當今各先進國家均正經歷人口結構老化的社會變遷課題，我國已於1993年邁入高齡化社會，政府面對人口老化所需解決的便是建構適合老人安居之住宅與居住環境。惟政府總體預算以及人力資源均屬有限，因此如何引進民間投資來減少政府財政負擔及提昇整體老人福利服務之績效與品質，已成為一大課題。本文以老人住宅及老人福利機構為研究對象，探討民間參與高齡者住宅設施的關鍵因素，並參照日本PFI事業模式的發展經驗後，提供後續執行之建議。 本研究主要目的有以下三點，一、我國現況分析：老人住宅及老人福利機構相關法規分析、民間參與老人住宅及老人福利機構推動現況分析；二、日本現況分析：老人住宅及老人福利機構相關法規分析、民間參與老人住宅及老人福利機構推動現況分析；三、民間參與老人住宅及老人福利機構之課題研析，並擬定其建議對策。 在民間參與老人住宅方面，原為依老人福利法設置之社會福利設施，得依促參法辦理，現已納入住宅法中社會住宅之一環，住宅法甫於2011年底公告，並將於2012年底施行，惟相關子法尚未制定，故整體配套措施及後續推動仍有待觀察。 在民間參與老人福利機構方面，除於老人福利法中即有獎勵民間興辦之相關配套措施外，亦得在經中央目的事業主管機關認定後適用促參法辦理之。惟因老人福利機構之興辦較不具自償性，故在民間參與之推動上較為困難。 本文就我國民間參與老人住宅及老人福利機構方面提出相關課題分析，並參酌日本之相關法規及案例，研擬建議對策，以供參考。

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Med ett stort uttryckt behov av fler idrottshallar i Stockholms stad och begränsade kommunalaresurser har genomförandeformen OPS, Offentlig Privat Samverkan, lyfts fram i politiska diskussionersom ett alternativ för framtida investeringar. Upphandlingsformen är relativt ny och av en liten utbredning i Sverige med det mest omtalade projektet Nya Karolinska Solna. OPS saknar idag en entydig definition men kan förklaras som en vidareutveckling av mer traditionella genomförandeformer. I samverkan med en offentlig part tar den privata aktören ett helhetsansvar i ett infrastrukturprojekt genom planering, byggande, drift och underhåll över en längre tid. Projektetfinansieras även av den privata parten medan det offentliga sedan betalar återkommande ersättningar enligt avtalet som ofta sträcker sig över 20 år, likt en delbetalning. Drivkrafterna för upphandlingsformen består till stor del av en tro om effektivisering genom olika incitament samt möjligheten för det offentliga att initiera projekt trots en avsaknad av budgetmedel. OPS lämpar sig dock inte för alla typer av projekt utan rätt projektförutsättningar krävs för att kunna dra nytta av genomförandeformens fördelar. Detta kandidatexamensarbete genomfördes därav med syftet att undersöka huruvida OPS lämpar sig för nybyggnationer av idrottshallar ämnade för breddidrott i Stockholm. Utifrån den bakomliggande teorin inom ämnesområdet samt verkliga erfarenheter så lämpar sig inte OPS för byggandet av enskilda idrottshallar av en enklare karaktär. Detta då sådana projekt inte uppnår den kapitalvolym och riskfylldhet som är grundläggande faktorer att beakta vid valet av genomförandeform. Investeringar i större anläggningar som exempelvis planeras på ett område medosäkra markförhållanden skulle däremot kunna vara av sådan typ att genomförandeformens nyttor är mer tillämpbara. Det kontinuerliga byggandet av idrottshallar i det befolkningsökande Stockholm skulle även kunna utveckla framtida OPS-förfaranden inom sektorn ifall sådana genomförandebeslut fattas av de styrande politikerna. Vid skrivtiden av detta arbete råder det ingen kommunalpolitisk konsensus gällande OPS-lösningar, vilket kan innebära en risk för OPS-projekt och dess långa avtalsperioder. Upphandlingsformen är ett av många alternativ för den offentliga beställaren och större investeringsbeslut bör analyseras närmare i en förstudie. I de fall där OPS är ett alternativ kan olika genomförandeformer jämföras genom en Value For Money-analys för att bedöma vilken typ av upphandling som är mest lönsam. Detta för att nyttja samhällets resurser effektivt ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. / This Bachelor thesis was produced in the purpose to discover wether a Public Private Partnership, in Sweden named as OPS – Offentlig Privat Samverkan, is suitable for projects regarding indoor sportfacilities destined for the common sports in Stockholm. Due to the great need of these sport facilitiesin the municipality and with limited governmental resources, OPS has surfaced as a potentional solution to approach this problem. This type of public procurement has, by the time writing, not been conducted in Sweden to a great extent with the most debated example being the hospital Nya Karolinska i Solna. The procurement OPS lacks a standardized definition but can be explained as a development of the more traditional types of public procurements. Instead of just building or maintaining the asset the private part takes an overall responsibility for the public investment through planning, construction,operation and mantainance as well as the initial financing. The public client then makes paymentsover the contract term and compensating the private finance company for their investment andother costs. The potential benefits regarding OPS is mainly in the belief of an increased efficiency that can be profitable but also the possibility for the public sector to initiate projects despite a lack ofbudgetary resources. However, OPS is not suitable for every type of infrastructure project. The right project characteristics are required to be able to benefit from the procurement, such as a larger need of resources and higher risk. Based on the underlying theory and experiences, OPS is not suitable for the construction of indoorsports facilities of a simpler character. Such projects do not achieve the volume of capital and riskiness that are fundamental factors to consider when choosing the type of procurement. Investments in larger facilities that are, for instance, planned in an area with uncertain soil conditions would on the other hand, be of such a type that the benefits with the method are more applicable.The continuous construction of sport facilities in Stockholm with its steadily increase of inhabitantscould also develop future models in the field of OPS. This type of development would of course onlybe made possible by decisions from the governing politicians. At the time of writing this bachelor thesis, there is no municipal consensus regarding OPS as a solution, which may entail a risk with OPSprojectsand their long contract periods. The procurement form is one of many alternatives for the public part and major investment decisions should be analyzed in a more detailed pilot study. In cases where OPS is an option, different forms ofimplementation can be compared through a Value For Money analysis to asses which type ofprocurement is most profitable. This is to make sure that society’s resources are used efficiently froma socioeconomic perspective.

Ce travail a pour motivation de fournir des données expérimentales importantes pour l'interprétation de la chimie des ionosphère planétaires, en particulier pour le plus grand satellite de Saturne, Titan. On s'intéresse spécifiquement à la réactivité des espèces ioniques excitées. Cette thèse porte, d'une part, sur des expériences de préparation des cations (CH3+ et CF3+) sélectionnés en énergie interne par photoionisation VUV d'espèces neutres, et d'autre part, sur des réactions de cations sélectionnés en énergie interne avec des molécules, O+ avec CH4 et N+(3P) avec C3H4, C3H6 et C3H8.L'étude de la préparation des cations CH3+ et CF3+ sélectionnés dans des niveaux vibrationnels a été réalisée par la technique de coïncidence TPEPICO et du rayonnement VUV synchrotron à SOLEIL. Un spectromètre de type PFI-ZEKE qui permet d'atteindre une résolution de 0.84 cm-1 a été construit pour la réalisation d'études complémentaires avec le rayonnement laser VUV du Centre Laser de l'Université Paris Sud (CLUPS), à Orsay en France.Les expériences pour la détermination de l'influence de l'excitation du cation O+ (2S,2D,2P) sur sa réactivité avec le méthane ont été réalisées par les techniques de coïncidence TPEPICO et de guides d'ions. Elles ont été réalisées sur la ligne de rayonnement VUV DESIRS du synchrotron SOLEIL. Les études pour déterminer la constante de vitesse et les rapports de branchement entre produits des réactions de N+(3P) avec C3H4, C3H6 et C3H8 ont été réalisées par l'utilisation de la technique SIFT sur un montage de type commercial de petite taille à l'Institut de Physico-Chimie J. Heyrovský à Prague, en République Tchèque. / This work has the motivation to provide experimental data relevant to the interpretation of the chemistry of planetary ionospheres, particularly for the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan. Here we have a particular interest in studying the reactivity of excited ionic species. The first part of this work concerns the production of CH3+ and CF3+ state selected cations by VUV photoionization of neutral species and the second part, the reactions of state selected cations with molecules: O+ with methane and N+(3P) with C3H4, C3H6 and C3H8.The study of the preparation of the CH3+ and CF3+ cations in selected vibrational levels was performed by using the TPEPICO coincidence technique and VUV radiation at the french synchrotron, SOLEIL. A PFI-ZEKE spectrometer, that allowed us to obtain a resolution down to 0.84 cm-1, was constructed to conduct additional studies involving laser VUV radiation at the Laser Center of the University Paris Sud XI, at Orsay in France.Experiments to determine the influence of the O+ (2S,2D,2P) cation excitation on its reaction with methane were performed using the TPEPICO coincidence and the guide ion beam technique. These experiments were performed on the VUV DESIRS beamline at the synchrotron SOLEIL. Rate constants and products branching ratio for the reacion of N+(3P) with C3H4, C3H6 and C3H8 were measured with the SIFT technique in a small commercial apparatus at the Institute of Physical Chemistry J. Heyrovský in Prague, Czech Republic. / Este trabalho tem como motivação fornecer dados experimentais importantes para a interpretação da química de ionosferas planetárias, em particular para o maior Satélite de Saturno, Titan. Aqui temos o interesse específico pelo estudo de reatividades de espécies iônicas excitadas. Uma parte deste trabalho consistiu de experiências de preparação de cátions (CH3+ e CF3+) selecionados em energia interna via a fotoionização VUV de espécies neutras e de reações de cátions selecionados em massa e energia interna com moléculas (O+ com metano e N+(3P) com C3H4, C3H6 e C3H8).O estudo de preparação dos cátions CH3+ e CF3+ selecionados energia interna (vibracional) foi realizado pela utilização da técnica de coincidência TPEPICO com a radiação VUV do síncrotron SOLEIL. Um espectrômetro do tipo PFI-ZEKE que nos permite obter uma resolução de até 0.84 cm-1 foi construído para a realização de estudos complementares envolvendo a radiação VUV laser do Centro de Laser da Universidade Paris Sud XI, em Orsay na França.Experiências para determinar a influência da excitação do cátion O+ (2S,2D,2P) na produção de íons devido a sua reação com o metano foram realizadas com a utilização da técnica de coincidência TPEPICO e da técnica de guia de íons. Estes experimentos foram realizados na linha de radiação VUV DESIRS do síncrotron SOLEIL. Estudos de determinação de constantes de velocidade e dos produtos formados da reação N+(3P) com C3H4, C3H6 e C3H8 foram realizados a partir da utilização da técnica SIFT em uma montagem do tipo comercial de pequeno porte no Instituto de Físico-Química J. Heyrovský em Praga, na República Checa.

La crise économique et sociale que nous connaissons actuellement met en lumière la nécessité d’une action publique volontariste et, s’agissant des collectivités territoriales qui sont les principaux acteurs de l’investissement public, l’exigence d’une politique résolument tournée vers l’investissement de long terme, comme moteur de l’économie et de la reprise. Focalisé sur la notion de PPP, d’un part dans son acceptation la plus large, l’expression « partenariat public-privé » ou encore « PPP », désigne une formule générique englobant toutes formes de coopération entre la sphère publique et privée. D’autre part, utilisée dans un sens plus strict que celui de notion générique englobant toutes formes de coopération entre le public et le privé, la notion de PPP renvoie à une technique contractuelle ayant pour objet de confier au secteur prive la conception, le financement, la construction et l’exploitation d’un bien ou d’un ouvrage d’intérêt collectif. / The economic and social crisis we are currently experiencing highlights the need for a proactive public policy and, in the case of local authorities who are the main actors of public investment, the requirement of a policy resolutely turned towards the ' long-term investment as a motor engine of the economy and the recovery. Focused on the concept of PPP, a share in its broadest sense, the term «public -private partnership» or «PPP» refers to a generic formula encompassing all forms of cooperation between public and private sphere. On the other hand , used a more stringent than generic term encompassing all forms of cooperation between the public and private sense, the term refers to a contractual PPP technique for entrust the private sector to design, finance, construct and operate of a well or a work of collective interest.

自2003年推動污水下水道第三期建設計畫起，我國為快速提升用戶接管率，引進民間參與辦理污水下水道建設。促參模式在經費預算面及組織人力面較政府自辦模式具有相對優勢，惟站在長遠國家污水下水道建設計畫考量，應參考國外PFI模式建立「公帑節省價值」 (Value for Money, VfM) 評估相關機制，評估促參模式具有VfM時方得採用。 VfM來源由「政府自辦與PFI基礎成本現值之差額」、「風險調整」、「彈性溢價調整」及「稅收差異調整」四項目所構成，本研究以羅東污水下水道BOT案為案例進行VfM評估，試算結果：(一) 單獨看本案基礎成本，促參PFI模式高於政府自辦5.7億餘元。 (二) 本案VfM值約10.7億餘元，即政府可節省10.7億餘元，顯示以促參模式辦理羅東污水下水道建設具有VfM及可行性。 現行規劃之民間參與污水下水道計畫以BOT ( Building, Operation, and Transfer）模式為主，然污水下水道實乃屬於低自償性之建設，且地方政府污水處理費率未修法之前，污水處理費幾乎由政府全額負擔，本質上較接近「民間融資創建」 (Private Finance Initiative, PFI ) 模式。PFI模式相當強調VfM評估，當專案具有VfM價值時方有採行PFI模式之必要。我國可參考國外VfM之評估機制建立相關規定，以確保未來引進民間參與污水下水道建設可達成效率之提高與成本之節省。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao final_pos defesa_27_06.pdf: 756476 bytes, checksum: 6c6d50219d4cb8e8d378535ee87d8bb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-26 / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the Public Private Partnership (PPP) law in Brazil in comparison with the United Kingdom s Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The analysis considers the Brazilian federal law and São Paulo and Minas Gerais states law. The first PPP projects (which are in an advanced stage of development) include the construction of a new line in São Paulo s subway system, and the recovery and maintenance of a highway (MG-050) in Minas Gerais. Studying the law is useful for a better understanding of the implementation and operation of future projects in order to provide more effective public infra-structure services and goods. In an atmosphere of fiscal restraint or limited resources, PPP procurement process is an alternative to the provision of public infra-structure services provided by government alone. The analysis of the Brazilian laws incorporates many aspects of British experience, which will be considered as a model in looking at a number of projects and capital involved / A dissertação analisa a regulamentação das parcerias público-privadas no Brasil, as PPP, a partir da experiência do Reino Unido com as iniciativas de financiamento privado, as PFI, equivalente britânico das PPP. A análise considera a Lei federal nº. 11.079 e a legislação estadual de Minas Gerais e de São Paulo, bem como as duas experiências de PPP em fase avançada de preparação no país, a construção da linha 4 do metrô da capital paulista e a recuperação e manutenção da rodovia MG-050 em Minas Gerais. O estudo da legislação se justifica pela relevância dos dispositivos legais para o sucesso das PPP, acordos entre o setor público e o setor privado, em contratos de longo prazo, para a provisão de bens e serviços públicos de infra-estrutura. Premido pela necessidade de viabilizar investimentos em contexto de restrição fiscal, o setor público, em diversos países, encontrou nos arranjos de parceria público-privada o mecanismo alternativo para a provisão de bens e serviços até então de sua responsabilidade exclusiva. A análise da legislação brasileira revela a incorporação de muitos aspectos da experiência britânica, tida como emblemática na área, pelo número de projetos e pelos valores envolvidos

Ce travail a pour motivation de fournir des données expérimentales importantes pour l'interprétation de la chimie des ionosphère planétaires, en particulier pour le plus grand satellite de Saturne, Titan. On s'intéresse spécifiquement à la réactivité des espèces ioniques excitées. Cette thèse porte, d'une part, sur des expériences de préparation des cations (CH3+ et CF3+) sélectionnés en énergie interne par photoionisation VUV d'espèces neutres, et d'autre part, sur des réactions de cations sélectionnés en énergie interne avec des molécules, O+ avec CH4 et N+(3P) avec C3H4, C3H6 et C3H8.L'étude de la préparation des cations CH3+ et CF3+ sélectionnés dans des niveaux vibrationnels a été réalisée par la technique de coïncidence TPEPICO et du rayonnement VUV synchrotron à SOLEIL. Un spectromètre de type PFI-ZEKE qui permet d'atteindre une résolution de 0.84 cm-1 a été construit pour la réalisation d'études complémentaires avec le rayonnement laser VUV du Centre Laser de l'Université Paris Sud (CLUPS), à Orsay en France.Les expériences pour la détermination de l'influence de l'excitation du cation O+ (2S,2D,2P) sur sa réactivité avec le méthane ont été réalisées par les techniques de coïncidence TPEPICO et de guides d'ions. Elles ont été réalisées sur la ligne de rayonnement VUV DESIRS du synchrotron SOLEIL. Les études pour déterminer la constante de vitesse et les rapports de branchement entre produits des réactions de N+(3P) avec C3H4, C3H6 et C3H8 ont été réalisées par l'utilisation de la technique SIFT sur un montage de type commercial de petite taille à l'Institut de Physico-Chimie J. Heyrovský à Prague, en République Tchèque.

There has been a rapid growth of private participation in infrastructure projects throughout the world in the last three decades. China as the largest developing country in the world has a huge amount of demands for high quality infrastructure projects and public services. The government has actively developed and used the Build-Operation-Transfer (BOT) model to deliver public facilities and services, particularly after 2002. Certain benefits have been brought by the adoption of the BOT model in China's motorway and water sectors. However, issues were also found in the processes behind BOT applications. International organisations as well as scholars suggested that China should learn experiences and lessons from the UK and its PFI scheme. The UK has been the leading country to use private finance in developing public buildings and services. However, very little has been written addressing how lessons from British PFIs can be learnt by China to improve its BOT practice. This study is an attempt to address this vacuum in the existed literature. It was designed to explore the current problems of using BOTs in Chinese motorway and water sectors and looks at what needs to be improved, based upon the PFI lessons in the UK. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods has been employed and various methods of data collection used in this study. These included: 21 interviews, 2 observations and one focus group and the analysis on 14 government reports about BOTs in China. The governments' decision-makers, directors, project managers and contractors were involved in the research to explore the results and emerging issues involving the implementation of BOT models in 87 Chinese motorway and water projects in 10 cities covering six provinces. As a result of its findings, the research is able to discuss and identify the relevant experiences and lessons from PFIs in the UK to improve further application of China's BOTs. This study fills the gap in knowledge regarding comparisons between PFIs and BOTs. It also gives recommendations for good practice in relation to Chinese BOT policy decision making, development and evaluation. Finally, the study hopes to give recommendations that enable the implementation of BOT model in Chinese motorway and water sectors to be more successful in the future.

在政府財政困難之際，究竟引進民間資金挹注政府公共建設，為一政策良方，抑或民間融資創建 (Private Finance Initiative，簡稱 PFI) 已成為執政者窗飾公共債務數據的途徑，此一議題，近年來在英國廣為爭議，因此，「PFI之未來給付是否應認列為負債？」成為本文探討之重點。 臺灣PFI制度尚在萌芽階段，相關研究多以政策之運用為主，較少著墨於PFI可能帶來的缺失。本文藉由參考英國官方及民間出版品及訪談我國政府官員，進一步分析比較目前國際財務報導準則 (International Financial Reporting Standards，簡稱IFRS) 和1995版歐洲帳戶體系 (European System of Accounts 1995，簡稱ESA 95) 規範的差異。 經本文分析後得到，第一個結論是兩者對資產分類基礎的差異。英國政府活動有兩種不同類型的會計方法：第一種為財務報導，即現在的IFRS；另一種為國民帳戶，以ESA 95為指導規則。依財務報導的目的，係根據何者對使用基礎設施，服務規則和基礎設施於協議期間屆滿的重大剩餘權益有控制權，由於政府對PFI資產大多具有控制權，故大多數的PFI資產及相關負債將表達在公共部門的資產負債表上。若依國民帳戶，為統計的目的，則根據風險和報酬可否移轉判斷，因為政府已把風險移轉予民間，所以PFI資產及相關負債將不會在公共部門的資產負債表上表達。 本文第二個結論是英國提出政府整體帳戶 (Whole Government Accounts，簡稱WGA) 補充國民帳戶的不足。WGA根據歐盟採取IFRS，將民間部門國際通用的帳戶制度，應用或詮釋於公共部門，並補充了國民帳戶的數據。 站在財政部的立場，債限問題仍像是緊箍咒，PFI債務以不計入公共部門淨債務 (Public Sector Net Debt，簡稱PSND) 為佳。然而，為了提升財務的透明度，另外編製報表揭露PFI債務，不失為兩全之方法。反之，站在政府預算機關監督的立場，PFI債務遵循IFRS的處理規範，認列於公共部門資產負債表，乃是大勢所趨，也可替納稅人的荷包把關。