile damage mechanisms during cold forming processes, with wire drawing, rolling and cold pilgering as examples. In addition, special attention is paid to implemented damage models parameters identification methodology. All three approaches of ductile damage were investigated: uncoupled phenomenological fracture criteria; coupled phenomenological models; micromechanical model. These models have been implemented in Forge®, which required adaptation of algorithms to its mixed velocity-pressure formulation and to its finite element (P1+/P1). Parallel to the numerical work, various mechanical tests on three different materials (high carbon steel, stainless steel and zirconium alloy) were carried out for work hardening, and damage models parameters identification. In situ X-ray micro-tomography tensile tests have also been exploited for the identification of ductile damage mechanisms (nucleation, growth and coalescence) as well as the identification of micromechanical model. Finally, we carried out comparative studies of these models on our three abovementioned forming processes and materials. Regarding wire drawing and rolling of stainless steel, good agreement between numerical simulations and experimental results was found. For high carbon perlitic steel ultimate wire drawing, the GTN micro-mechanical model has given the best result, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, the comparison of the different models on different processes (wire rolling on high carbon steel, cold pilgering on zirconium alloy) highlights on the one hand the important role of the third deviatoric stress invariant in damage localization for shear-dominated forming processes. It shows on the other hand that the identification process itself should be based on microstructure measurements to provide accurate results in forming application.

La représentation des temps de parcours est un enjeu influençant la qualité de l’information transmise aux usagers des réseaux de transport. En particulier, la congestion constitue un inconvénient majeur dont la prise en compte n’est pas toujours maîtrisée au sein des calculateurs d’itinéraires. De même, les évènements comme les réductions de capacité, les perturbations climatiques, ou encore les pics de fréquentation incitent à dépasser la définition statique des temps de parcours. Des travaux antérieurs se sont focalisés sur des temps dynamiques, i.e. dépendants de la date de départ, de manière à affiner le détail de la représentation, et à prendre notamment en compte le caractère périodique des congestions. La considération d’informations en temps réel est aussi une amélioration indéniable, que ce soit lors de la préparation du trajet, ou lorsqu’il s’agit de s’adapter à des perturbations rencontrées en cours de route. Ceci dit, aussi fines qu’elles soient dans les calculateurs disponibles, ces modélisations présentent un inconvénient majeur : elles ne prennent pas en compte toutes les facettes de la variabilité des temps de parcours. Cette variabilité est très importante, en particulier si l’on considère le niveau d’aversion au risque des usagers. En outre, dans un réseau multimodal, les correspondances éventuelles rendent encore plus critique l’incertitude associée aux temps de parcours. En réponse à ces enjeux, les présents travaux de thèse ont ainsi été consacrés à l’étude de temps de parcours stochastiques, i.e. vus comme des variables aléatoires distribuées.Dans une première étape, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation statistique des temps de parcours et à la quantification de leur variabilité. Nous proposons l’utilisation d’un système de lois développé dans le domaine de l’hydrologie, la famille des lois de Halphen. Ces lois présentent les caractéristiques typiques des distributions de temps de parcours, elles vérifient par ailleurs la propriété de fermeture par l’addition sous certaines hypothèses afférentes à leurs paramètres. En exploitant les ratios de moments associés aux définitions de ces lois de probabilité, nous mettons également au point de nouveaux indicateurs de fiabilité, que nous confrontons avec la palette d’indicateurs classiquement utilisés. Cette approche holistique de la variabilité des temps de parcours nous semble ainsi ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives quant au niveau de détail de l’information, notamment à destination des gestionnaires de réseaux.Par la suite, nous étendons le cadre d’analyse aux réseaux, en utilisant les résultats obtenus à l’étape précédente. Différentes lois de probabilité sont ainsi testées dans le cadre de la recherche du plus court chemin stochastique. Cette première étude nous permet de dresser un panorama des chemins identifiés en fonction du choix de modélisation. S’il est montré que le choix du modèle est important, il s’agit surtout d’affirmer que le cadre stochastique est pertinent. Ensuite, nous soulevons la relative inefficacité des algorithmes de recherche du plus court chemin stochastique, ceux-ci nécessitant des temps de calcul incompatibles avec un passage à l’échelle industrielle. Pour pallier cette difficulté, un nouvel algorithme mettant en oeuvre une technique d’accélération tirée du cadre déterministe est développé dans la dernière partie de la thèse. Les résultats obtenus soulignent la pertinence de l’intégration de modèles stochastiques au sein des calculateurs d’itinéraires. / The travel time representation has a major impact on user-oriented routing information. In particular, congestion detection is not perfect in current route planners. Moreover, the travel times cannot be considered as static because of events such as capacity drops, weather disturbances, or demand peaks. Former researches focused on dynamic travel times, i.e. that depend on departure times, in order to improve the representation details, for example concerning the periodicity of congestions. Real-time information is also a significant improvement for users aiming to prepare their travel or aiming to react to on-line events. However these kinds of model still have an important drawback : they do not take into account all the aspects of travel time variability. This dimension is of huge importance, in particular if the user risk aversion is considered. Additionally in a multimodal network, the eventual connections make the travel time uncertainty critical. In this way the current PhD thesis has been dedicated to the study of stochastic travel times, seen as distributed random variables.In a first step, we are interested in the travel time statistical modeling as well as in the travel time variability. In this goal, we propose to use the Halphen family, a probability law system previously developed in hydrology. The Halphen laws show the typical characteristics of travel time distributions, plus they are closed under addition under some parameter hypothesis. By using the distribution moment ratios, we design innovative reliability indexes, that we compare with classical metrics. This holistic approach appears to us as a promising way to produce travel time information, especially for infrastructure managers.Then we extend the analysis to transportation networks, by considering previous results. A set of probability laws is tested during the resolution of the stochastic shortest path problem. This research effort helps us to describe paths according to the different statistical models. We show that the model choice has an impact on the identified paths, and above all, that the stochastic framework is crucial. Furthermore we highlight the inefficiency of algorithms designed for the stochastic shortest path problem. They need long computation times and are consequently incompatible with industrial applications. An accelerated algorithm based on a deterministic state-of-the-art is provided to overcome this problem in the last part of this document. The obtained results let us think that route planners might include travel time stochastic models in a near future.

Timber has become more popular as a construction material during recent years. Engineered wood products, such as glued laminated timber and cross-laminated timber, have enabled the construction of multi-storey buildings. Tall buildings with many occupants need to resist a disproportional collapse in case of unexpected exposures, e.g. accidents or terrorism. Structural robustness can improve the collapse resistance of a building. The literature about robustness is comprehensive concerning concrete and steel buildings, but it is rather limited regarding timber. A robust building can mobilise alternative load paths in the structure after the removal of bearing building components. Alternative load paths rely primarily on the connections between components. For timber buildings, few investigations exist to evaluate the alternative load paths after a removal. Analyses usually do not take into account non-linear effects which could influence the capacity of alternative load paths, such as damage of single fasteners, friction,  timber crushing and brittle failure. In particular, the alternative load paths in platform-framed cross-laminated timber buildings are not well understood.  The goals of this thesis are to i) review the concept of robustness in general and determine the state of the art concerning timber buildings in particular, ii) develop a method to analyse the alternative load paths in a platform-framed CLT building taking into account relevant non-linearities, iii) use the method to elicit the alternative load paths in a building after a wall removal, and iv) study the effects of probabilistic variations of model parameters.  The thesis first introduces tall timber buildings and then presents a summary of structural robustness in a collapse resistance framework. The summary includes established analysis methods and specific considerations for timber, whereof a detailed review is provided in Paper I. Paper III additionally provides results of a survey on contemporary practices of professionals around the world concerning robustness.  In the subsequent chapter, the studied 8-storey case building made of platform-framed cross-laminated timber is described including the modelling abstractions. Additionally, the setup of a validation experiment for the modelling approach is described. The following chapter introduces the modelling approach for an alternative load path analysis after a wall removal. The approach is based on the finite element method using the commercial software Abaqus. The deterministic part of the approach includes a non-linear static pushdown analysis of single storeys in a bay and elicits the alternative load paths and their capacity. Finite connector elements in the model substitute single fasteners including their elastic, plastic, damage and rupture behaviour. The 3D models of the walls and floors account for timber crushing, brittle failure and contact friction. A simplified non-linear dynamic model of the entire bay uses the pushdown results as inputs and evaluates the collapse progression among storeys after a sudden element removal. The probabilistic part of the approach models the uncertainty of the input parameters of the dynamic model by varying the parameter values in a Monte Carlo simulation, to evaluate the probability of a collapse.  Paper II applies the approach for a simple pushdown of a single storey and Paper IV applies the pushdown and the dynamic analysis to elicit the alternative load paths after a single wall removal. The thesis shows furthermore the results of a double wall removal in the example building and the results of the Monte Carlo analysis for the single and double wall removal.  For the assumed removals, the developed approach could identify the alternative load paths, determine their capacities and estimate the probability of a collapse under probabilistic variations. The approach might be used to classify various removal scenarios in platform-framed multi-storey cross-laminated timber buildings specifically and predetermine design solutions which could provide a desired level of robustness. The approach might be generalised for multi-storey timber buildings of various construction types.

Syfte: I en värld med allt mer kunskap om de problem som bilismen påverkar gällande miljö och hälsa är det önskvärt att allt fler väljer att cykla. Målet är att skapa en attraktiv stadsmiljö för cyklister med detta ska en ökad känsla av säkerhet finnas hos cyklisterna, så att fler kan tänka sig att välja cykeln. Metod: De metoder som har valts för att göra analysen är att kontrollera de krav och råd från Trafikverket och dels att använda Geografiska Informationssystem, samt att göra observationer enligt Mini Cycleability Index för att se om Jönköpings Västra centrum är attraktivt för cyklister. Till sist hölls en intervju med Jönköpings kommun för att se hur de tänker angående vägnätsanalyser och erhålla en åsikt om den analys som utförts i denna rapport. Resultat: Det funna resultatet visar att vägsystemet i Jönköpings Västra Centrum har vägar av olika skiftande kvaliteter. Betygen har delats in i tre: bättre, bra och sämre. Bättre är det högsta betyget och sämre det lägsta. Vägar av alla sorter återfinns inom vägnätet, men sämre återfinns mer frekvent än de övriga. Betyget byggs på hur väl vägarna fungerar inom kategorierna: utrymme, säkerhet och kontinuitet. Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen är att det finns många sämre vägar inom området som skulle behöva omarbetas för att skapa ett mer attraktivt område för cyklister. Inom området visar resultatet att vägarna med bättre betyg mestadels går mellan norr och söder och få existerar från öst till väst. På grund av detta är det svårt att cykla inom området då anslutningarna mellan de bättre graderade vägarna är sämre. Begränsningar: Begränsningen av detta arbete är valet av område (Jönköpings Västra centrum) och aspekterna som analyserats vilket är utrymme, säkerhet och kontinuitet. På grund av tidsaspekten har vidare begränsningar på datainsamlingen tillkommit, där mätning av antalet cyklister och en enkät hade kunnat vara användbar att utföra. För att anpassa Cycleability index med valet av område och metoderna som var möjliga att använda, har det en nedskärning av antalet kategorier skett. / Purpose: In a world with an increased awareness of the harm caused by traffic to the environment and health, it is preferable that more people choose cycling instead of driving. The purpose of this work is to create an attractive city environment for cyclists which will give a greater sense of security and leading to more people considering the use of bicycles. Method: The methods chosen to make the analysis is to check the demands and recommendations from Trafikverket, moreover make observations according to Mini Cycleability Index in order to see if the West Center of Jönköping is attractive to cyclists. Geographical Information systems has been used as a method for data collection and analysis. At last an interview was held with Jönköping municipality to discover what future plans they have regarding the studied area and how relevant the plans are with the findings of this research. Further purpose of the interview with the municipality was to see how they perform a road-network analysis and obtain an opinion on the analysis performed in this paper. Findings: The results show that the road system in Jönköping West Center has roads of shifting qualities. The grades have been split into three; great, good and poor. Great being the highest grade and poor the lowest. The three qualities of roads do exist within the area, however the poor roads appear to be more frequent than the others. The evaluation system is built upon how well the roads perform in the categories: space, safety and continuity. Implications: The conclusion of this work is that there are several roads as graded poor within the area that need to be considered for reconstruction to create an attractive area for cyclists. In the area the results showed that the roads graded as great mostly runs from north to south and few exists from east to west. Due to this it is difficult to bike within the area as the connectivity between the great graded roads are lacking. Limitations: The investigation is limited to the choice of the area (Jönköping West Center) and the aspects analyzed which are safety, space and continuity. Due to the time aspect further limitations on data collection has come, where a measurement of cyclists and a survey could have been useful to do. In order to suit the Cycleability index with the choice of area and the methods available to use, there has been a reduction of the amount categories evaluated

O tema central deste trabalho é o estudo de problemas sobre caminhos mais longos em grafos, de pontos de vista tanto estrutural como algorítmico. A primeira parte tem como foco o estudo de problemas motivados pela seguinte questão levantada por T. Gallai em 1966: é verdade que em todo grafo conexo existe um vértice comum a todos os seus caminhos mais longos? Hoje, já se conhecem diversos grafos conexos cuja intersecção de todos os seus caminhos mais longos é vazia. Entretanto, existem classes de grafos para as quais a resposta à pergunta de Gallai é afirmativa. Nessa linha, apresentamos alguns resultados da literatura e duas novas classes que obtivemos: os grafos exoplanares e as 2-árvores. Motivado por esse problema, nos anos 80, T. Zamfirescu formulou a seguinte pergunta que permanece em aberto: é verdade que em todo grafo conexo existe um vértice comum a quaisquer três de seus caminhos mais longos? Apresentamos, além de alguns resultados conhecidos, uma prova de que a resposta é afirmativa para grafos em que todo bloco não trivial é hamiltoniano. Notamos que esse último resultado e o acima mencionado para grafos exoplanares generalizam um teorema de M. Axenovich (2009) que afirma que quaisquer três caminhos mais longos em um grafo exoplanar têm um vértice em comum. Finalmente, mencionamos alguns outros resultados da literatura relacionados com o tema. Na segunda parte, investigamos o problema de encontrar um caminho mais longo em um grafo. Este problema é NP-difícil para grafos arbitrários. Isto motiva investigações em duas linhas a respeito da busca de tais caminhos. Pode-se procurar classes especiais de grafos para as quais existem algoritmos polinomiais, ou pode-se abrir mão da busca de um caminho mais longo, e projetar um algoritmo eficiente que encontra um caminho cujo comprimento esteja próximo do comprimento de um mais longo. Nesse trabalho estudamos ambas as abordagens e apresentamos alguns resultados da literatura. / The central theme of this thesis is the study of problems related to longest paths in graphs, both from a structural and an algorithmic point of view. The first part focuses on the study of problems motivated by the following question raised by T. Gallai in 1966: is it true that every connected graph has a vertex common to all its longest paths? Today, many connected graphs in which all longest paths have empty intersection are known. However, there are classes of graphs for which Gallais question has a positive answer. In this direction, we present some results from the literature, as well as two new classes we obtained: outerplanar graphs and 2-trees. Motivated by this problem, T. Zamfirescu, in the 80s, proposed the following question which remains open: is it true that every connected graph has a vertex common to any three of its longest paths? We present, in addition to some known results, a proof that the answer to this question is positive for graphs in which all non-trivial blocks are Hamiltonian. We note that this result and the one mentioned above for outerplanar graphs generalize a theorem of M. Axenovich (2009) that states that any three longest paths in an outerplanar graph have a common vertex. Finally, we mention some other related results from the literature. In the second part, we investigate the problem of finding a longest path in a graph. This problem is NP-hard for arbitrary graphs. This motivates investigations in two directions with respect to the search for such paths. We can look for special classes of graphs for which the problem is polynomially solvable, or we can relinquish the search for a longest path and design an efficient algorithm that finds a path whose length is close to that of a longest path. In this thesis we study both approaches and present some results from the literature.

Dans cette thèse, différents problèmes de la combinatoire des mots et de géométrie discrète sont considérés. Nous étudions d'abord l'occurrence des palindromes dans les codages de rotations, une famille de mots incluant entre autres les mots sturmiens et les suites de Rote. En particulier, nous démontrons que ces mots sont pleins, c'est-à-dire qu'ils réalisent la complexité palindromique maximale. Ensuite, nous étudions une nouvelle famille de mots, appelés mots pseudostandards généralisés, qui sont générés à l'aide d'un opérateur appelé clôture pseudopalindromique itérée. Nous présentons entre autres une généralisation d'une formule décrite par Justin qui permet de générer de façon linéaire et optimale un mot pseudostandard généralisé. L'objet central, le f-palindrome ou pseudopalindrome est un indicateur des symétries présentes dans les objets géométriques. Dans les derniers chapitres, nous nous concentrons davantage sur des problèmes de nature géométrique. Plus précisément, nous don-nons la solution à deux conjectures de Provençal concernant les pavages par translation, en exploitant la présence de palindromes et de périodicité locale dans les mots de contour. À la fin de plusieurs chapitres, différents problèmes ouverts et conjectures sont brièvement présentés. / In this thesis, we explore different problems at the intersection of combinatorics on words and discrete geometry. First, we study the occurrences of palindromes in codings of rotations, a family of words including the famous Sturmian words and Rote sequences. In particular, we show that these words are full, i.e. they realize the maximal palindromic complexity. Next, we consider a new family of words called generalized pseudostandard words, which are generated by an operator called iterated pseudopalindromic closure. We present a generalization of a formula described by Justin which allows one to generate in linear (thus optimal) time a generalized pseudostandard word. The central object, the f-palindrome or pseudopalindrome, is an indicator of the symmetries in geometric objects. In the last chapters, we focus on geometric problems. More precisely, we solve two conjectures of Provençal about tilings by translation, by exploiting the presence of palindromes and local periodicity in boundary words. At the end of many chapters, different open problems and conjectures are briefly presented.

São Paulo, metrópole global e do terciário avançado, tem conhecido, sobretudo nas últimas três décadas, a efetivação de operações urbanas em praticamente todas as regiões da cidade. Na escala municipal, a região compreendida pelos distritos do Butantã, Rio Pequeno, Morumbi e Vila Sônia torna-se objeto da composição desse instrumento urbanístico, a partir da chamada Operação Urbana Consorciada Vila Sônia (OUCVS). As reestruturações e modificações postas nos variados projetos da OUCVS estão francamente relacionadas ao lugar que a região ocupa na metrópole, cuja forma e conteúdo são herdeiros dos caminhos e fronteiras pregressos (reafirmando formas pregressas da propriedade), tanto em relação aos fluxos viários quanto às possibilidades econômicas do contemporâneo mercado imobiliário e seu crescente interesse por certas áreas consideradas estratégicas no município de São Paulo. Discernindo tal estratégia do espaço, trata-se também em considerar a reprodução das relações sociais de produção, assentando-se a espacialidade desse fenômeno nas tessituras do quotidiano; este, em sua materialidade, conduz ao necessário tratamento, neste trabalho, das camadas e classes sociais, bem como suas complexas tramas de relações. Assim, admitindo o desnível constante entre a(o) política(o) e a economia política, operados no corpo da reprodução das relações sociais de produção, sugerimos a consideração da política média como o devir dessa forma social, cujo fundamento se ancora em reiterativa alienação, mistificação, reificação e fetichização. Reconhecendo tais fundamentos, poder-se-ia abrir vias no intento da urgente superação do discurso, do pensamento e das práticas ancoradas ao Estado e a essa economia. / São Paulo, global metropolis and including the advanced tertiary sector, has known, especially in the last three decades, the realization of urban operations in virtually all regions of the city. At the municipal level, the region comprising the districts of Butantã, Rio Pequeno, Morumbi and Vila Sônia becomes the object for the composition of this urban instrument, from the called Operação Urbana Consorciada Vila Sônia (OUCVS). The restructurings and changes which are put in varied projects for the OUCVS are frankly related to the place occupied by the region in the metropolis, whose form and content are the heirs of the paths and borders of its previous history (reaffirming stunted forms of ownership); that is both in relation to road flows as the economic possibilities of contemporary housing market and its growing interest in certain areas considered strategic in São Paulo. Discerning such a strategy space, it is also to consider the reproduction of social relations of production, bottoming spatiality of this phenomenon in everyday tessitura, who, in its materiality, leading to necessary treatment, in this work, for the layers and social classes as well as their complex webs of relationships. Thus, assuming the constant gap between the political and the political economy, both operated in the body of the reproduction of social relations of production, we suggest consider the middle politics as the average social becoming in this way, whose foundation is anchored in reiterative alienation, mystification, reification and fetishization. Recognizing such foundations, we should pave the way with the intent of the urgent overcoming of the speech, thought and practices anchored to this State and economy.

Esta tese apresenta os dados e análises de uma pesquisa sobre os efeitos das políticas públicas em educação no município de Belo Horizonte sobre alunos cujas trajetórias foram marcadas pelas mutilações impostas pela pobreza e pelas desigualdades sociais. O problema de pesquisa foi elaborado a partir da constatação da presença de crianças e adolescentes envolvidos com o trabalho infantil e juvenil nas ruas da cidade e como alvo de programas educacionais que visam corrigir fluxos e defasagens na aprendizagem. A pesquisa de campo, de caráter qualitativo, foi realizada entre abril de 2009 e maio de 2010. Nesse período, vários espaços, tempos e atividades de ensino, de socialização e de gestão desenvolvidas na escola e no galpão alugado para que as atividades do Projeto Escola Integrada pudessem ser desenvolvidas foram observados. A coleta de dados se deu ainda por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com docentes, agentes culturais, coordenadores, direção da escola, funcionários, pais e alunos do ensino regular e dos projetos educacionais. O roteiro das entrevistas foi organizado com o objetivo de permitir aos sujeitos se expressarem sobre a organização, o funcionamento e a prática docente desenvolvida na escola e nos projetos educacionais. Os dados demonstraram que os espaços escolares eram densamente ocupados, com muitos alunos e atividades. O excesso de alunos e atividades dificultava ou impedia que os objetivos educativos definidos fossem atingidos. O prédio da escola não foi planejado para receber esse excesso. Verificou-se ainda que há uma sobrecarga de tarefas e responsabilidades sobre a direção e a coordenação pedagógica da escola que, somado à falta de tempo docente coletivo, para formação e planejamento, inviabilizam ações capazes de superar os obstáculos. A coordenação se encontra ainda numa situação de indefinição de papel porque as demandas apresentadas pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação, as apresentadas pelos professores e as que surgem no cotidiano escolar entre os educandos são contraditórias. Por esse motivo, as relações no interior da escola e com a secretaria de educação ficavam tensionadas. O esforço docente era individualizado, não construíam acordos e nem combinavam estratégias educativas. Com isso, por mais que os professores dissessem que queriam fazer a diferença na vida escolar dos alunos, o ensino não deixava de ser retalhos da realidade desconectados da totalidade (FREIRE, 2005, p. 65). Os programas que deveriam servir para corrigir as defasagens de aprendizagem dos alunos e lhes oferecer uma educação plena não são universalizados e nem tão pouco são oferecidos de acordo com as condições materiais e pedagógicas necessárias. Dessa forma, as mutilações na vida dos adolescentes continuam se reproduzindo em trajetórias escolares truncadas. / This thesis presents data and analysis of a research on the public educational policies in the city of Belo Horizonte about students who had their paths marked by the disruptions bound by poverty and social inequalities. The proposition of this research was elaborated from the realization of the presence of children and teenagers involved with child and teenager labor on the streets and as target of educational plans aiming to correct deviations and deficits in their learning process. The field research of qualitative nature was conducted from April 2009 to May 2010. During this period were observed various venues, periods of time and activities of education, socialization and management developed at schools and in a shed which was rented so that the activities of the Escola Integrada (Integrated School) project could be developed. The data collection was also done by semi-structured interviews with educators, cultural agents, coordinators, school committees, employees, parents and students of both regular teaching and educational projects. The content of the interview was organized in order to allow the subjects to convey their opinions on the organization, the functionality and the teaching practices developed at the school and with the educational projects. The data has shown that the teaching venues were heavily occupied with many students and activities. The excessive amount of students and activities was either preventing or hindering the fulfillment of the educational goals established. The school building was not projected to receive these excesses. It was yet verified the existence of an overcharge of tasks and responsibilities on the schools pedagogical coordination and on the school committee that, added to the lack of educational collective time for the formation and planning, was obstructing measures that could overcome these obstacles. The coordination is also in a situation of uncertainty of its role because the Belo Horizontes Education Secretariats demands, the teachers demands and the everyday school lifes demands of the students are contradictory to each other. For this reason, the schools internal affairs and the schools relation with the Education Secretariat were gaining tension. The teaching effort was individualized; it was not building any agreements and neither compounding educational strategies. Given this situation, even though teachers have declared their wish to make a difference in their students education, the teaching did not cease to be scraps of reality disconnected of its whole (FREIRE, 2005, p. 65) The measures that should correct the learning deficits of students and offer a full education were neither universalized nor offered according to its material and pedagogical needs. For this reasons the disruptions in the lives of teenagers are still multiplying into twisted paths.

Orientador: João Batista Ernest de Moraes / Banca: Sidney Barbosa / Banca: Maria Cristiane Galvão / Resumo: Em Organização da Informação, no aspecto do tratamento da informação, há uma carência de subsídios teóricos referente à análise de documentos fictícios. Na intenção de contribuir teoricamente com o desenvolvimento de um método que facilite a tarefa de análise de assunto em texto narrativo, nos seus aspectos de identificação e seleção de conceitos, buscou-se subsídios teóricos em áreas de interface com a Ciência da Informação, mais especificamente a Lingüística. Esta última proporcionou o conhecimento da estrutura textual do texto narrativo, e a Semântica Discursiva contribuiu com o percurso temático e o percurso figurativo utilizados como ferramentas para análise de assunto de textos narrativos. Objetivou-se, desta forma, a elaboração de um método que facilite a tarefa de análise de assunto, nos aspectos de identificação e seleção de conceitos, para promover a acessibilidade do conteúdo do documento. Para tanto, optou-se pela análise de três contos espíritas, nos quais foi inicialmente identificada, em suas estruturas, a seqüência canônica e, a partir dela, realizou-se a análise do percurso temático e do percurso figurativo, para a identificação de conceitos. Obteve-se como resultados a identificação de temas principais e secundários nos textos narrativos analisados. Com isso, concluiu-se que, o método experimental de análise proposto mostrou-se eficiente para o corpus desta pesquisa, pois possibilitou a identificação de conceitos relevantes que caracterizam os assuntos abordados nos contos, os quais poderão posteriormente ser traduzidos para a linguagem de um sistema de informação. Sugere-se, ainda, o desenvolvimento de um estudo para verificar e confirmar a hipótese surgida durante a realização da presente pesquisa, de que nas fases de Manipulação e Sanção, componentes da seqüência canônica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the field of Knowledge Organization, more specifically in the approach of information usage, there is a lack of theorical assistance concerning to the analysis of fictitious documents. Trying to theorically contribute with the development of a method that makes easier the analysis of subjects in a narrative text, on its aspects of identification and selection of concepts, we researched theorical assistance in interface fields linked to the Science of Knowledge, more specifically Linguistics. This last one provided the Knowledge about the textual structure into the narrative text and the Discursive Semantics contributed with the thematic and figurative courses, used as tools on the analysis of questions form narrative texts. We aimed, therefore, the formulation of a method that could make easier the task of analyzing the subject, its aspects of identification and selection of concepts, in order to foment the accessibility of the content into the document. To achieve it, we opted by the analysis of there spiritualistic tales, in which was initially identified, on its structures, the canonic sequence and, through it, we did the analysis of the thematic and figurative paths, due to the identification of the concepts. The results were the identification of primary and secondary themes in the narrative texts that were analyzed. From it, we concluded that the experimental method of analysis proposed was efficient into the corpus of this research, because allowed us the identification of relevant concepts that characterize the issues approached in the tales, which will, in the future, be translated into a language from the system of information. We still suggest the development of a review to verify and hold true the hypothesis that appeared during this paper, and it states that in levels of Manipulation and Sanction, elements to the canonic sequence... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

This thesis focuses on creating a draft proposal for the qualification paths for two specific technical professions in accordance to the modern and increasingly popular trends in e-learning methods. The draft proposal deals specifically with the new structure of the qualification paths and compares the ways in which the qualification paths are managed within the scope of technical personnel training performed by the extra-curricular department of After Sales Training. This department provides training to importer delegates and the Czech dealer network. The comparison study focuses on the currently used structure of fixed learning/qualification paths performed mainly in the form of presence training (which joins profession-specific training with general and shared basic content), and on the newly prepared training concept consisting of an individual and personalised training plan based on personal preferences and knowledge levels, which is completed by a final knowledge test. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to propose a new structure of personnel training for two professions which is to be delivered in an extra-curricular training organisation. The proposal assumes that training will be based not only on blended learning methods, but also on a certain level of voluntariness and the completion of...