The 19th century was a time when a large number of voluntary associations were being formed both in Sweden and in Europe as a whole. Their ambition was to engage in health care and poor relief issues as well as in the educational system. Furthermore, the general idea was to promote temperance and foster a sense of thrift among the poor and the working class population. While the starting-point of the thesis was the question as to why the voluntary associations founded various charitable activities as well as how the philanthropy was designed, organised and modified throughout the century, the aim has been to elucidate the motive force and incentives for their social reforms. In order to answer the two main questions of the dissertation, the association De Badande Wännerna (the DBW), which engaged in several philanthropic activities in the Swedish province of Gotland as early as the 1810s, has been selected for a case study. In the literature a number of different reasons have been stressed as to why voluntary associations chose to engage in charitable activities. In order to shed light on what factors that underlay their philanthropic work, the process of negotiation regarding the various institutions established by the DBW, as well as the practical layout of the establishments, have been analysed from the perspectives of a theoretical model based on affinity groups. The study has shown that the incentives of philanthropy were complex. Furthermore, the incentives changed concurrently with the expansion of the public poor relief and educational system, which from the middle of the 19th century took over many of the humanitarian efforts hitherto run by the voluntary associations. The result of this development was that the voluntary associations created new spheres of activity. They continued to fulfil important societal functions, but their establishments also fulfilled a more internal desire for pleasure and delights.

This thesis examines the implementation of a philanthropically project called Norrbottens arbetsstugor which were launched during the famine of 1903. The project initially aimed to hinder starvation among children to poor families and was arranged in a similar way as boarding-out schools. Children to poor families were offered this temporary solution and during their stay they received board and lodging as well as schooling and work practice. However, the project continues until 1954 although the threat of famine is hindered fairly promptly which indicates that new policies were introduced. Therefore, the inquiry focuses on how actors on different levels in the implementation structure adapt and transform the philanthropically policy to suit their respective needs and goals. The study is divided into two phases, a so called initial phase and an expansion phase. The implementation is investigated via archive material from the philanthropically organisation itself, Stiftelsen Norrbottens Läns arbetsstugor, as well as from local governments (kommunala skolråd) and representatives of the Swedish government (folkskoleinspektörer). The study shows how policies of childcare becomes blurry or difficult to fulfil due to insufficient means, lack of control or because of absence of recognized tools to evaluate the activity. Commonly, implementation studies sought to show how well or misused the policy has been obeyed after its introduction. This study shows rather how a policy can work fruitfully even though, or thanks to, its intentions are reformulated by different actors. This of course, awakes questions of moral characters. The study also highlights the importance to investigate, in this case a philanthropically case, not only as such, but as a project that is ongoing on several levels. This gives us the opportunity to see what, for example, the conception of ‘good childcare’ means and how it is defined depending on the level studied. To put it short: when studied in different levels, we may unveil the different meanings of a concept. Keywords: Norrbotten, early 20th century, childcare, boarding-school, philanthropy, assimilation, implementation.

The purpose of the present dissertation is to examine the placing of the housing question on the agenda of social policy, the implications of housing for society, and the possibilities for simple shelter to be transformed into real family homes. The debate emphasizing the dwelling as the smallest social component and the home as the most important place for the raising of citizens has been studied. The dissertation consists of four essays, each of which can be seen as a separate study yet at the same time as interrelated due to the overall theme of the dissertation, housing and the home. The period under investigation is 1889-1929 and the place is Stockholm. The first section deals with philanthropic building activities, described through four representative examples: Föreningen för Välgörenhetens Ordnande, Stockholms Arbetarehem, Govenii Minne and Ella Heckscher's home for tubercular female workers. This section opens with two introductory chapters treating the philanthropic attitude toward housing and the relation of the family to the housing question, respectively. The theme of the second section is the significance of aesthetics for the home. This section also opens with two introductory chapters, whereof the first describes the aesthetic ideals of the epoch and the second presents the so-called "aesthetic educators". A number of pamphlets written about the home are discussed, as well as a selection from the home exhibitions of the day. In a closing chapter, the entrance of the architects into the housing-question arena is presented. The third study deals with politics in the broad sense of the term. The interest of social reformers for the housing question is traced by examining organizations like Studenter och Arbetare and Centralförbundet för Socialt Arbete. The second chapter deals with the contributions of academics to the housing question. The social democratic women belonging to the Stockholm's Women's Club are heard from, and the engagement of women in this question is further delineated through studying periodicals like Morgonbris and Tidevarvet. In the closing chapter, the establishment and treatment of the housing question within the municipal council of Stockholm is discussed. The fourth and final section treats the HSB. First, the origins of the HSB in 1923 via the tenant's movement and guild socialism are discussed. Thereafter the organization and membership of the HSB is described. A brief biography of Sven Wallander, the leading figure of the HSB is provided, followed by a chapter on the periodical Vår Bostad. The final two chapters discuss the materialized ideas themselves: the buildings built by the HSB and the homes which were set up in them, stimulated by the actual physical buildings and discussions about the right way of living in them. The story of the home has solid empirical grounding. This study has been conducted from different perspectives in order that a more nuanced knowledge might be acquired. Vision and practice have proven to be so closely interwoven that it is not always possible to distinguish between them. / digitalisering@umu

For more than a decade tourists originating in developed nations have been giving various gifts to locals of tourism communities in developing nations. This occurrence is commonly associated with the Caribbean, and is particularly well known to occur in Cuba. Tourism has often been adopted as a part of economic development strategies of developing nations, however due to a lack of studies on tourists’ philanthropic gift-giving it is unclear how the occurrence affects both human and economic development, and likewise its impacts such as possibilities of population disparity. There are current restrictions in Cuba which forbid locals from accepting the gifts of international tourists (Taylor & McGlynn 2009; Mesa-Lago 2005), however the island’s unique need for material goods seems to over-rule this policy. The implication herein indicates benefits to accepting gifts from tourists. Tourism employees most frequently come in contact with tourists and the potential of gift receipts by tourism employees is heightened. This in turn carries implications of social disparities amongst the population resulting from unequal gift receipts by tourism employees. Furthermore, current research suggests that complex social relationships are created through gift-giving yet little is understood within the context of tourist-to-local community member. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether international tourist philanthropic gift-giving contributes to social disparity within a local community as well as its affects on human and economic development. This has been achieved through case study research from a mixed-methods approach in Trinidad, Sancti Spirtus, Cuba. The results of this research point to significant economic gains and improvement in access-to-material-goods through tourists’ gift-giving, which in turn have been found to contribute to economic development. However, the external nature of tourists’ gift-giving limits using the phenomenon as a reliable tool for economic development. Impacts on human development are not as clearly defined. Although tourists’ gift-giving contributes to some aspects of human development, the phenomenon cannot be considered to contribute to overall human development. Although population disparity was found to be an impact of tourists’ philanthropic gift-giving, community members viewed the occurrence as a positive benefit of tourism. The policy in Cuba restricting locals from accepting tourists’ gifts has been largely ineffective as this type of economic gain was found to be well integrated in the informal economy. The general public is largely unaware of the policy and it is likely Cubans will continue to accept tourists’ gifts. Although this research has revealed interesting insight regarding tourists’ philanthropic gift-giving much remains to be known of its impacts and several recommendations for future studies are suggested.

企業參與公益活動能增加員工對於公司的組織承諾，這也是許多企業參與公益活動的動機及目的之一。但對於員工而言，是否有影響？本研究主要探討台灣一家聯盟企業，藉由問卷調查，了解企業參與公益活動與員工組織承諾影響的相關性。 研究結果顯示，企業參與公益活動與員工組織承諾成正相關，員工對於企業參與公益活動的認同程度愈高，其組織承諾也愈高。同時，員工絕大多數都支持企業應該參與公益活動。 根據本研究的分析結果，企業要勇於參與公益活動，經由參與公益活動能增加員工對於公司的認同，員工在工作上更努力。 / One of the motivations and purposes for enterprises to do Corporate Philanthropy is that they believe Corporate Philanthropy can strength the organizational commitment that employees make to the companies. Is this really true? The main point of this research is to find the causal relationship between Corporate Philanthropy and organizational commitment through use of questionnaire survey. The result of study shows the positive causal relationship between Corporate Philanthropy and Organizational Commitment. The more the enterprise is involved to Corporate Philanthropy, the more employees make organizational commitment to the company. At the same time, employees agree and support the concept of Corporate Philanthropy. According to this conclusion, enterprises should do more Corporate Philanthropy. Corporate Philanthropy can increase the commitment the employees make to the company.

The digitization of media has undermined much of the social authority and economic viability on which U.S. journalism relied during the 20th century. This disruption has also opened a central tension for the profession: how to reconcile the need for occupational control against growing opportunities for citizen participation. How that tension is navigated will affect the ultimate shape of the profession and its place in society. This dissertation examines how the leading nonprofit actor in journalism, The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, has sought to help journalism innovate out of its professional crisis. This case study engages a series of mixed methods—including interviews, textual analysis, and secondary data analysis—to generate a holistic portrayal of how the Knight Foundation has attempted to transform itself and the journalism field in recent years, particularly through its signature Knight News Challenge innovation contest. From a sociology of professions perspective, I found that the Knight Foundation altered the rhetorical and actual boundaries of journalism jurisdiction. Knight moved away from “journalism” and toward “information” as a way of seeking the wisdom of the crowd to solve journalism’s problems. This opening up of journalism’s boundaries created crucial space in which innovators, from inside and outside journalism, could step in and bring change to the field. In particular, these changes have allowed the concept of citizen participation, which resides at the periphery of mainstream newswork, to become embraced as an ethical norm and a founding doctrine of journalism innovation. The result of these efforts has been the emergence of a new rendering of journalism—one that straddles the professional-participatory tension by attempting to “ferry the values” of professional ideals even while embracing new practices more suited to a digital environment. Ultimately, this case study matters for what it suggests about professions in turbulent times. Influential institutions can bring change to their professional fields by acting as boundary-spanning agents—stepping outside the traditional confines of their field, altering the rhetorical and structural borders of professional jurisdiction to invite external contribution and correction, and altogether creating the space and providing the capital for innovation to flourish. / text

This dissertation critically examines why mid-Victorian fiction often dismisses or complicates monetary transactions and monetary charity, even as it negatively portrays differences in social status and wealth. I argue that the novel uses representations of failed charity to reconstruct, however briefly, a non- monetary and non-economic source of value. Further, I examine how the novel uses techniques of both genre and style to predict, form, and critique alternate, non-economic, social models. While tension surrounding the practice of charity arises in the late eighteenth century, the increasing dominance of political economy in public discourse forced Victorian literature to take a strong stance, for reasons of both ethics and genre. This stance is complicated by the eighteenth-century legacy that sees charity as a kind of luxury. If giving to the poor makes us feel good, this logic suggests, surely it isn’t moral. Thus, while much eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature remains dedicated to the ethics of charity, the practice becomes immensely complex. By discussing the works of Tobias Smollett, Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and George Eliot, this project exposes a wide variety of responses to this deep cultural anxiety. These authors are, ultimately, strongly invested in redefining the meaning of benevolence as a valid form of social action by moving that benevolence away from monetary gifts and toward abstractly correct moral feelings, though their individual solutions vary widely. / text

This is a dissertation about the Halle method, or the visual pedagogies of the Pietist Orphanage as they were developed in the German university town of Halle from 1695 until 1730. A “Pietist” was someone who was affiliated with an evangelical reform movement first initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener in the 1670s. A long and deeply entrenched historiographical tradition has portrayed the Halle proponents of this movement—especially their leader August Hermann Francke—as zealous, yet practical, Lutheran reformers who were forced to directly confront the ideals of early Enlightenment in conjunction with the state-building mandate of Brandenburg-Prussia. This has led to a persistent tendency to see Halle Pietists as “others” who cultivated their collective identity in opposition to so-called Enlightenment intellectuals, like Christian Wolff, at the same time as they exerted a marked influence on these same persons. As a result of this dichotomous portrayal over the years, the impact of the Halle method on educational reform, and on the meanings eighteenth-century Europeans attached to philanthropy more generally, has been misunderstood. I argue that the Pietist Orphanage holds the key to remedying several problems that have impeded our ability to understand the significance of Pietist pedagogy and philanthropy. This was a site specifically designed to introduce children to the conciliatory knowledge-making strategies of the first Berlin Academy of Science members and their associates. These strategies championed the status of the heart as an assimilatory juncture point and were refined in the schools of the Pietist Orphanage, which itself functioned as a visual showplace that viewers could observe in order to edify and improve themselves. It was the material expression of Halle Pietists’ commitment to a “third way” and marked their attempt to assimilate experience and cognition, theology and philosophy, absolutism and voluntarism. The dissertation examines several personalities who had a direct bearing on this conciliatory project: namely E. W. von Tschirnhaus, Johann Christoph Sturm, Leonhard Christoph Sturm, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. It also examines how the method was applied in the Halle Orphanage schools and extended elsewhere.

The rise of women’s volunteer organizations can be linked to the social changes that the United States was undergoing during the Progressive Era. The movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one, massive migration of Americans from rural areas to the cities, and increased immigration all contributed to social challenges in the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Recently historians have begun to explore how women’s contributions helped to combat these challenges and this study shows how women’s clubs in Georgia were able to exercise their philanthropic power through their involvement in education. By 1860, the women’s club movement was well underway in the United States, with most of the activity in the Northeast, Midwest, and the West. The South, due to the devastation of the Civil War, did not see an emergence of women’s clubs until 1890. Southern middle class white women felt compelled to help those they perceived as less fortunate at a time when they themselves were trying to establish their own placement within the social structure of the Progressive Era South. Women, due to changing societal roles, were beginning to move beyond the home. They began to use the expertise they acquired through managing a household and applied this knowledge to social programs that would help those in need. Often times these social programs were focused on the education of young children and women. Women’s clubs in Georgia provide a lens for exploring how women were able to influence educational developments during the Progressive Era. Archival data show that the Georgia Federation of Women’s Clubs, the Atlanta Woman’s Club, and the Athens Woman’s Club played in important role in educational advancements in Georgia during the Progressive Era. Archival and primary source materials were used to support an analysis of gender, social class, and geographic differences on women’s roles in educational changes. This study analyzes how women were able to affect education in Georgia at a time when men dominated educational decision-making.

Les dons effectués par les entreprises privées auprès d’organismes communautaires à but non lucratif semblent avoir des effets à long terme sur ces derniers. Ces entreprises cherchent à la fois à semer le bien dans les communautés dans lesquelles elles interviennent, mais également à améliorer leur image au sein de celles-ci. Les organismes communautaires oscillent donc entre le devoir de servir leurs usagers du mieux qu’ils le peuvent, en respectant leur mission avec la plus grande diligence, et les nombreuses conditions qui se rattachent aux dons reçus. Ils doivent travailler avec un financement octroyé à court terme, de nombreuses mesures évaluatives ainsi que les volontés de donateurs parfois indiscrets. Il en résulte une identité qui se rapproche de plus en plus de celle des entreprises privées. L’étude dans ce mémoire tente d’évaluer si les usagers des quatre universités principales de Montréal adoptent une identité mercantiliste et comment ils évaluent leur rôle au sein de leurs établissements d’enseignement. Ces étudiants assumeraient un rôle davantage engagé envers les entreprises donatrices, à la fois au sein de leur institution et dans la société en général. Ils revêtiraient une identité conforme à ce qu’attend une entreprise qui effectue un don de manière intéressée en consommant de leurs biens et services. / Donations made by private companies seem to have long term effects on the different receiving non profit organizations. Those companies that want to do what’s best in the communities they support also want to improve their image in those very same communities. Non profit organizations have to juggle between serving the populations while being accounted for their actions before them at the same time they have to conform to certain conditions that accompany corporate donations. They have to work in an environment that involves short term financing, numerous accountability measures imposed by donating companies and far from discreet donators. This results in a business-like identity in non profit organizations that is blurred with corporate discourse, motives and actions. This study tries to evaluate the impact of corporate donations of students from the four main universities in Montreal. These students are likely to buy from donating companies as well as working for them. They also consider themselves more as consumers of university products and services than participants in the development of their institutions. Therefore, they seem to take on an identity that companies want from them because they are getting a financial return on their donations.