The use of air power has become more important in modern warfare, and the ability to use the full potential of air power is significant for a beneficial outcome of conflict. Today’s most established air power theories are developed from a military superpower perspective, leaving a void of knowledge for the smaller air forces. This study intends to find out how the air power advocate Robert Pape’s theory theater air power is applicable to small states and small air forces by testing Pape’s theory against the Six Day War in 1967 and the Georgia War in 2008 and thus contribute to a greater basis for the debate on how the air forces should be used and which role they play in conflict. The result show, in contrast to Pape’s theory, that air superiority is beneficial but not decisive. Instead, the coordination between arms is crucial for high combat efficiency and utilization of airspace. Also, the result shows that operational interdiction is the most efficient course of action for small state to use their air power, particularly if lacking the ability to defeat heavily armoured combat vehicles and battle tanks. Finally, the result clarifies that the air power cannot win conflicts by their own but are a vital contributor to the favourable outcome of conflict.

My thesis entitled: "Robert A. Pape: Critical Presentation of One of the Theories of Suicide Terrorism." Its aim is to critically present the Roberts A. Pape theory of suicide terrorism to the Czech reader. Robert A. Pape's concept is very beneficial as per its point of view on the studied phenomena - detailed and enormous amount of analysis, statistics that his colleagues and him were capable to gain along with the original data interpretation. The core of my thesis is presented by Robert A. Pape's second book: Dying to Win, it also creates the centerpiece of his suicide terrorism theory. It contains the basics of the concept, which is extended in his third and newest book: Cutting the Fuse and partially is and outcome of his first book Bombing to Win. Key words: Robert A. Pape, suicide terrorism, occupation, religion, nationalism, coercive strategy

Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université de Sherbrooke / Notre recherche vise une meilleure compréhension de l'ensemble du discours de Jean-Paul II sur le rôle que devrait jouer la science dans la société ainsi que sur les responsabilités morales de la science. C'est un discours qui tranche à la fois avec les aspects d'ouverture et de dialogue attribués à Jean-Paul II dans les médias et les milieux académiques, mais qui débouche sur des éléments originaux peu explorés. Nous nous concentrons sur deux facettes de la pensée de Jean-Paul II sur la science : le traditionalisme et la nouveauté. En premier lieu, ce que le corpus littéraire et l'enseignement de Jean-Paul II nous disent sur l'aspect traditionnel de sa pensée va au-delà de la pensée populaire sur le sujet. De ce fait, ce que nous tentons d'exposer chez le pape est une pensée teintée d'aristotélico-thomisme, un « axe métaphysique » sur lequel repose l'enseignement de Jean-Paul II sur les sciences pures et les sciences de l'univers en particulier. Ce que nous souhaitons opérer relativement à cette vision est une exposition de nouveaux éléments et une réinterprétation de ce que nous entendons par le concept de traditionalisme dans le discours de Jean-Paul II sur la science. Pour ce faire, nous mettons en évidence certains aspects dogmatiques rigides de la constitution Gaudium et spes sur l'Église dans le monde de ce temps tout en identifiant certains éléments de l'enseignement de Jean-Paul II qui s'insèrent dans un cadre métaphysique thomiste et qui font appel à l'apologie de circonstance. En second lieu, nous tentons de démontrer que l'aspect de nouveauté chez Jean-Paul II réside dans les outils méthodologiques qu'il se donne pour développer son anthropologie théologique. Cette nouveauté s'enracine dans son anthropologie philosophique, qui fait partie intégrante de son continuum méthodologique. Cette méthodologie mène à une anthropologie théologique où les concepts de personne et de dignité prennent tout leur sens. Ainsi, nous démontrerons que Jean-Paul II nous révèle dans son enseignement les sources d'une anthropologie philosophique enracinée fermement dans les récits de la Création et dans une « théologie du corps ». Jean-Paul II donne des fondements bibliques à sa philosophie de l'être humain, ce qui lui permet d'exposer plus clairement sa vision théologique de la personne. Se faisant, il donne également des assises à sa vision morale. Ainsi, son enseignement sur les sciences expérimentales comporte un « axe éthico-moral » dont dépend l'authenticité de toute science. Nous voulons donc ici approfondir l'originalité de Jean-Paul II relativement à son enseignement sur la science expérimentale tout en allant au-delà des couplets populaires simplistes et édifiants.

[pt] Com a análise das produções e das trajetórias acadêmicas de dois expoentes da Vanguarda Construtiva Brasileira – Décio Pignatari e Lygia Pape – o presente trabalho discute a relação entre arte e indústria a partir dos anos 1950. Ambos trabalharam como artistas, designers e professores universitários. Acreditavam que o artista moderno devia integrar-se à coletividade de diversos modos, incluindo a participação nos meios de produção e nas mídias de massa. Como docentes, iniciaram suas carreiras ministrando semiótica. Posteriormente, Pignatari caminhou para as teorias da literatura e da comunicação enquanto Pape se dedicou ao ensino de linguagem visual. Tanto um quanto o outro lecionaram em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação. Seus textos acadêmicos, embora pouco examinados em profundidade como parte do Projeto Construtivo, trazem importantes reflexões acerca da crise da arte na era da reprodutibilidade técnica, propondo saídas para este impasse. Por esta razão, são analisados os ideais expostos na tese de doutorado Semiótica e Literatura (USP-1973), de Décio Pignatari, e na dissertação de mestrado Catiti-Catiti, na terra dos brasis (UFRJ-1980), de Lygia Pape. Busca-se compreender seus posicionamentos perante o questionamento do belo como categoria central da estética, observando os reflexos da Semiótica de. C. S. Peirce nos temas abordados por Pignatari e as marcas da Fenomenologia de M. Merleau-Ponty no pensamento de Pape. Investigam-se, então, suas posturas em defesa da invenção artística, considerando as duas diferentes perspectivas sobre este conceito. Livros de W. Benjamin, M. Bense e M. Pedrosa estão entre referenciais teóricos centrais das duas pesquisas. / [en] This research verifies the connections between constructive arts and industries after the 1950 s. Particularly, the work aims to inquire the productions and the academic trajectories of two important members of the Brazilian Constructive Vanguard – Décio Pignatari and Lygia Pape. Both of them were artists, designers and professors. In their view, the modern artist should contribute to industrial society in many different ways, because all creative activities were related. As college members, they began teaching semiotics. Lately, Pignatari dedicated his career to literature and communication theories and Pape became interested in visual linguistics education. It is worthwhile to mention that they were educators in graduation and post-graduation courses. Their academic papers discuss the art crisis in the age of mechanical reproduction, proposing ways to overcome this challenge. However, these texts were rarely mentioned as a part of Brazilian Constructive Project. Therefore, this investigation analyses Décio Pignatari s PHD Thesis called Semiótica e Literatura (USP-1973), and Lygia Pape s Masters Dissertation untitled Catiti-Catiti, na terra dos brasis (UFRJ-1980). Initially, their arguments lead to the questioning of the beauty concept as a central aesthetic category. In this sense, C. S. Peirce s semiotics impacts Pignatari s thoughts, and M. Merleau-Ponty s phenomenology marcs Pape s ideals. Lately, this work examines their claims for artistic invention, revealing two different perspectives on this concept. Books written by W. Benjamin, M.Bense and M. Pedrosa integrate their theoretical frameworks.

Cette recherche se situe dans la réflexion autour de la production médiatique internationale de l’événement. Elle tente de montrer que si, en amont, la normativité en matière de production et de diffusion de l’événement dans les pays du Nord marque le traitement global de l’information fournie par les agences internationales de presse, en aval, par contre, la réappropriation par les médias nationaux du même événement donne lieu à une pluralité de sens grâce aux contextes sociaux de chaque média. L’analyse des interactions entre les médias et leur ancrage social peut aider à mieux saisir les dynamiques discursives de la communication publique. La couverture médiatique de la déclaration du Pape Benoît XVI sur l’utilisation du condom lors de son premier voyage en Afrique du 17 au 23 mars 2009 a servi d’étude de cas. À partir de la mise en scène médiatique des propos du Pape sur le préservatif, la thèse tente de saisir, dans une perspective d’analyse du discours, la « thématisation » de la couverture des propos du Pape dans les médias du Québec et du Cameroun, afin de mettre en évidence les différents prismes par lesquels l’événement médiatique en contexte international prend sens pour les divers acteurs. Cette démarche socio-sémiotique permet de dégager les liens de parenté entre la production médiatique d’un événement et les situations de communication de sa mise en scène publique. L’étude de la médiatisation des propos du Pape Benoît XVI a été menée sur un corpus de 139 articles d’agences de presse et de médias québécois et camerounais. Il ressort de l’analyse thématique de ce corpus que, si la mondialisation facilite l’échange des informations bien au-delà des espaces nationaux, le processus de réception et d’interprétation d’un événement international découle d’un croisement socio-référentiel marqué à la fois par une sorte d’homogénéisation et de différenciation entre plusieurs manières de désigner le même phénomène. La différenciation qui nourrit la perspective d’une pluralité de sens accordée à un même événement au plan international est plus prononcée quand il s’agit des questions identitaires liées à la morale ou à la religion, lesquelles suscitent souvent des débats passionnés. L’événement médiatique international ne peut être saisi que comme un phénomène en constante reconfiguration ou hybridation socioculturelle. Par conséquent, du point de vue médiatique, la question de l’internationalisation de l’événement se déplace du questionnement sur son universalité (homogénéité de la production de l’information) vers la reconnaissance de sa lecture différenciée (hétérogénéité de la production médiatique). C’est dire l’importance de la réception et des dynamiques de communication publique dans la production du sens de l’événement international.

The theories on how to use airpower as coercion are divided between those who advocate strategic bombing and those who advocate support for land operations. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether Pape and/or Warden´s airpower theories applied on Operation Allied Force can explain how NATO´s air force was used. The result shows that both the Warden´s Enemy as a system and Pape´s Denial strategy can partly explain the outcome. Warden´s 5-ring system is the only variable in the survey assigned with a high variable value; this is because the analysis shows that it is judged to influence the outcome extensively. Parallel attacks occurred at low frequency and have a low variable value. Pape´s theory occurred with high frequency in variable support for the ground forces, however, the analysis shows that no variable value from Pape´s theory received higher variables than the medium. The conclusion is that both theories can explain how NATO used airpower during the operation but to different degrees.

This study intends to contribute to the understanding of air power theory by studying the contrasting theories of John A. Warden and Robert A. Pape onto a single case. Warden advocates strategic bombing, while Pape condemns it. The theories are applied onto the Israeli air power in the Six-Day War, a war which played an important role for air power and where air power played an important role for the outcome. Both theories are among the most discussed and criticized ones, including by the other author respectively. By thoroughly examining them onto the same single case, their generalizability is evaluated in relation to each other. The empirical data consisted of six descriptive works of the war, from which each event of air sorties was analysed and matched with the theories. The air sorties of each theory were then evaluated by occurrence and effect to the wars outcome, i.e. the contribution to the Israeli victory. The results of the analysis imply that Warden’s theory have a better ability to explain the success of the Israeli Air Force than Pape’s theory, but no major conclusions of their generalizability can be drawn. None of the theories where found fully sufficient to explain the case, i.e. some parts of the theories did not occur in Six-Day War according to the study.

In 2011, a coalition of member states in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization together with partner nations outside of the alliance cooperated against the Libyan regime led by Colonel Muammar Khadaffi. The primary goals of the operations in Libya were to protect the civil population from attacks by the Libyan regime, maintain the no-flyzone and arms embargo. The operations in Libya proved to be successful and many authors claims that airpower were the main key to the victory.John A. Warden III and Robert A. Pape have been mentioned in discussions about airpower and there have also been a debate regarding which theory that best describes how air power should be used. Some authors who have examined the Libyan war claims that the outcome can be understood with John Wardens theories while other claims that it can be understood from Robert Papes theories.This study aims to examine and try to understand the outcome of the air campaign in Libya 2011. Based on the accomplishment of air power in the Libyan civil war along with the debate between John Warden and Robert Pape the conclusion of this study is that the success in the war can be identified in both theories. John Warden’s theory about strategic airpower together with Robert Pape’s theory about direct support of ground forces seems to be the key factor that ended the war with a successful outcome.

The Falklands War is well studied but there are currently no theoretically based analyzes specifically aimed at explaining Operation Black Buck, a long-range bombing of Argentine targets on the Falklands with strategic bombers, despite its controversial and unique nature. By illustrating the case on the basis of a theory-consuming approach, this study examines the purpose of the operation in an effort to understand why the British Air Force justified the missions despite the great challenges.  The theoretical framework for this study is seen through the eyes of the most prominent theorists in modern air power debate; John Warden and Robert Pape. The important aspect in this study is not the authors disagreements but rather that their theories can be seen as complementary to each other in understanding this case.  The study shows that the purpose of Operation Black Buck was aimed at denying the Argentines the opportunity to use the airport at Stanley for military purposes. In addition, there was a deterrent value that indirectly gave a strategic effect by deploying strategic bombers to demonstrate will, determination and hint at the ability to strike the Argentine mainland. The driving force behind the operation was the British effort in trying to achieve air superiority which was a critical objective during the war.

Les réflexions de Jean-Paul II consacrées à Marie occupent une place particulière parmi les travaux qui ont voulu renouveler la théologie mariale après le concile Vatican II. La présente recherche explore le concept inédit de «femme "eucharistique"» par lequel Jean-Paul II qualifie Marie au chapitre VI de l'encyclique, Ecclesia de Eucharistia. Inscrite en théologie spirituelle, la démarche permet, à même l'analyse du texte, de mettre en évidence le rôle de Marie dans la vie des disciples du Christ. Le rapport entre Marie et l'Eucharistie tient, selon les méthodes d'analyse langagière utilisées (rhétorique et narrative), dans l'attitude intérieure de Marie. Christocentrée, cette attitude ouvre, pour le disciple du Christ, un itinéraire spirituel dont la mère de Jésus serait la maîtresse par excellence. N'étant pas une fin en elle-même, cette étude s'inscrit comme un maillon dans une réflexion plus vaste, aux ramifications théologiques multiples : spirituelles, pastorales, ecclésiologiques et même fondamentales puisque, incidement, l'acte théologique lui-même y est revisité.