This licentiate thesis builds on the assumption that there is a shift in professional perspective when a police officer takes on the task of a police teacher in the Police Basic Education Training Programme. This shift of perspective is described as a professional process as well as a learning process, and the investigation focuses the reshaping of one’s professional identity. The investigation is based on focus group interviews with four different groups of police teachers in Växjö, Stockholm, and Umeå, where they were asked to talk about their task as police teachers. The analysis is built on theories from George Herbert Mead, Moira von Wright, and Ludwik Fleck about the importance of in-tersubjective interaction in the interpersonal or social perspective of construction knowledge about oneself as a subject and the surrounding world. Professional identity is defined as the way, consciously or unconsciously, an individual under-stands oneself as a professional; it is seen as an ongoing process shaped by con-tinuous intersubjective meetings with others in a changeable world. Professional, personal and possibly tacit knowledge is in that aspect developed and may be pos-sible to articulate in the right environment, for example within focus groups. The findings indicate that the change of professional task of the police teachers affects their understanding of themselves as professionals, i.e., their professional identity. The development of new professional and personal knowledge is due to the ability to reflect on the outcome of the intersubjective meetings with students and other teachers. This change of professional identity of the police teachers complicates their mission in two aspects. First, the denial of the relationship with the students as colleagues could be in conflict with the expectation from the stu-dent police officers. Secondly, the gap in knowledge about police work between the reflected personal knowledge of the police teachers and the student police offi-cers’ knowledge built on movies and books makes it difficult to meet the students at their level. This situation demands opportunities for police teachers to discuss their tasks with other teachers on campus, in the context of intersubjective meet-ings.

Studiens syfte har varit att förklara i vilken utsträckning icke-finansiellt beroende hos revisorer kan uppstå genom revisorernas identifikation med klienter samt undersöka dess effekter på revisorns oberoende och objektivitet. Vidare har vi försökt undersöka hur klientidentifikationen kan påverkas av professionell identifiering och revisorsrotation. Således har vår problemformulering varit ”Hur identifierar revisorerna sig med sina klienter hur detta påverkar revisorns objektivitet? Hur påverkas klientidentifikationen av revisorns profession? Hur kan revisorsrotationen bidra till en minskning av identifikationen med klienten? ”.Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom en elektronisk enkätundersökning som skickades ut till 1200 godkända och auktoriserade revisorer i Sverige. Bortfallet blev 87 %, den bakomliggande anledningen kan vara att enkäten skickades ut i samband med alla deklarationer. Vidare har den insamlade materialet bearbetats och analyserats i statistikprogrammet (SPSS) med hjälp av olika analysmodeller.Studiens resultat visar att svenska revisorer identifierar sig med sina klienter och att denna identifikation uppstår på grund av den sociala relationen mellan revisorn och klienten. Det icke-finansiella beroendet som uppstår genom identifikationen med klienter visar dock ingen påverkan på revisorns objektiva bedömning, vilket tyder på att revisorn oavsett klientens önskemål gör en korrekt bedömning vid en redovisningstvist. Vidare visar denna studie att48identifikationen med professionen leder till ökad identifikation med klienten. Detta har sin grund i den sociala identitetsteori som antyder att individer kan identifiera sig med olika sociala grupper samtidigt och att den ena identifikationen inte behöver utesluta den andra. Slutligen har vi visat att revisorsrotationen inte kan bidra till en minskning av identifikationen med klienten. Tidigare forskning visar nackdelar med revisorsrotationen, så som merkostnader och förlorad förkunskap, vilket indikerar i att rotera revisorn var sjunde år är ingen korrekt lösning som kan gynna både parterna. / The purpose of this study was to explain the extent to which non-financial dependence of auditors may arise from auditors' identification with clients and examine its effects on the auditor's independence and objectivity. Furthermore, we have attempted to examine how the client identifier can be influenced by professional identification and auditor rotation. Thus, our problem was "how auditors identify themselves with their clients how this affects the auditor's objectivity? How is the client identifier of the auditor's profession? How can the auditor rotation contribute to a decrease in identification with the client? ".The empirical data were collected through an electronic survey sent to 1200 approved and certified public accountants in Sweden. The loss was 87%, the underlying reason may be that the questionnaire was sent out in all declarations. Furthermore, the collected material processed and analyzed in the statistical program (SPSS) using various analytical models.Our results demonstrate that Swedish auditors identify with their clients and that this identification occurs due to the social relationship between the auditor and the client. The non-financial dependency arising from identification with clients, however, shows no effect on the auditor's objective assessment, which indicates that the auditor whether the client wishes make an accurate assessment of an accounting dispute. Furthermore, this study shows that the identification with profession leads to increased identification with the client. This is due to the social identity theory suggests that individuals may identify with different social groups at the same time and that one identification need not exclude the other. Finally, we have shown that auditor rotation can‟t contribute to a decrease in identification with the client. Previous research shows the disadvantages of auditor rotation, so that additional costs and loss of entry, indicating that rotate auditors every seven years is not a proper solution that can benefit both parties.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka frisörelevers uppfattningar om gesällbrevet. Det är ett yrkesbevis för frisörens kunskap och kompetens och det är det enda bevis med vilken branschen kan mäta elevers kunskap. På ett frisörprogram med trettio elever valde tre elever 2009 att ta sitt gesällbrev. Av dessa siffror att döma, ska jag med kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka 6 avgångselevers uppfattningar. En strävan är också att informera och väcka intresse om gesällen. Resultatet visar det som tidigare forskning gjort att det bl.a. beror på att eleverna inte har det praktiska kunnandet som man tidigare haft och att det är därför elever får svårigheter att komma ut på praktikplats och därefter ta sitt gesällbrev. Missnöje från skola, bransch växer. Håller frisöryrket på att mista sin profession eller är det ”okey” att kalla sig professionell utan sin legitimation? / The purpose with this lucubration is to investigate hairstylist student’s apprehension about the apprentice diploma. The apprentice diploma is an occupation verification indicating on the hairstylist’s knowledge and competence, and it is the only verification in the business that you can use in order to measure the students knowledge. Three students out of thirty, in year 2009, chose to graduate with an apprentice diploma. Based on these figures I am to investigate six graduating students opinion using qualitative interviews. Another quest is to inform and gain interest about the apprentice diploma.  The result demonstrate what earlier research already shows, amongst other things, that the students no longer have the practical knowledge needed in order to come to a worksite and therefore find it difficult to work as an apprentice. The business expects the students to be self-driven and dissatisfaction from the school and the business increases. Is the occupation as a hairstylist about to loose its profession or are you allowed to call yourself a professional without a proper diploma?

<p>Syftet med studien är att undersöka frisörelevers uppfattningar om gesällbrevet. Det är ett yrkesbevis för frisörens kunskap och kompetens och det är det enda bevis med vilken branschen kan mäta elevers kunskap. På ett frisörprogram med trettio elever valde tre elever 2009 att ta sitt gesällbrev. Av dessa siffror att döma, ska jag med kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka 6 avgångselevers uppfattningar. En strävan är också att informera och väcka intresse om gesällen. Resultatet visar det som tidigare forskning gjort att det bl.a. beror på att eleverna inte har det praktiska kunnandet som man tidigare haft och att det är därför elever får svårigheter att komma ut på praktikplats och därefter ta sitt gesällbrev. Missnöje från skola, bransch växer. Håller frisöryrket på att mista sin profession eller är det ”okey” att kalla sig professionell utan sin legitimation?</p> / <p>The purpose with this lucubration is to investigate hairstylist student’s apprehension about the apprentice diploma. The apprentice diploma is an occupation verification indicating on the hairstylist’s knowledge and competence, and it is the only verification in the business that you can use in order to measure the students knowledge. Three students out of thirty, in year 2009, chose to graduate with an apprentice diploma. Based on these figures I am to investigate six graduating students opinion using qualitative interviews. Another quest is to inform and gain interest about the apprentice diploma.  The result demonstrate what earlier research already shows, amongst other things, that the students no longer have the practical knowledge needed in order to come to a worksite and therefore find it difficult to work as an apprentice. The business expects the students to be self-driven and dissatisfaction from the school and the business increases. Is the occupation as a hairstylist about to loose its profession or are you allowed to call yourself a professional without a proper diploma?</p><p> </p>

The field of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) traditionally encompasses care and education for children aged from birth to eight years. In this study, the focus is specifically on the field that provides services for children in prior to school settings, that being the birth to five sector. This sector is highly feminised and has emerged over the last century from philanthropic roots. Despite considerable work into leadership in other areas, until recent times, attention to aspects of leadership has been limited within the ECEC field and much of the research undertaken has focused heavily on centre-based leadership. This study investigated how personnel, from a range of services, understand and enact leadership. In terms of data analysis it draws heavily on symbolic interactionism as a methodological tool and engages standpoint feminist theory to inform the analytical process. Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with twenty-six participants who also identified artefacts, which they considered influenced and supported their understandings of leadership. In addition, two focus groups were conducted to explore themes emerging from early analysis of the data. Findings indicate two categories, which emerge as relevant to how leadership is understood and enacted by participants. The first of these is the concept of interpreted professional identity, which reflects participants' interpretations of who they are as early childhood professionals informed by their own views and the views of others. How individuals interpret their sense of self (manifest in their professional identity) is influential in the secondary category, which is interpreted leadership capacity. This category reflects participants' leadership activity or inactivity. The analysis reflects a complex interplay between how participants interpret their professional sense of self (interpreted professional identity) and their capacity and willingness to enact leadership (interpreted leadership capacity). Individuals in the formation of their professional identity interpret factors, both internal to the ECEC field and external (through social expectations). The culture of the ECEC field (internal factors) includes competing elements such as a discourse of niceness juxtaposed against examples of horizontal violence. Factors external to the field suggest there are lingering social associations between heroic male images and leadership, which make women as leaders problematic. Within a highly feminised field such as ECEC, this study brings new perspectives to understandings of leadership and its enactment.

The Group Mentoring Programme which is the subject of this evaluative research was developed and implemented under the auspices of the Australian Library and Information Association by the author and a colleague. The main aim of the Programme was to facilitate the transition of new graduates in librarianship into the profession. The objectives of the research were: (1) to conduct an impact evaluation of the Programme; (2) to explore and develop the conceptual and theoretical bases of mentoring; and (3) to identify sources of stress anticipated and experienced by new graduates in their transition into the profession. This evaluative research represents the first report in the research literature to date in which a group mentoring programme of this kind has been evaluated using a quasi-experimental research design. The population comprised all graduates in librarianship from the two Western Australian universities offering these courses in 1996. Subjects in the experimental group were self-selected, and the remainder of the population made up the comparison group. (This was divided into two groups - those who did not have a current mentor, and those who had a current mentor.) Data were collected by means of pre- and post-test questionnaires, and analysed by multiple regression analysis. The main outcome variable was measured by Hall's Professionalism Scale, a validated measuring instrument. Results indicated that the Group Mentoring Programme was effective in only one of the five domains of professionalism as measured by this scale (that is, in having a sense of 'calling' to the field). This suggested that a group mentoring programme, by itself, is not a sufficient strategy for new graduates to attain a professional identity. A four-stage model of mentoring as continuing professional development is suggested as a strategy for teaching professionalism in a more formal, ++ / structured way. Results also showed that career-development outcomes were significantly higher in the Group Mentoring participants than in the two comparison groups, indicating that group mentoring is an effective career development strategy in the first year of such a programme. The concept of mentoring is extended to include group mentoring, which incorporates the essential characteristics of mentoring; it is also suggested that group mentoring includes the potential for practising three forms of mentoring relationships: individual, peer and co-mentoring. Two broad areas for future research are suggested: longitudinal studies examining the outcomes of group mentoring, and studies extending the theoretical and conceptual bases of group mentoring.

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-142).

Η παρούσα μελέτη αφορά την αντίληψη και έκφραση της ατομικότητας του εκπαιδευτικού μέσα στην διδακτική του διαδικασία, παράλληλα με τον ρόλο του μέσα στην τάξη. Με χρήση συνδυαστικής πολυεπίπεδης μεθοδολογίας, με στοιχεία εθνογραφίας και ανθρωπολογικής προσέγγισης οίκοι, διεξήχθη αυτοπαρατήρηση σε διάστημα 5 μηνών προκειμένου να εντοπιστεί η σχέση σύγκρουσης ή συνύπαρξης μεταξύ της ατομικότητας με τον ρόλο. / This study analyzes the perception and expression of individuality of the teacher in his class, in a parallelism to his professional role. In this multi-leveled methodology, with element of ethnography and anthropological oikoi approach, it was studied for 5 months the relation between the individuality of the teacher to the professional role, through self-observance.

A ascensão do paradigma informacional é resultado do advento das tecnologias de informação e comunicação cujos impactos sociais refletem-se no mundo do trabalho e nas identidades profissionais. A identidade profissional daqueles que trabalham com informação, é fortemente influenciada por esse novo paradigma. O estudo pretende compreender como é construída a identidade profissional dos bibliotecários a partir das representações sociais dos membros dirigentes das entidades de classe da profissão. Foi aplicado um questionário a um membro de cada um dos 14 Conselhos Regionais, além do Conselho Federal, e a um representante de cada uma das quatro associações escolhidas para a pesquisa, além da FEBAB. Oito questionários, dos vinte enviados, retornaram respondidos. Constatou-se que os dirigentes são otimistas em relação ao futuro da profissão, percebem um “mercado potencial” considerável para os bibliotecários. Notam que as faculdades estão “atualizando seus currículos” tendo em vista a nova realidade informacional. Quanto à mudança na denominação profissional todos são contrários, em função dos aspectos legais que a regulamentam. O bibliotecário é visto como um “mediador”, também percebem um tímido reconhecimento social do trabalho bibliotecário. “Pró-atividade” e “atualização” são características que os dirigentes percebem no bibliotecário contemporâneo, e afirmam que embora haja conflitos e tensões com outras categorias profissionais, o bibliotecário é o mais apto a prestar bons serviços no que diz respeito à informação. / The rise of the informational paradigm is the result of the advent of information and communication technologies and its social impacts reflect in the work field and in professional identities. The identity of professional librarians is strongly influenced by this new paradigm, as shown in the present study by the social representations drawn by the leaders of institutions that represent the profession of librarian. The objective of this study was to understand how the professional identity of librarians is formed. Leaders of representative institutions were found optimistic the future of the profession, noticing a significant potential work market for librarians. A questionnaire was applied to a member of each Regional Councils, a member of the Federal Council, a representative from each of the five associations selected for the research and a representative of FEBAB. Eight of the twenty questionnaires sent were answered. According to them the Librarianship colleges are "upgrading their curricula" in view of this new reality. As for the change in professional designation, all are opposed to it due to its legal aspects that determine the work field for the profession. The librarian is seen as a "mediator" and the leaders perceive an incipient social recognition of librarian´s work. "Pro-activity" and "professional upgrade" are characteristics of the contemporary librarian perceived by the leaders. Although there are conflicts and tensions with other professional categories, the leaders believe the librarian is the most capable for providing good services in the information society.

A presente tese propõe uma discussão sobre a agricultura orgânica e suas relações com o mercado. As relações com o mercado, que são estabelecidas pelas organizações de agricultores, atualmente ocupam uma posição central nas discussões do denominado “movimento orgânico” no Brasil, constituindo-se em objeto de análise da própria definição de agricultura orgânica. As principais modificações, na conversão do sistema convencional para o orgânico, se apresentam nas relações técnico-produtivas, e, conseqüentemente, no sentido que é atribuído às atividades práticas da agricultura orgânica, modificando a realidade destes produtores rurais. A realidade dos agricultores é aqui entendida como aquela que é (re)construída no contexto organizacional. A agricultura orgânica pressupõe a possibilidade de os agricultores buscarem, através da sua atividade profissional, a (re)construção de sua identidade socioprofissional. Entretanto, neste contexto, também se destaca a construção de novas relações sociais, que influenciam, entre outros aspectos, a profissionalização dos agricultores. A tese aqui apresentada busca o entendimento das principais influências das relações de mercado sobre o processo de (re)construção desta identidade. Para identificar tais influências, foram analisadas as percepções e significados atribuídos pelos agricultores às diferentes estratégias de comercialização adotadas, bem como estudar as representações que estes fazem sobre as suas atividades, e que são formadoras de sua identidade socioprofissional. A análise foi feita utilizando os discursos dos agricultores sobre a sua atividade profissional, sobre os canais de comercialização utilizados e sobre as relações institucionais estabelecidas. É de tal processo relacional que se depreende a definição de identidade socioprofissional adotada na presente tese. Partiu-se da hipótese de que as relações com mercado, nas organizações de produção orgânica, assumem um papel central na (re)construção da identidade socioprofissional dos agricultores. Para a realização da análise, foram selecionadas cinco organizações de agricultores envolvidas com a produção orgânica, nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná, buscando contemplar, nessa seleção, dois tipos principais de relações com o mercado: as feiras e os supermercados. Para o levantamento das informações, fundamentalmente primárias, junto a estas organizações, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, com o auxílio de roteiros semi-estruturados, com agricultores e outros informantes. Para o entendimento das identidades socioprofissionais, no contexto organizacional, foi feita uma análise dos aspectos cognitivos referentes ao processo de institucionalização e de construção da realidade, apoiando-se, para isto, na Teoria Institucional e em algumas noções sobre o processo de construção identitária. Também contribuíram, para a análise, os diferentes enfoques e abordagens em torno da discussão sobre as definições de agricultura orgânica. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram demonstrar as influências das relações com o mercado sobre a formação da identidade socioprofissional dos agricultores que atuam na agricultura orgânica, confirmando a hipótese da pesquisa. Entretanto, o mercado influencia a profissionalização dos agricultores de forma diferenciada, a partir de referências que são construídas nas relações diretas com os consumidores (feiras) e na legitimidade no mercado (supermercados). / The present thesis proposes a discussion upon organic agriculture, and upon its relationships with market. The market relations, which are established by agriculturist organizations, presently plays a central role in the discussions upon the “organic movement” in Brazil, constituting the analysis object of the organic agriculture definition itself. The main modifications, involved in the conversion from the traditional agricultural system to the organic one, are present on technical-productive relations, and consequently, in the meaning that is attributed to practical activities on organic agriculture, modifying the reality of these agriculturists. The reality, for these agriculturists, is here comprehended as the one that is (re)constructed in the organizational context. Organic agriculture presuppose the possibility that the agriculturists fetch, by means of their professional activity, the (re)construction of their socio-professional identity. Notwithstanding, in this context, it is also important the construction of new social relationships, which influence, among other aspects, the process of professional qualification of agriculturists. The thesis, here presented, searches out for a better comprehension of the main influences of the market relations on this identity (re)construction process. Aiming to identify these influences, were analyzed the percepts and significations attributed by these agriculturists to the different trading strategies adopted, as well as were studied the mental representations that they do about their activities, which are the formers for their socio-professional identity. The effected analysis used the speeches of these agriculturists concerning their professional activity and concerning the institutional relationships established. It is from such process that is inferred the socio-professional identity definition adopted in the present thesis. It was assumed, as an initial hypothesis, that the market relations, in the scope of organic production organizations, play a central role in the process of the agriculturist socio-professional identity (re)construction. In order to make this analysis, were selected five agriculturist organizations, which were involved with organic production, in the following southerner States of Brasil: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, aiming to detect, by means of this selection, two main kinds of market relations: free markets and supermarkets. For collecting the information, chiefly primary data, from these organizations, were done depth interviews, using semi-structured questionnaires, with agriculturists and significant others. And, in order to attain a better comprehension upon socio-professional identities, in the organizational context, it was done an analysis of the cognitive aspects referable to the institutionalization and to the reality construction processes, therefore, supporting this view on the Institutional Theory and on some notions on the identity construction process. Also contributed, for this analysis, the different views and approaches concerning the discussion made upon organic agriculture. The results of the present research allowed the author to demonstrate the influences of the market relations on the socioprofessional identity formation process for the agriculturists that act on organic agriculture, validating the initial research hypothesis. Nevertheless, the market influences the professional qualification of agriculturists in a varied manner, from the different references that are constructed in the direct relationships with consumers (on free markets) and in the market legitimacy (on supermarkets).