This thesis aims to assess potential environmental impacts of media and communication and to contribute to the development of methods for sustainability assessment. Although the main focus is on printed and electronic media products and environmental impacts, a broader sector analysis is also included and social aspects are discussed. The thesis provides a review of different environmental assessment tools in order to better understand their relationships and the appropriateness of different tools in different situations. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to assess printed and electronic versions of newspapers, books and invoices. Results of the screening LCAs of newspapers and books indicate that when comparing printed and electronic versions there are benefits and drawbacks for both. For news and books read on e-reading devices with energy efficient e-ink screens, the main environmental impacts in the studies stemmed from the production of the device and partly from disposal, with the latter having the potential to reduce some environmental impacts through recycling of materials. However, there are data gaps regarding the production of the e-reading devices, most notably for the e-ink screen and the waste management of obsolete e-reading devices. Existing data on internet energy use are uncertain. The potential impacts from a hypothetical total change from paper invoices to electronic invoices in Sweden were assessed through a screening consequential LCA regarding greenhouse gas emissions and cumulative energy demand. The results indicate that emissions and energy demand could decrease as a result of a change. The screening LCAs performed indicate that users’ practices could substantially influence the environmental impacts. Key factors which can influence results and comparisons of printed and electronic media products are total use of electronic devices, total use of printed media, amount and type of paper, energy use of electronic devices, potential printing of electronic media, electricity mix, and the system boundaries set for the assessments. To get a wider perspective, a sector study of the ICT sector and media sector concerning global greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use was performed. It was estimated that the contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions in 2007 was roughly 1-2 % for each sector. To assess media and communication products from a sustainability perspective, social aspects should also be covered. The author participated in an international project group on social aspects and LCA, one outcome from which was guidelines for social LCA (S-LCA). In addition to providing guidance for S-LCA, another important role of the guidelines is to facilitate discussions, criticism and proposals for improvement and development of the methodology being developed. The LCA and sector studies in this thesis are limited to direct and to some extent indirect environmental impacts. Further studies of the environmental impacts of more long-term changes in practices and potential structural changes, as well as potential social impacts, could provide important additional insights. This could increase the possibility of facilitating sustainable practices related to ICT and media. / QC 20100610

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The tourism industry in Sweden has expanded in recent years and the increasing industry has meant that customers are in need of a reseller for their trips abroad. Today there are three types of retailers available. These are : Traditional travel agencies , tour operators and online travel agencies. Online Travel agencies are the most modern online option for customers. Their existence has made it easier for the customer and reservation can be made anytime and anywhere. The competition has intensified between the three retailers and the traditional alternatives must find new ways to survive. Through effective marketing and selecting the right channel may be vital to the travel agency's survival. The theories that have been essentiell for this Investigation are: marketing mix, relationship marketing, porter curve, the buying process, the agent's role, word-of-mouth and marketing of services and products company. In this essay, the authors investigated four tour operators and one traditional travel agency and everyone is placed in Stockholm. The authors has choosed to investigate their market businesses and how the customer's requirements have changed since online travel agencies took over a large part of the market. The authors have also decided to conduct interviews with an online travel agency and one travel company that works with marketing for travel agencies. The tour operators in Stockholm mainly use relationship marketing as a primary strategy for maintaining a loyal relationship with the customer. The channels that travel companies utilize is a combination of word-of- mouth, digital media and printed media. All companies could state that the consumer in the current situation is more aware than before and this has led an increased requirement for travel agencies. Travel agents and tour operators must offer something unique or give the client an  xceptional service that they can not recieve in another place. Service in this case may involve travel on customers behalf, visa application, bookings for specific requests and helping to add travel insurance.

Cette thèse s’interroge sur l’intensité des débats, controverses et polémiques qui, en France, abordent la question de l’École, au moyen de l’étude du discours porté par la presse écrite généraliste entre 1959 et 2008, soit au cours du demi-siècle où se rencontrent la domination de ces débats par les enjeux liés à la démocratisation de l’enseignement du second degré et l’affirmation de la presse nationale d’information générale comme instance de prescription des débats intellectuels. Basé sur l’analyse statistique d’importants échantillons sélectionnés au sein d’un corpus de 8500 articles, ce travail s’attache à relier le contenu de ces textes aux réalités dont ils prétendent rendre compte, mettant en évidence les représentations qui sont élaborées et mobilisées. Dans le même temps, il examine les conditions de construction de l’information telle que la presse, dont les priorités et les méthodes évoluent, la façonne, et ce sur une matière scolaire dont la charge identitaire et les mutations à l’œuvre affectent de façon différenciée les catégories variées d’acteurs que les journaux font se rencontrer. / This thesis questions the intensity of the debates, controversies and polemics that revolve around the school question in France, by studying the speech developed in the general written press between 1959 and 2008, i.e. during the five decades when the domination of the stakes linked to the democratization of second-degree schooling and the affirmation of national general press as a framing authority of the intellectual debates meet. Based on the statistic analysis of important samples of a corpus of 8500 articles, this work seeks to link the content of these texts to the realities they claim to reflect, putting in relief the representations they contribute to work out and to mobilize. At the same time, it reviews the conditions of the treatment of information as shaped by the press – whose priorities and methods evolve – on a school matter with its specific identity stakes and current changes that affect in different ways the various categories of actors expressing themselves in newspapers.

The study aimed to determine the marketing communication methods used by Namibian clothing and textile SMEs operating from Katutura and Khomasdal Incubation Centres. A quantitative methodological approach was followed in this study. The sample comprised 45 SMEs with business operations at Katutura and Khomasdal Incubation Centres. A simple random sampling method was selected as the researcher made use of an SME name list provided by the City of Windhoek. A structured questionnaire was used to collect research data. Cross tabulations, correlations and descriptive analyses were used to analyse the research results. The research indicated that the top five most regularly used marketing communication methods are direct sales, „word-of-mouth‟, point-of-sale materials, networking, and newspaper advertisement. The least regularly used marketing communication methods are YouTube, television, direct mail, press releases and coupons/vouchers. Networking was the second most important and effective marketing communication method. Trade shows was the third most-preferred marketing communication method and the reasons advanced were „it gives me the opportunity to talk to and interact with my customers‟. It is recommended that the City of Windhoek should create incentives for current SMEs operating from Katutura and Khomasdal Incubation Centre to leave the incubation centre for new upcoming SMEs. Further research is necessary to establish the reasons why SMEs do not grow as expected and graduate from the incubation centres. Further research is also necessary to determine challenges faced by Namibian SMEs when considering which marketing communication methods to use. The conducted research recommends that different media houses be approached to design and determine special marketing packages for SMEs. Special SME development or advert sections can be negotiated with newspaper outlets. The major limitation of this study was that it was confined to clothing and textile manufacturing businesses. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Les enfants constituent la valeur primordiale dans les mécanismes de reproduction de la société. C’est pourquoi les groupes ont cherché à s’emparer du «choix» des acteurs sociaux avant qu’ils n’accèdent à la capacité de décision. Pourtant du fait de la progression de la subjectivation et des droits individuels, les mariages d’enfants constituent de plus en plus un problème social dans les mondes sociaux à la fois traditionnels et modernes, notamment en Turquie. L’objectif de cette thèse a pour objet d’apporter un regard critique mais compréhensif sur les mariages d’enfants de sexe féminin en Turquie, d’en comprendre les causes et conséquences et de révéler les expériences des femmes s’étant mariées avant l’âge mineur (18 ans) et de voir comment elles perçoivent la question du mariage d’enfants. Deuxièmement, nous avons cherché à analyser les articles parus à ce propos, dans la presse écrite turque et les messages Twitter afin de constater comment les médias choisissent de refléter ce problème et de comprendre si le discours adopté au cours de ces articles de presse et messages Twitter correspondent au discours adopté par les femmes en question. La thèse mobilise deux types de sources : un travail sur le terrain et une analyse d’un corpus de journaux. Dans une première étape, des entretiens face-à-face, semi-structurés ont été réalisés avec des femmes s’étant mariées avant l’âge de 18 ans. Dans une seconde étape, des articles parus dans la presse écrite et les messages sur Twitter ont été étudiés. Finalement, les données obtenues lors de ces deux recherches ont été comparées. Cette thèse, inspirée par la théorie du féministe est composée de cinq chapitres principaux qui déclinent une démonstration révélant la complexité d’un phénomène où les acteurs sociaux dévoilent une multiplicité de représentations et de trajectoires. / Children are the most important value and future of a society. However, today, one of the important societal problems in Turkey as well as in the problem of marriage of underage girls. The aim of this thesis is firstly to look critically at the marriages of underage girls in Turkey to find out its reasons and results and reveal the experiences of women who married before age of 18 and how these women perceive the child marriage problem. Secondly, it is aimed to analyze related news in Turkish print media and across Twitter posts and to find out how the media reflects this problem and if these news reports and Twitter posts’ discourses correspond to the discourses of the women in question. The thesis consists of two types of field research. In the first stage of the research, a face-to-face, semi-structured interview is conducted with the women who married before their age of 18. In the second research, related news reports in Turkish print media and posts on Twitter are examined. Finally, the findings of two types of research are compared. This thesis, which is based on feminist framework theoretically, consists of five main chapters. In this study, the relation between the way that these underage married women identified themselves and statements of media are investigated. In this regard, the study aims to make a contribution to the literature in terms of discussing the problem from the sociological perspective and it is hoped to make contribution to the solution of the problem to decrease the number of underage married girls in Turkey.

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a mídia impressa, enfocando as revistas Época e IstoÉ e sua cobertura sobre as eleições presidenciais de 2010 e de 2014 no Brasil, a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. Buscou-se identificar como foram construídas as figuras políticas das candidatas Dilma Rousseff (PT), Marina Silva (PV e PSB) em relação ao candidato José Serra (PSDB) e Aécio Neves (PSDB) nesses pleitos. A hipótese levantada é que esses semanários promoveram uma representação diferenciada com base no gênero das candidatas/os à presidência da República, a partir de narrativas que reforçam a associação socialmente aceita do feminino com a esfera privada e do masculino com a esfera pública. Considerando que a política e a mídia são campos em constante interação, e que os fatos ocorridos em um terão repercussão no outro, entende-se a mídia como um ator central do jogo político contemporâneo. Em ambos os campos a participação das mulheres é assimétrica e diferenciada em relação aos homens. Deste modo, torna-se importante questionar como a mídia impressa contribui para a manutenção do cenário de baixa representação feminina na política institucional e quais narrativas são construídas sobre as mulheres que disputam importantes cargos eletivos. A abordagem dos 194 textos selecionados deu-se através do uso da técnica de análise de conteúdo e tendo como suporte a Teoria política feminista e seu debate em torno da díade esfera pública e esfera privada. A partir da análise empreendida conclui-se que em ambas as revistas investigadas a representação das candidatas Dilma e Marina foi diferenciada de seus concorrentes homens. O gênero foi um marcador importante na narrativa construída pela mídia impressa sobre as eleições presidenciais de 2010 e 2014, em que as candidatas têm seus corpos, personalidade e vida pessoal e afetiva mais exploradas nos textos jornalísticos do que seus concorrentes homens. Também foi constatada a reprodução e reforço de estereótipos socialmente associados às mulheres, bem como uma desqualificação sistemática da figura de Dilma Rousseff e uma interseção entre classe e gênero na representação de Marina Silva. / This dissertation aims to analyse print media, focusing on the magazines Época and IstoÉ and their reporting of the presidential elections of 2010 and 2014, from a gender perspective. The goal was to identify how the political figures of the candidates Dilma Rousseff (PT) and Marina Silva (PV and PSB) were constructed, in comparison to the candidates José Serra (PSDB) and Aécio Neves (PSDB) during the referred litigations. The hypothesis brought up is that these weekly publications promoted a distinct representation based on the gender of the presidency candidates, starting from the narratives that reinforce the socially accepted association of the feminine to the private sphere and the masculine to the public sphere. Considering that politics and the mass media are fields in constant interaction, that the events transpired in one will echo on the other, the mass media is understood to be a primal player in the contemporary political scenario. In both fields women’s participation is asymmetric and differentiated if compared to men. Thus, it’s relevant to question how the print media contributes to maintain the scenario of low feminine representation in institutional politics, as well as which narratives are constructed regarding women who compete for important elective positions. The approach of the 194 selected texts was made using the technique of content analysis, having as support the political feminist theory and it’s debate on the dyade public sphere/private sphere. Through the performed analysis it was made clear that in both magazines investigated the representation of the candidates Dilma and Marina was essentially different than that of their male competitors. Gender was a relevant topic in the narrative constructed by the print media regarding the presidential elections of 2010 and 2014, in which the feminine candidates have their bodies, personality, as well as personal and affective lives more exploited in journalistic texts then their male competitors. It was also verified the reproduction and reinforcement of stereotypes socially associated to women, as well as a systematic disqualification of Dilma Rousseff’s figure and an intersection between class and gender in the representation of Marina Silva.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elisangela.pdf: 1549525 bytes, checksum: 822d979dfaa0ffc42079d1fa75f77336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na sociedade brasileira, a infância pobre tornou-se, ao longo do século XX, alvo de um processo de normalização. O discurso médico, pedagógico, psicológico, jurídico e midiático lançou luz sobre este problema social. A instauração do Código de Menores, em 1927, pode ser interpretada como possibilidade de reposta a questão que desde então se considerava problema. Foi nesse movimento em busca por uma definição da infância que o termo menor foi sendo construído, tendo como baliza fatores de ordem social, econômica, moral e não apenas o quesito idade. A segregação entre ser criança e ser menor perdurou até o segundo Código de Menores, sancionado em 1979. Nem termo nem segregação foram substituídos. Na década de 1980, marcada por movimentos sociais, a legislação "menorista" foi alvo de críticas, juntamente com outros fatores que levaram à inclusão de artigos destinados especificamente ao público infanto-juvenil na Constituição Federal de 1988. Na década de 1990, com o advento do Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente, rompeu-se definitivamente com o estereótipo do menor. Tendo em vista este processo histórico, a proposta desta pesquisa consistiu em destacar permanências e rupturas no discurso jornalístico na questão infanto-juvenil na cidade de Criciúma/SC, tomando como fonte dois periódicos específicos: o Jornal da Manhã e o jornal Tribuna Criciumense. O recorte temporal compreendido entre 1970 e 1990 foi articulado para incluir as três legislações destinadas ao problema criança-adolescente. O discurso da imprensa, compreendido como uma construção realizada por sujeitos inseridos em determinado contexto temporal e territorial, faz uso de representações sociais em torno do assunto. Deste modo, através das peças jornalísticas selecionadas e os discursos por elas produzidos e divulgados constituem a fonte para o estudo e a reflexão da questão a respeito, procurando distinguir o dilema ou ambiguidade entre ser criança e ser menor, ou ser um perigo e estar em perigo

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a mídia impressa, enfocando as revistas Época e IstoÉ e sua cobertura sobre as eleições presidenciais de 2010 e de 2014 no Brasil, a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. Buscou-se identificar como foram construídas as figuras políticas das candidatas Dilma Rousseff (PT), Marina Silva (PV e PSB) em relação ao candidato José Serra (PSDB) e Aécio Neves (PSDB) nesses pleitos. A hipótese levantada é que esses semanários promoveram uma representação diferenciada com base no gênero das candidatas/os à presidência da República, a partir de narrativas que reforçam a associação socialmente aceita do feminino com a esfera privada e do masculino com a esfera pública. Considerando que a política e a mídia são campos em constante interação, e que os fatos ocorridos em um terão repercussão no outro, entende-se a mídia como um ator central do jogo político contemporâneo. Em ambos os campos a participação das mulheres é assimétrica e diferenciada em relação aos homens. Deste modo, torna-se importante questionar como a mídia impressa contribui para a manutenção do cenário de baixa representação feminina na política institucional e quais narrativas são construídas sobre as mulheres que disputam importantes cargos eletivos. A abordagem dos 194 textos selecionados deu-se através do uso da técnica de análise de conteúdo e tendo como suporte a Teoria política feminista e seu debate em torno da díade esfera pública e esfera privada. A partir da análise empreendida conclui-se que em ambas as revistas investigadas a representação das candidatas Dilma e Marina foi diferenciada de seus concorrentes homens. O gênero foi um marcador importante na narrativa construída pela mídia impressa sobre as eleições presidenciais de 2010 e 2014, em que as candidatas têm seus corpos, personalidade e vida pessoal e afetiva mais exploradas nos textos jornalísticos do que seus concorrentes homens. Também foi constatada a reprodução e reforço de estereótipos socialmente associados às mulheres, bem como uma desqualificação sistemática da figura de Dilma Rousseff e uma interseção entre classe e gênero na representação de Marina Silva. / This dissertation aims to analyse print media, focusing on the magazines Época and IstoÉ and their reporting of the presidential elections of 2010 and 2014, from a gender perspective. The goal was to identify how the political figures of the candidates Dilma Rousseff (PT) and Marina Silva (PV and PSB) were constructed, in comparison to the candidates José Serra (PSDB) and Aécio Neves (PSDB) during the referred litigations. The hypothesis brought up is that these weekly publications promoted a distinct representation based on the gender of the presidency candidates, starting from the narratives that reinforce the socially accepted association of the feminine to the private sphere and the masculine to the public sphere. Considering that politics and the mass media are fields in constant interaction, that the events transpired in one will echo on the other, the mass media is understood to be a primal player in the contemporary political scenario. In both fields women’s participation is asymmetric and differentiated if compared to men. Thus, it’s relevant to question how the print media contributes to maintain the scenario of low feminine representation in institutional politics, as well as which narratives are constructed regarding women who compete for important elective positions. The approach of the 194 selected texts was made using the technique of content analysis, having as support the political feminist theory and it’s debate on the dyade public sphere/private sphere. Through the performed analysis it was made clear that in both magazines investigated the representation of the candidates Dilma and Marina was essentially different than that of their male competitors. Gender was a relevant topic in the narrative constructed by the print media regarding the presidential elections of 2010 and 2014, in which the feminine candidates have their bodies, personality, as well as personal and affective lives more exploited in journalistic texts then their male competitors. It was also verified the reproduction and reinforcement of stereotypes socially associated to women, as well as a systematic disqualification of Dilma Rousseff’s figure and an intersection between class and gender in the representation of Marina Silva.

La violencia sexual es un tipo de violencia considerada como centro focal de la narrativa mediática, ya que tiende a ser disociada de la violencia en general y es integrada a una categoría propia e individual. La presencia de elementos afectivos o sexuales dentro de la violencia sexual genera una mayor repercusión mediática y capta con mayor facilidad el interés del lector. Es aquella constante inserción de la sexualidad en los medios la cual mantiene las estructuras sociales que reproducen estereotipos. En los discursos mediáticos, existe una asociación tácita entre el allanamiento corporal y el intercambio sexual, que permite insertar el lenguaje de medios judiciales para alimentar el contenido discursivo de la prensa. En el presente trabajo, se entiende la violencia o agresión sexual como cualquier intercambio carnal sin el consentimiento de ambas partes. (Fernández Díaz, 2003, pág. 24) Existe un límite entre la sexualidad y un acto de agresión sexual; no obstante, este tiende a ser desdibujado por la perpetuación de un discurso que asocia e intercambia ambos términos. Aquel límite es el referente a la voluntad y el deseo de la víctima. Pero existen dificultades al evaluar la presencia de la voluntad en casos de incidentes violentos y en el proceso se niega el deseo de la mujer o se le distorsiona mediante la presencia de la seducción o la provocación. Frente a la negación del deseo, la condescendencia o la entrega se convierten en sustitutos para éste en los discursos actuales. ¿Cuáles son los discursos presentes en la cobertura de prensa escrita peruana en relación a casos de violencia sexual y cómo se relacionan con la fabricación de estereotipos y el fenómeno de victimización? El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar cómo el uso del lenguaje y la comunicación, empleada en la cobertura de prensa escrita peruana en relación a casos de violencia sexual, forjan la base de estereotipos y reflejan y reproducen las relaciones de poder y el proceso de victimización. Específicamente, se busca identificar la presencia de mitos y estereotipos a través de su lenguaje y el planteamiento del juicio mediático, al igual que analizar el manejo del poder simbólico y el proceso de victimización de la prensa escrita peruana y su dimensión persuasiva en relación a la comunicación de ideologías patriarcales. / Trabajo de investigación