Ziel: Ziel dieser Studie war es, Risikofaktoren für operationsbezogene postoperative Infektionen (SSIs) nach spinalen Eingriffen zu identifizieren und die Wirksamkeit einer perioperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe zur Vermeidung von Infektionen zu ermitteln. Methoden: Von Januar 2002 bis März 2004 erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse neurochirurgischer Eingriffe unter dem Ausschluss kranieller Operationen. Untersuchte Risikofaktoren waren dabei Diagnose und Art der Operation sowie Höhe des Eingriffs an der Wirbelsäule, Alter und Geschlecht, Operationsdauer, postoperative Krankenhausliegedauer (LOS) und verlängerter Aufenthalt auf der Intensivstation (ITS). Weiterhin wurden die Wirksamkeit und der Umgang mit einer perioperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe beobachtet. Die Infektionsrate von SSIs und anderen postoperativen Nosokomialinfektionen stellte das ausschlaggebende Kriterium dafür dar, dass ein Risikofaktor als solcher definiert wurde. Ergebnisse: Die Gesamtinfektionsrate von SSIs lag bei 2,29% (34 von 1484). Parallel zu der Komplexität der Operationen wurden zunehmende Infektionsraten festgestellt: Bandscheibenvorfall (3,48%), Spinalkanalstenose (3,97%), spinales Trauma (4,55%), spinaler Tumor (12,5%). Wesentliche Risikofaktoren waren dabei Operationsdauer (> 2 Stunden), LOS (> 7 Tage), Aufenthalt auf der Intensivstation (> 48 Stunden). Das Alter bei spinalen Eingriffen wurde auch, im Gegensatz zu Geschlecht und der Eingriffshöhe an der Wirbelsäule, als ein Risikofaktor gewertet. Bei Anwendung einer perioperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe erhöhte sich die Infektionsrate (1,35% auf 6,06%; p <0,01). Der Einsatz einer perioperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe wurde mit komplexeren Operationen, beispielsweise Eingriffen bei spinalen Tumoren, mit Eingriffen bei jüngeren (≤30 Jahre) oder älteren (>60 Jahre) Patienten, mit Eingriffen mit hohen Infektionsraten und mit Eingriffen mit Risikofaktoren (Operationsdauer, LOS, ITS) verbunden. Mit einem kurzen (≤24 Stunden) Protokoll der Prophylaxe im Vergleich zu einem längeren (>24 Stunden)zeigten sich niedrigere Infektionsraten (2,5% gegenüber 10%, p = 0.006). Die Antibiotikaprophylaxe erfolgte größtenteils mit Cefazolin (76,47%) und es wurden überwiegend grampositive Mikroorganismen, Haupterreger Staphylococcus aureus, isoliert. Eine Verschiebung des Verhältnis zugunsten der gramnegativen und zu Lasten der grampositiven Erreger zeigte sich bei Eingriffen mit ITS Aufenthalt, bei Eingriffen mit Durchführung einer perioperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe und in Kombination mit postoperativen Allgemeininfektionen. Abgesehen von den Eingriffen mit Aufenthalt auf ITS, stellten die grampositiven Erreger zahlenmäßig weiterhin die dominanten Erreger dar. Schlussfolgerung: Risikofaktoren in der spinalen Chirurgie wurden identifiziert und deren Berücksichtigung hilft SSIs und deren Komplikationen zu verhindern. Es gab kein Anzeichen dafür, dass eine perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe SSIs reduziert. Eine Prophylaxe wurde auf komplexere Operationen mit einem höheren Risikoprofil limitiert und sollte einem kurzen Anwendungsprotokoll folgen. Im Zusammenhang mit der zunehmenden Anzahl komplexer chirurgischer Verfahren mit steigenden Infektionsraten bei gleichzeitig wachsender Resistenzentwicklung muss die Rolle der perioperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe kritisch gesehen werden und sollte weiterführend untersucht werden.

Objectifs: Les données provenant des centres de soins tertiaires suggèrent que le taux de mortalité péri-opératoire (MPO) après cystectomie notés pour les patients âgés (septuagénaires et octogénaires) n’excède pas celle des patients plus jeunes. Toutefois, les données provenant de la communauté démontrent un phénomène inverse. Spécifiquement, la MPO est plus élevés chez les ainés. Dans cette thèse nous allons présenter une réévaluation contemporaine du taux de MPO après cystectomie. Méthodes: Entre 1988 et 2006, 12722 cystectomies radicales pour le carcinome urothéliale de la vessie ont été enregistrées dans la banque de données SEER. Le taux de MPO a été évalué dans les analyses de régression logistique univariées et multivariées à 90 jours après cystectomie radicale. Les covariables incluaient: le sexe, l’ethnie, l’année de chirurgie, la région d’origine du patient ainsi que le grade et le stade de la tumeur. Résultats: Parmi tous les patients, 4480 étaient des septuagénaires (35.2%) et 1439 étaient des octogénaires (11.3%). Le taux de MPO à 90 jours était de 4% pour la cohorte entière vs. 2% pour les patients moins de 69 ans vs. 5.4% pour les septuagénaires vs. 9.2% pour les octogénaires. Dans les analyses de régression logistiques multivariées, les septuagénaires (OR=2.80; <0.001) et les octogénaires (OR=5.02; <0.001) avaient reçu un taux de MPO plus augmenté que les patients moins de 70 ans après une cystectomie radicale. Conclusion: Cette analyse épidémiologique basée sur les donnés le plus contemporaines démontre que l’âge avancée représente un facteur de risque pour un taux de MPO plus élevé. / Objective Data from tertiary care centers suggest that the perioperative mortality (POM) after radical cystectomy (RC) is not different in septuagenarian or octogenarian patients, compared to younger individuals. Conversely, population-based data state otherwise. We revisited this topic in a large contemporary population-based cohort. Methods Between 1988 and 2006, 12722 radical cystectomies were performed for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB) in 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries. Of those 4480 were aged 70-79 and 1439 were 80 years and older. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models tested 90-day mortality (90dM) after radical cystectomy. Covariates consisted of gender, race, year of surgery, SEER registry, histological grade and stage. Results Of all 12722 patients, 4480 (35.2%) were septuagenarian and 1439 (11.3%) were octogenarian. The overall 90dM rate was 4% for the entire population, 2% for patients aged 69 years or younger, 5.4% for septuagenarian patients and 9.2% for octogenarian patients. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, septuagenarian (OR= 2.80; <0.001) and octogenarian (OR= 5.02; <0.001) age increased the risk of 90dM after RC. Conclusions In this population-based analysis, POM was between 3 and 5-fold higher respectively in septuagenarian and octogenarian patients which is higher in tertiary care centers. This information needs to be included in informed consent considerations, specifically if RC will not be performed at a tertiary care center.

Orientador: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo / Resumo: Justificativa e Objetivos: a diferença na incidência de eventos adversos perioperatórios (EAPs) entre tubo traqueal (TT), máscara laríngea (ML) e máscara facial (MF) ainda é questão controversa no tocante à anestesia em crianças com infecção de vias aéreas superiores (IVAS). O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi comparar o risco de EAPs entre os dispositivos de via aérea após anestesia em pacientes pediátricos com IVAS. Métodos: foi conduzida revisão sistemática de acordo com as recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane e declaração PRISMA. A estratégia de busca foi realizada nas principais bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Lilacs, Scielo, Scopus e Web of Science) e a última pesquisa foi realizada em 30 de junho de 2015. Não houve restrições quanto a idioma, data, revista ou publicação. Foram incluídos somente estudos avaliando EAPs em pacientes com IVAS submetidos à anestesia e cujas vias aéreas tenham sido manejadas com MF, ML ou TT. Dados de cada ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) foram combinados utilizando o modelo de efeito randômico para cálculo do risco relativo (RR). Resultados: dos 680 estudos identificados, 5 eram ECRs e foram incluídos na análise final. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes dispositivos estudados com relação a broncoespasmo (RR 0,47, IC 95% 0,04-6,25, p=0,57), laringoespasmo (RR 0,84, IC 95% 0,56-1,27, p=0,41), dessaturação arterial de oxigênio (RR 0,66, IC 95% 0,38-1,16, p=0,15), apneia (RR... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background: rate of perioperative adverse events (PAEs) among tracheal tube (TT), laryngeal mask airway (LMA), and facemask (FM) remains a controversial issue during anesthesia in children with an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The aim of the present study was to compare the risk of PAEs among the different airway devices after anesthesia in pediatric patients with an URTI. Methods: a systematic review according to the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA guidelines was conducted. The search was performed in the main electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Lilacs, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science) and the last one was carried out in June 30, 2015. There were no language, year of publication, or publication status restriction. Only randomized clinical trial evaluating anesthesia in children with URTI and who were submitted to either of the airway devices were included. Data from each trial was combined using the random effects models to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results: from 680 studies identified, 5 randomized clinical trials were included in the final analysis. There were no statistical difference with regard to bronchospasm (RR 0.47, CI 95% 0.04-6.25, p=0.57), laryngospasm (RR 0.84, CI 95% 0.56-1.27, p=0.41), arterial oxygen desaturation (RR 0.66, CI 95% 0.38-1.16, p=0.15), apnea or breath holding (RR 0.91, CI 95% 0.49-1.67, p=0.75), sore throat (RR 0.87, CI 95% 0.39-1.96, p=0.74), and hospital readmission (RR... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Bakgrund: Evidensbaserad vård är en indikator på god och säker vård. Att arbeta evidensbaserat är ett förhållningssätt som förutsätter kunskap och praktiskt handlande. Förhållningssättet innebär viljan att tillämpa bästa tillgängliga vetenskapliga kunskap som underlag för vårdbeslut och det praktiska handlandet är processen i vilken sjuksköterskor tillämpar vetenskaplig kunskap. Anestesisjuksköterskor behöver vara rustade för att delta aktivt och ta ansvar för evidensprocessen i den anestesiologiska omvårdnaden. Syfte: Att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors uppfattningar av evidensbaserad vård som förhållningssätt och process. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsansats med fenomenografisk inriktning. Insamlad data från 18 kvalitativa intervjuer, som genomfördes med anestesisjuksköterskor från två sjukhus i Sverige, analyserades induktivt. Resultat: Tre beskrivningskategorier om anestesisjuksköterskors uppfattningar av evidensbaserad vård framträdde och presenteras i ett utfallsrum; Vårdkultur med fokus på vårdvetenskapens dolda funktion, Kunskap med ansvar och begränsningar och De goda handlingarna: att vilja bättre för patienten, Vårdkultur och vårdvetenskapens dolda funktion förefaller ha en övergripande position i förhållande till övriga beskrivningskategorier. Slutsats: För att förbättra den evidensbaserade vården och stärka anestesisjuksköterskornas profession kan insikten om de olika uppfattningarna mötas med utbildning och kunskapsöverföring. Särskilt viktigt är att stärka den egna professionen genom att värdera det vårdvetenskapliga evidensbegreppet. / Background: Evidence-based practice is an indicator of best practice. Evidence-based practice is an approach that requires knowledge and practical action. The approach is the willingness to apply the best available scientific knowledge as a basis for clinical decisions, and practice is the process in which nurses apply scientific knowledge. Nurse anesthetist’s need to be equipped to participate actively and take responsibility for the evidence process in the anesthetic care. Aim: To describe the nurse anesthetist’s’ perceptions of evidence-based practice as an approach and a process. Method: A qualitative research design with a phenomenography approach. Data from 18 qualitative interviews, conducted with nurse anesthetists from two hospitals in Sweden, were analyzed inductively. Findings: Three descriptive categories of nurse anesthetist’s perceptions of evidence-based practice appeared presented in an outcome space: Culture in healthcare settings: focusing on the hidden function of caring science, Knowledge with responsibility and limitations, and Good actions: To want better for the patient. The culture in healthcare settings and the hidden function of caring science seems to have an overall position in relation to the other descriptive categories. Conclusions: In order to improve evidence-based practice and strengthen the profession of nurse anesthetists, the insight of different perceptions can be met with education and knowledge. Particularly important is to strengthen the nurse anesthetist’s profession by appraising the concept of caring science.

The topic of the thesis Nursing Care of Newborns in the Process of Perioperative Care deals with specific and distinct features of such care from the viewpoint of nursing. The main objective was to specify all tasks of nurses in the process of perioperative care and the procedures they use. Last but not least, we focused on how the nursing care differs with regard to the age of newborns. The selected research method was qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with nurses from perinatology centers. The research covered 10 respondents with various levels of education and lengths of practical experience. Nurses most frequently understand the term of perioperative care as the care provided before, during and after a surgery. Most of them actually perform preparation of the child before the surgery and then they provide postoperative care. Only 2 out of the 10 respondents are directly involved in the surgery procedure and thus accompany the newborns throughout the entire process of perioperative care. The care provided before the surgery most often includes identification of the child, checking of its vital functions, involvement in blood collection, including intravenous cannulation, administration of prescribed medication, preparation of the surgical site and communication with the parents. Children are most frequently accompanied by their mothers and nurses need to communicate with them. Nurses transport the child to the operating room, hand the child over and subsequently take it back after the surgery. They also record all those activities in the medical files and in some cases they check signed informed consents. Intraoperative care consists mainly of monitoring of the newborn, assisting to the physician in airway management - intubation and during the entire surgery procedure. The most common surgical procedures performed in children are hernia, bowel and heart surgeries. The nurses also generally mentioned surgeries of developmental disorders. After the surgery nurses usually move the child to the neonatology intensive care unit which is equipped with a ventilator, incubator and all types of medication. They regularly check and record child´s vital functions, monitor the surgical wound and its proximity, intake and excretion, they provide nutrition etc. Nurses also assess the pain, most frequently using the NIPS scale, and they educate the parents. Post-surgery complications occur only sporadically and they include infections, bleeding or abstinence syndrome after administration of opiates. The collected data have shown only one difference relating to the age of newborns who underwent a surgery. Specifically, certain surgeries, e.g. of necrotic enterocolitis, are performed more frequently on less mature newborns. In general, most of the surgeries are performed on prematurely born neonates and extremely immature neonates. When asked what they would like to change or improve in the perioperative care from the nursing point of view the nurses primarily mentioned more contacts between the mother and child and consistent compliance with aseptic procedures. The responding nurses were mostly content, they praised the highly specialized care and the good cooperation between the nursing team and the medical team which consists of pediatricians and specialists. Results of those teams thus contribute to continually decreasing mortality rate of high-risk and pathological newborns and to better quality of life of those children after the surgery.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_alr_dr_bot.pdf: 1510567 bytes, checksum: 016ef353508cc1d168cdef1d8cf5cea3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Justificativa e Objetivos: a diferença na incidência de eventos adversos perioperatórios (EAPs) entre tubo traqueal (TT), máscara laríngea (ML) e máscara facial (MF) ainda é questão controversa no tocante à anestesia em crianças com infecção de vias aéreas superiores (IVAS). O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi comparar o risco de EAPs entre os dispositivos de via aérea após anestesia em pacientes pediátricos com IVAS. Métodos: foi conduzida revisão sistemática de acordo com as recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane e declaração PRISMA. A estratégia de busca foi realizada nas principais bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Lilacs, Scielo, Scopus e Web of Science) e a última pesquisa foi realizada em 30 de junho de 2015. Não houve restrições quanto a idioma, data, revista ou publicação. Foram incluídos somente estudos avaliando EAPs em pacientes com IVAS submetidos à anestesia e cujas vias aéreas tenham sido manejadas com MF, ML ou TT. Dados de cada ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) foram combinados utilizando o modelo de efeito randômico para cálculo do risco relativo (RR). Resultados: dos 680 estudos identificados, 5 eram ECRs e foram incluídos na análise final. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes dispositivos estudados com relação a broncoespasmo (RR 0,47, IC 95% 0,04-6,25, p=0,57), laringoespasmo (RR 0,84, IC 95% 0,56-1,27, p=0,41), dessaturação arterial de oxigênio (RR 0,66, IC 95% 0,38-1,16, p=0,15), apneia (RR 0,91, IC 95% 0,49-1,67, p=0,75), dor de garganta (RR 0,87, IC 95% 0,39-1,96, p=0,74) e taxa de readmissão hospitalar (RR 0,76, IC 95% 0,17-3,33, p=0,71). O uso de ML resultou em significante redução da incidência de tosse (RR 0,63, IC 95% 0,45-0,89, p=0,009) comparado aos outros dispositivos de via aérea. Notou-se, também, tendência à redução da incidência de vômito com o uso da ML quando comparado ao TT e MF, embora sem significância estatística (RR 0,57, IC 95% 0,33-1,00, p=0,05). Conclusões: o manejo ideal das vias aéreas em crianças com IVAS permanece incerto. Esta revisão sistemática demonstra que o uso da ML durante anestesia em crianças com IVAS não resultou na diminuição dos mais temidos EAPs. Entretanto, o uso da ML foi mais eficaz em reduzir a incidência de tosse comparado aos outros dispositivos de via aérea. Além disso, houve tendência da ML em reduzir a incidência de vômito. / Background: rate of perioperative adverse events (PAEs) among tracheal tube (TT), laryngeal mask airway (LMA), and facemask (FM) remains a controversial issue during anesthesia in children with an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The aim of the present study was to compare the risk of PAEs among the different airway devices after anesthesia in pediatric patients with an URTI. Methods: a systematic review according to the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA guidelines was conducted. The search was performed in the main electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Lilacs, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science) and the last one was carried out in June 30, 2015. There were no language, year of publication, or publication status restriction. Only randomized clinical trial evaluating anesthesia in children with URTI and who were submitted to either of the airway devices were included. Data from each trial was combined using the random effects models to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results: from 680 studies identified, 5 randomized clinical trials were included in the final analysis. There were no statistical difference with regard to bronchospasm (RR 0.47, CI 95% 0.04-6.25, p=0.57), laryngospasm (RR 0.84, CI 95% 0.56-1.27, p=0.41), arterial oxygen desaturation (RR 0.66, CI 95% 0.38-1.16, p=0.15), apnea or breath holding (RR 0.91, CI 95% 0.49-1.67, p=0.75), sore throat (RR 0.87, CI 95% 0.39-1.96, p=0.74), and hospital readmission (RR 0.76, CI 95% 0.17-3.33, p=0.71). The use of LMA produced a significant reduction of cough (RR 0.63, CI 95% 0.45- 0.89, p=0.009) compared with other airway devices. Also, LMA tended toward a reduction of vomiting compared with other forms of airway management but did not reach statistical significance (RR 0.57, CI 95% 0.33-1.00, p=0.05). Conclusions: the ideal airway management in children with URTI remains obscure. This systematic review demonstrates that the use of LMA during anesthesia for surgery in children with URTI did not result in decrease of the most feared PAEs. However, the use of LMA was better than other airway devices in reducing cough and tended toward a protective effect against vomiting.

A manutenção da integridade cutânea é um cuidado a ser prestado individualmente a cada paciente de forma integralizada com outros cuidados do intra-operatório, aplicando o conhecimento técnico e científico. Os cuidados de enfermagem promovidos ao paciente no período intra-operatório refletirão no pós-operatório3. Muitas lesões de pele têm seu início na sala de operação e segue se agravando no pós-operatório cirúrgico22. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pela escassez de estudos referentes às lesões de pele de pacientes desenvolvidas e observadas no período intra-operatório. Neste estudo exploratório, descritivo e de coorte o objetivo principal é verificar a incidência de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca que desenvolveram lesões de pele no período intra-operatório, caracterizar as lesões e identificar os fatores de risco. A coleta de dados foi realizada no Centro Cirúrgico (CC) de um hospital público de ensino, de atenção terciária à saúde, predominantemente cirúrgico, especializado em cardiologia no município de São Paulo, a amostra do estudo foi de 182 pacientes. O estudo foi feito com um p significativo ( 0,05) frente aos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. A maioria dos pacientes estudados foi do sexo feminino (67%), com idade mediana de 63 (53 70) anos. A raça branca foi predominante (63,2%). Os pacientes obtiveram a mediana do IMC de 26,15 (23,3 29) e os dias de internação apresentaram mediana de 6 (2 11). Quanto ao perfil clínico dos pacientes 49,5% apresentavam insuficiência coronariana, 18,7% insuficiência da valava mitral; 83,5% dos pacientes apresentavam hipertensão arterial, 22,5% tinham diabete insulino não dependente e 9,3% diabete insulino dependente; 20,9 faziam uso de álcool e 13,2 faziam uso de tabaco. Com relação à avaliação clínica da pele houve predominância da pele de coloração rósea claro com 76,4%, textura normal 56%, turgor normal 67% e 61,5% dos pacientes tinham umidade normal. Quanto à incidência de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca que desenvolveram lesões de pele em decorrência do período intra-operatório obteve-se incidência de 20,9% (38). Tivemos que 35 (19,2%) lesões apresentaram-se como UP no estágio I, 02 (1,1%) lesões caracterizaram-se como abrasão, 02 (1,1%) feridas incisas, 01 (0,5%) laceração, 01(0,5%) queimadura elétrica superficial e 01(0,5%) UP no estágio II. Quanto aos fatores de risco para lesão de pele no período intra-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, na análise estatística, considerando p< 0,05 apresentou-se com estatisticamente significante: a idade elevada (63 anos) p= 0,053; pele pálida apresentou p= 0,015; umidade normal da pele revelou p= 0,042; o tempo total de procedimento anestésico cirúrgico apresentou p= 0,035. Os pacientes que utilizaram o equipamento Eco Trans Esofágico teve significância estatística com p= 0,031 e para os que utilizaram o equipamento Desfibrilador Externo p= 0,01. Muito se tem estudado sobre a integridade da pele, relacionando a prevenção de UPs, porem ainda são escassos os trabalhos referentes sobre lesões de pele. O paciente cirúrgico traz consigo fatores de risco que colaboram com o desenvolvimento de lesões, portanto a enfermagem perioperatória deve estar atenta a todos os riscos para realizar um planejamento de assistência e cuidado individualizado para os pacientes / The maintenance of skin integrity is an individual care given to each patient that is integrated to other intraoperative cares, applying both technical and scientific knowledge. Nursing care provided to the patient in the intraoperative stage will reflect in the post-operative one3. Many skin lesions start in the operating room and worsen in the post-operative stage22. This research is justified by the scarceness of studies referring to skin lesions on patients that developed and were observed during the intraoperative stage. In this exploratory, descriptive and cohort study, the main objective was to verify the incidence of patients that underwent heart surgery who developed skin lesion in the intraoperative stage, to characterize lesions and to identify risk factors. The collection of data occurred in an Operating Room (OR) of a public teaching hospital, with tertiary health care, predominantly surgical, and specialized in cardiology in the Municipality of São Paulo, and the study sample was taken from 182 patients. The study was performed with a significant p ( 0,05) compared to the non-parametric statistics tests. Most of the patients studied were females (67%), with an average age of 63 year (53 70). Caucasians were predominant (63,2%). Patients had a BMI medium of 26,15 (23,3 29) and the average of hospitalization days was 6 (2 11). As for the patients clinical profile 49,5% presented heart failure, 18,7% mitral valve failure; 83,5% of the patients presented high blood pressure, 22,5% had non-insulin dependent diabetes and 9,3% had insulin dependent diabetes; 20,9 used alcoholic beverages and 13,2 were smokers. Concerning the clinical skin evaluation, we found a predominance of light pink skin coloration in 76,4%, 56% normal texture, 67% normal turgor, and 61,5% of the patients had normal skin moister. As for the incidence of patients that underwent heart surgery, which developed skin lesions due to the intraoperative stage, an incidence of 20,9% was obtained.(38). We found that 35 (19,2%) lesions presented Stage I PU, 02 (1,1%), lesions were characterized as abrasions, 02 (1,1%) incise wounds, 01 (0,5%) laceration, 01(0,5%) superficial electric burn and 01(0,5%) Stage II PU. As for risk factors for skin lesions in the intraoperative stage of heart surgery, during the statistics analysis, considering p< 0,05, showed as statistically significant: the increased age (63 years) p= 0,053; the presentation of pale skin p= 0,015; normal skin moister of p= 0,042; the total time of the anesthesia procedure with p= 0,035. Patients that used Esophagic Trans Echo equipment had statistical significance with p= 0,031, e the ones that used the External Defibrillator equipment p= 0,01. The integrity of the skin referring to PUs prevention has been well studied however there are still few works about skin lesions. The surgery patient is followed by risk factors that co-operate with the development of lesions; hence perioperative nursing must be aware of all risks to elaborate an individual care and assistance plan for patients

Title of the thesis: Specifics of the nursing care of patients with MRSA in the operating room from an anesthesiology nurse perspective. The aim of this thesis was to identify the specifics of nursing care of a patient with the MRSA in the operating room from the perspective of nurses working in the operating room. In the theoretical part focus is given to nursing care and its specifics for a patient with MRSA. Chapters relating to the regime measures, barrier nursing procedures and the use of specific aids, instruments and tools are treated in detail. The nursing care provided by anesthesia nurses and perioperative nurses in the operating room is defined. To reach the goals the quantitative research through questionnaires was chosen. The research sample consisted of anesthesia nurses and perioperative care nurses. Two types of standardized questionnaires were used, consisted of closed questions where respondents chose an appropriate answer, and from semi-open questions where respondents could specify their answers, and in one case open questions. Both questionnaires were completed by 12 test questions, where respondents had the choice of three possible answers, where one answer was correct. The results of the investigation are summarized in two types of graphs. Bar charts were used in questions where more answers were possible to mark, and for a better clarity the results were supplemented by tables. Results to other questions, where options were limited by one answer, are shown in percentages in pie graphs. Our thesis is very narrowly focused, because we concentrated on specifics of nursing care in a patient with MRSA in the operating room. We have determined the specifics of barrier nursing, nursing problems in a patient with MRSA in the operating room. We have discovered barrier nursing procedures in a patient with MRSA in the operating room. We have also succeeded in assessing the knowledge of nurses working in the operating room. The goal was met. An interesting finding was that most of anesthetic nurses and perioperative nurses had responded that the structural and technical arrangement in the operating room was not satisfactory in terms of barrier nursing of a patient with MRSA. This problem was expected, owing to the author´s experience in operating theaters. Thus Hypothesis 1 is confirmed. In total five hypotheses were stated, four of which were confirmed and one was disproved. The aim of the thesis was to draw attention to problems in the operating room during nursing a patient with MRSA. In the course of the research work there were no problems, however, it is necessary to mention the lack of literature on MRSA with regard to nursing care in operating theaters. The theoretical section of this thesis could be recommended as a resource for the education plan created on the basis of information collected and the results of this research. The results of the research survey may serve for general public, anesthesia and perioperative nurses who could benefit from the educational plan in practice while providing nursing care for a patient with MRSA.

Apesar dos grandes avanços na medicina perioperatória, as operações vasculares ainda estão associadas a elevada morbi-mortalidade. A fisiopatologia dos eventos perioperatórios é complexa, envolvendo a instabilização de placas ateroscleróticas, o que não é contemplado nos algoritmos para estratificação de risco cardíaco perioperatório. Acreditamos que a identificação de características relacionadas à instabilização de placas incipientes, como alterações na reatividade vascular e maior atividade inflamatória, pode melhorar a acurácia da estimativa de risco e a análise do comportamento perioperatório destas características pode elucidar importantes mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Estudamos 100 pacientes com indicação de operação vascular e aferimos por meio de ultrassom-Doppler de artéria braquial, a hiperemia reativa (HR), marcador de função microvascular, e a dilatação mediada pelo fluxo (DMF), marcador de função endotelial, antes e após a operação. Analisamos também os níveis de proteina-C reativa ultra-sensível (PCR-us). A operação foi realizada em 96 pacientes e 27 deles apresentaram algum evento até o 30º dia pós-operatório: 4 óbitos cardíacos, 5 infartos agudos do miocárdio, 2 acidentes vasculares cerebrais isquêmicos, 2 elevações isoladas de troponina, 1 embolia de pulmão, 2 reoperações e 11 óbitos não cardíacos. Detectamos disfunção endotelial em 70% dos pacientes, mas não observamos nenhum padrão característico de comportamento perioperatório da DMF, ou associação significativa entre a mesma e os eventos. Observamos significativo aumento da PCR-us após a intervenção cirúrgica (0,5mg/dL x 3,01mg/dL, P=0,001), mas sem associação com eventos. Identificamos forte associação entre disfunção microvascular, representada pela menor velocidade de fluxo na artéria braquial durante a hiperemia reativa, e eventos: 81 cm/s + 20 x 95 cm/s + 28 ( P= 0,02). Concluímos que a identificação de disfunção microvascular no pré-operatório pode estratificar o risco de complicações perioperatórias e que embora não tenhamos observado piora da vasodilatação mediada pelo fluxo, não podemos afastar que haja piora da função endotelial no perioperatório. O aumento de PCR-us denota grande diátese inflamatória, que pode estar relacionada à disfunção endotelial. / Despite great advances in perioperative care, major vascular surgeries are still related to high morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of perioperative cardiac events is complex and comprehends atherosclerotic plaque instability, witch is not contemplated in the current algorithms for cardiac risk estimation. We hypothesized that the identification of characteristics related to predisposition for plaque instability, such as abnormalities in the vascular reactivity, is very promising and the characterization of this parameter`s behavior in the perioperative setting contributes to the better understanding of event\'s pathophysiology. We prospectively studied a cohort of 100 patients, candidates for elective major vascular surgery and assessed, by Doppler ultrasound in the brachial artery, reactive hyperemia(RH), a marker of microvascular function, and flow mediated dilation(FMD), a marker of endothelial function, before and after surgery. We also obtained C-reactive protein-high sensitive assay (CRP-hs) before and after surgery. Ninety six patients were submitted to the planned vascular surgery and 27 patients had an event up to the 30º postoperative day. We observed 4 cardiac deaths, 5 acute myocardial infarctions, 2 isolated troponin elevations, 2 ischemic strokes, 1 pulmonary embolism, 2 reoperations and 11 noncardiac deaths. Results: although there was no significant difference in the preoperative FMD between patients with and without events: 4.83% + 6.81 x 5.88% + 6.00 (p= .457), respectively, low RH response, measured as lower peak flow velocity in RH, was associated to events: 81 cm/s + 20 x 95 cm/s + 28 (p=0,02). There was no significant difference in the preoperative CRP-hs between groups (median: 0.51mg/dL (IQR 2.12) x 0.41mg/dL (IQR 0.59), p= .234). There was no significant difference between FMD before and after surgery but we detected an almost 6-fold increase in CRP-hs after surgery: 0.50mg/dL x 3.01mg/dL (p < .001), respectively. Our study demonstrated that microvascular dysfunction is closely related to perioperative events after major vascular surgery and is a better marker of perioperative risk than endothelial dysfunction, in specific conditions.

A segurança do paciente cirúrgico é problemática complexa e desafiadora em âmbito global. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos (a) analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o processo de implementação da lista de verificação de segurança cirúrgica da Organização Mundial da Saúde na prática dos serviços de saúde, e (b) analisar o processo de implementação e o uso diário da lista de verificação de segurança cirúrgica, segundo o relato de enfermeiros que atuavam em unidades de centro cirúrgico de hospitais de duas cidades localizadas no estado do Paraná. A pesquisa foi conduzida em duas fases: revisão integrativa e estudo descritivo. A busca dos estudos primários foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL e LILACS. A amostra da revisão integrativa foi composta de 27 pesquisas agrupadas em três categorias, a saber: processo de implementação: estratégias para introdução da lista de verificação de segurança cirúrgica nos serviços de saúde (n=15); processo de implementação: estratégias para otimização do uso da lista de verificação de segurança cirúrgica nos serviços de saúde (n=9) e facilitadores e barreiras para implementação da lista de verificação de segurança cirúrgica nos serviços de saúde (n=3). A condução da revisão integrativa possibilitou compreender o processo de implementação da lista, as diferentes estratégias utilizadas para sua implantação, aspectos da implementação considerados bem-sucedidos ou pouco exitosos no alcance dos resultados esperados, facilitadores e barreiras deste processo. O estudo descritivo foi realizado em 25 hospitais de duas cidades que compõem a mesorregião do Norte Central Paranaense (Londrina e Maringá). Os participantes foram 91 enfermeiros que atuavam em centro cirúrgico dos hospitais selecionados. Para a coleta de dados elaborou-se dois instrumentos, os quais foram submetidos à validação aparente e de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que, na maioria dos hospitais investigados, a lista de verificação de segurança cirúrgica foi implementada, sendo que, para a maioria dos participantes, as estratégias adotadas na introdução da lista foram o planejamento prévio conduzido pelos enfermeiros, a adaptação com predominância do uso no formato impresso e programa educacional. Com relação ao uso diário da lista, a maioria dos enfermeiros apontou a utilização inadequada desta prática nos seguintes aspectos: adesão parcial ao uso pela equipe cirúrgica, diferença de adesão entre as etapas de checagem e entre as categorias profissionais e condutas inadequadas da equipe cirúrgica na checagem da lista em sala cirúrgica (equipe incompleta, desatenta e sem participação ativa de seus membros). Para a maioria dos participantes, o uso da lista trouxe benefícios ou tem potencial para produzir efeitos benéficos para o paciente, equipe cirúrgica e serviço de saúde. As evidências geradas trazem subsídios para os enfermeiros e demais profissionais de saúde na elaboração de protocolos relativos ao processo de implementação ou uso diário da lista mais adequados e compatíveis com as especificidades estruturais e organizacionais dos serviços de saúde nacionais, com o propósito de viabilizar a integração desta ferramenta no processo de trabalho, melhorar a adesão da equipe e alcançar os melhores resultados em prol da segurança do paciente / Surgical patient safety is a complex and challenging problem at the global level. This study aimed to analyze (a) the available evidence in the literature on the process of implementation of the surgical safety checklist of the World Health Organization in the practice of health services, and (b) the implementation process and the daily use of the surgical safety checklist, according to the report of nurses working in surgical center units of hospitals of two cities located in the state of Paraná. The research was conducted in two phases: integrative review and descriptive study. The search for primary studies was carried out in PubMed, CINAHL and LILACS databases. The sample of the integrative review consisted of 27 studies grouped into three categories, namely: implementation process: strategies for the introduction of the surgical safety checklist in the health services (n = 15); implementation process: strategies to optimize the use of the surgical safety checklist in health services (n = 9) and facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the surgical safety checklist (n = 3). Conducting the integrative review made it possible to understand the process of implementing the list, the different strategies used for its implementation, aspects of implementation considered successful or not very successful in achieving the expected results, facilitators and barriers of this process. The descriptive study was carried out in 25 hospitals of two cities that make up the mesoregion of Northern Central of Paraná state (Londrina and Maringá). Participants were 91 nurses who worked in the surgical center of the selected hospitals. For the data collection, two instruments were elaborated, which were submitted to the apparent validation and content. The results showed that, in most of the hospitals investigated, the surgical safety checklist was implemented, and, for most of the participants, the strategies adopted in the introduction of the list were the previous planning conducted by the nurses, the adaptation with predominance of the use in the printed format and educational program. Regarding the daily use of the list, most of the nurses pointed out the inadequate use of this practice in the following aspects: surgical team\'s partial adherence to the use of it, difference in adherence between the check-up stages, and between the professional categories and inadequate behavior of the surgical team in checking the list in the surgical room (incomplete, inattentive team, and members not taking part actively). For most participants, using the list has brought benefits or can potentially produce beneficial effects for the patient, surgical team, and health service. The evidence generated provides subsidies for nurses and other health professionals in elaborating protocols related to the implementation process or daily use of the list more adequate and compatible with the structural and organizational specificities of the national health services, in order to make feasible the integration of this tool into the work process, to improve team adherence and to achieve the best results for patient safety