Este estudo pretendeu investigar como a variável trabalhar fora interfere na constituição do lugar da mãe para o filho. Utilizamos uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo, de natureza qualitativa a partir do estudo comparativo de seis famílias da classe média paulistana. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-dirigidas com os casais e com as crianças aplicamos o Procedimento de Desenhos de Família com Estórias, proposto por Walter Trinca (1997). Nosso estudo procurou articular o conhecimento advindo da história da trajetória da família burguesa, com os aportes oferecidos pela análise dos desenhos e entrevistas com as famílias inseridas nesse contexto, contando também com o auxilio do substrato teórico da psicanálise. Nossos dados apontaram que o fato da mãe trabalhar fora, enquanto fator isolado, não parece discriminar entre os dois grupos. Verificamos que os fatores mais importantes têm relação com a constituição da conjugalidade e da parentalização. Outro aspecto identificado esteve associado à possibilidade de um pai participativo, esse aspecto demonstrou ter forte relação com a satisfação conjugal, igualmente influente na percepção da criança sobre seu lugar na família / This study aimed to investigate how the variable \"out-of-home work\" affects the constitution of the place of the mother to the child. We used a methodology of field research, qualitative in nature, from the comparative study of six middle-class families in São Paulo. We executed semi-directed interviews with the couples and applied the Procedure of Family Drawings with Stories, proposed by Walter Trinca (1997), with the children. Our study sought to articulate the knowledge gained from the history of the trajectory of the bourgeois family, with contributions offered by the analysis of drawings and interviews with the families inserted within this context, also counting on the help of the theoretical basis of psychoanalysis. Our data showed that the mothers that work out of home, as an insulated factor, does not seem to discriminate between the two groups. We found that the most important factors are related to the establishment of conjugality and parenthood. Another aspect identified was associated with the possibility of the participation of the father. This aspect has demonstrated a strong relationship with marital satisfaction, equally influential in the child´s perception of his place in the family

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-11T12:44:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARINA AUTUORI.pdf: 1422722 bytes, checksum: c8da9e0caa1128cd23ab88f7c58a03ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T12:44:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARINA AUTUORI.pdf: 1422722 bytes, checksum: c8da9e0caa1128cd23ab88f7c58a03ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The growing demand for child psychological care results in increased referral of children to mental health services. However, a rate of 50% to 60% abandonment of child psychotherapy is estimated. Since the beginning of child psychological care is the most delicate and decisive phase for the success or failure of psychotherapy, we must investigate the purposes of children's psychological referrals to understand the meanings attributed to this process. To do so, using a psychoanalytically oriented qualitative methodology, we interviewed four children, their parents, psychologists and other professionals involved in the referral to a Public Health Unit for Children and Adolescents. We adopted as a procedure the framework of individual open interviews and the investigative resource of Interactive Narratives to facilitate access to the experience undergone by the participants. We have established five thematic axes that contemplate the meanings found, both in the scientific literature and in the participants' reports, as follows: Reasons for child referral; Sources of child referral; Profile of children's clientele; Parents and the psychological care of their children; and Adherence and abandonment of psychotherapy. Such axes guide the discussion about the theme of the psychological referral of children in the light of the scientific literature as well as the work of Donald Woods Winnicott. Parents appear as the main part involved, although usually excluded from decision making, whose participation in all stages of the referral process is decisive to the success or failure of the referral itself. In addition, the inclusion of the child's perspective has enabled us not only to reveal the meanings that it attributes to the efforts of understanding by professionals, to parental care and to their own suffering, but to doubt the effectiveness of any intervention that disregards the child's view and excludes a deep partnership with parents. / La creciente demanda por la atenci?n psicol?gica infantil resulta en el aumento de la derivaci?n de ni?os a los servicios de salud mental. Sin embargo, se estima una tasa de 50% a 60% de abandono de la psicoterapia infantil. Siendo el inicio de la atenci?n psicol?gica infantil la fase m?s delicada y decisiva para el ?xito o fracaso de la psicoterapia, cabe investigar los sentidos de las derivaciones psicol?gicas infantiles, a fin de comprender los significados atribuidos a este proceso. Para ello, utilizando el m?todo cualitativo de orientaci?n psicoanal?tica entrevistamos cuatro ni?os, sus padres, psic?logos y otros profesionales involucrados en las derivaciones a una Unidad P?blica de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil. Adoptamos como procedimiento el encuadre de entrevistas abiertas individuales y el recurso investigativo de las Narrativas Interactivas, con la intenci?n de facilitar el acceso a la experiencia vivida por los participantes. Establecimos cinco ejes tem?ticos que contemplan los sentidos encontrados, tanto en la literatura cient?fica como en los relatos de los participantes, que son: Motivos para la derivaci?n infantil; Fuentes de derivaci?n infantil; Perfil de la clientela infantil; Los padres y la atenci?n psicol?gica de los hijos; y Adhesi?n y abandono de la psicoterapia. Tales ejes gu?an la discusi?n sobre el tema de derivaci?n infantil a la luz de la literatura cient?fica, as? como la obra de Donald Woods Winnicott. Los padres aparecen como los principales involucrados, aunque usualmente excluidos de la toma de decisiones, siendo su participaci?n en todas las etapas de proceso de derivaci?n decisiva para el ?xito o fracaso de la derivaci?n psicol?gica infantil. Adem?s de eso, la inclusi?n de la perspectiva del ni?o nos permiti? no solo revelar los sentidos que ?l atribuye a los esfuerzos de comprensi?n por parte de los profesionales, al cuidado parental y a su propio sufrimiento, sino dudar de la eficacia de cualquier intervenci?n que no tenga en cuenta la visi?n infantil y excluya una profunda cooperaci?n con los padres. / A crescente demanda pelo atendimento psicol?gico infantil resulta no aumento do encaminhamento de crian?as para os servi?os de sa?de mental. Entretanto, estima-se uma taxa de 50% a 60% de abandono da psicoterapia infantil. Sendo o in?cio do atendimento psicol?gico infantil a fase mais delicada e decisiva para o sucesso ou fracasso da psicoterapia, cabe investigarmos os sentidos do encaminhamento psicol?gico infantil, a fim de compreendermos os significados atribu?dos a esse processo. Para tanto, utilizando metodologia qualitativa de orienta??o psicanal?tica entrevistamos quatro crian?as e seus pais, al?m de psic?logos e outros profissionais envolvidos com os encaminhamentos para uma Unidade P?blica de Sa?de Mental Infanto-Juvenil. Adotamos como procedimento o enquadre de entrevistas abertas individuais e o recurso investigativo das Narrativas Interativas, no intuito de facilitar o acesso ? experi?ncia vivida pelos participantes. Estabelecemos cinco eixos tem?ticos que contemplam os sentidos encontrados, tanto na literatura cient?fica quanto nos relatos dos participantes, a saber: Motivos para o encaminhamento infantil; Fontes de encaminhamento infantil; Perfil da clientela infantil; Os pais e o atendimento psicol?gico dos filhos; e Ades?o e abandono da psicoterapia. Tais eixos norteiam a discuss?o sobre o tema do encaminhamento psicol?gico infantil ? luz da literatura cient?fica e da obra de Donald Woods Winnicott. Os pais figuram como os principais envolvidos, embora usualmente exclu?dos da tomada de decis?o, cuja participa??o em todas as etapas do processo de encaminhamento psicol?gico ? decisiva para o sucesso ou fracasso do pr?prio encaminhamento. Al?m disso, a inclus?o da perspectiva da crian?a nos permitiu n?o s? revelar os sentidos que esta atribui aos esfor?os de compreens?o dos profissionais, ao cuidado parental e ao seu pr?prio sofrimento, mas duvidar da efic?cia de qualquer interven??o que desconsidere a vis?o infantil e exclua uma profunda parceria com os pais.

本研究之目的在探討國小兒童的「人格特質」、「親子關係」、「同儕關係」與「憂鬱」之相關， 並以問卷調查方式進行。研究樣本為國小高年級兒童為對象， 共收集487 份有效樣本進行分析。本研究之研究工具為「兒童青少年憂鬱篩選量表」、「國小學童人格特質量表」、「親子互動關係問卷」及「國小學童同儕互動關係量表」。數據資料以敍述性統計、t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關， 及多元逐步迴歸進行分析等。研究主要發現如下： 一、目前國小兒童的憂鬱行為表現普遍水準偏向正面，即較無憂鬱。 二、不同性別、出生序、家庭結構之國小兒童，其憂鬱行為表現沒有顯著差異 三、全體國小兒童之「神經質」、「支配/指使」、「衝突/攻擊」、「競爭/忌妒」、「敵意/防衛」與其整體憂鬱行為表現間，皆存有顯著正相關的關係；而「嚴謹性」、「外向性」、「友善性」及「開放性」、「親子關係」、「合作/利社會行為」、「遊戲/聯合活動」、「信任/尊重」、「親密/依附」等正向同儕關係及「整體同儕關係」則與其整體憂鬱行為表現間，存有顯著負相關的關係。 四、「老么」、「雙親家庭兒童」之「外向性」與其整體憂鬱行為表現間，存有顯著負相關的關係。 五、「老大」、「單親家庭兒童」之「母親心理」親子關係與其憂鬱行為表現間，存有顯著負相關的關係。 六、「中間子女」之「信任/尊重」、「親密/依附」、「競爭/忌妒」及「敵意/防衛」等四項同儕關係上，與其憂鬱行為表現皆存有顯著相關。 七、「敵意防衛」同儕關係及「神經質」人格特質最能夠效預測全體國小兒童的「憂鬱行為表現」。 八、同儕關係的「競爭嫉妒」最能預測「男生」、「獨生子女」和「中間子女」兒童的「憂鬱行為表現」。 九、同儕關係的「敵意防衛」最能夠預測「女生」、「老大」、「雙親家庭」兒童的「憂鬱行為表現」 十、「神經質」人格特質最能夠預測「老么」、「單親家庭」兒童的「憂鬱行為表現」 本研究根據上述各項結果加以討論，並提出數點建議，以供後續相關實務工作及研究的參考。 / The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among personality traits, parental relationship, peer relationship and depression. The study adopted a method of questionnaire survey. The subjects of this study were 487 grade five and six elementary school students in Taiwan.Instruments used in this study were“Children and Adolescents Depression Screening Scale”,“Parental Interaction Relationship Questionnaire”,“The scale of interaction between peers for elementary students”. The study was analyzed by descriptive statist ics,T-tests,One-way ANOVA,Pearson product -moment correlation and multiple step-wise regression analysis. The main findings of this study were as fol lows: 1. The status of depressive tendency for most respondents is regarded as positive. 2. There were no significant differences in depression among these students according to their different gender , birth order and family structure. 3. There were significant positive correlations between “neuroticism”,” control / instigate”,” conflict / attack”,”competitive / jealous”,” hostile / defensive” peer relationship and “depression”.However, there were significant negative correlations between” conscientiousness”,”extraversion”, “agreeableness”,”openness”,” parental relationship”,”cooperative / prosocial behavior”,”game / joint activities”,”trust / respect”,”intimate/ attachment” peer relationship and “depression”. 4. Significant negative correlations were found between youngest birth order and parents-family child’ extraversion and depression. 5. Significant negative correlations were found between oldest birth order and single parent-family child’ mother mentality relationship and depression. 6. Significant correlations were found between the middle child’ ”trust /respect”,”intimate/ attachment”, ”competitive / jealous”,” hostile / defensive” peer relationship and depression. 7. ” hostile / defensive” peer relationship and “neuroticism” show prediction to the total score of depression. 8. ”competitive / jealous” peer relationship shows prediction to boy,singleton, and the middle child’ depression. 9. ” hostile / defensive” peer relationship shows prediction to girl,oldest birth order,and parents-family child’ depression. 10.“neuroticism” shows prediction to youngest birth order and single parent-family child’ depression. Finally, after discussion, the researcher proposed some suggestions for educational instruction and future studies.

The current study investigated maternal determinants of mental health service use, namely, individual child therapy, among preadolescent children diagnosed with ADHD. The Behavioral Model of Health Care Utilization (Andersen, 2008) was used as a theoretical framework for the study. Data from the last three rounds of ECLS-K dataset were employed to test a longitudinal model using Bayesian analysis. Socio-demographic variables and maternal mental health were tested as exogenous variables and mother-child relationship variables, discipline variables, and perceived maternal concern about child’s overall behavior and child’s emotional symptoms were tested as intervening variables. Results showed that only maternal mental health remained in the model as an exogenous variable. The effect of mental health on child therapy was mediated by maternal aggravation and maternal concern about overall behavior in one path and by maternal concern about emotional symptoms in another path, suggesting that maternal mental health needs to be considered when attempting to understand help-seeking determinants. Both concern variables were found to have large direct effects on child therapy. The results of the current study showed the importance of maternal mental health and the importance of determinants related to mother-child relationship in a mother’s decision to seek therapy for a child.

No description available.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse de doctorat est de déterminer, à l’aide d’une grille d’observation des comportements parentaux après la séparation , si des catégories de la grille permettent de distinguer entre eux les couples parentaux où le risque de Détérioration du Lien Parent-Enfant en contexte de séparation conflictuelle (DLPE) est très élevé des couples parentaux où le risque de DLPE est très faible. De plus, trois objectifs secondaires s’ajoutent à notre objectif principal. Premièrement, nous avons tenté de voir s’il était possible de prédire les cas où les risques de DLPE sont très élevés. Deuxièmement, nous avons exploré comment la DLPE s’inscrit dans les conséquences pouvant découler de la séparation parentale. Et enfin, troisièmement, nous avons brièvement exploré la question des allégations d’agression sexuelle envers l’enfant dans les contextes de DLPE. Cette thèse est composée de deux articles et d’une note de recherche brève. Le premier article s’intitule En quoi et pourquoi les hommes et les femmes sont-ils affectés différemment par la séparation conjugale? Cet article est une recension critique de la littérature traitant des conséquences du divorce chez les adultes ainsi que des conséquences différentielles du divorce pour les hommes et les femmes. Dans cet article, des hypothèses explicatives quant à l’origine de ces diverses conséquences sont discutées et nous proposons de les conceptualiser sous la forme d’un éventail rendant compte des impacts tant positifs que négatifs, notamment à une extrémité du continuum où se retrouvent les dynamiques DLPE. Ce continuum sur lequel s’inscrit la DLPE permet de conceptualiser et de discuter de l’adaptation ou de la mésadaptation des individus face à la séparation. Dans cet article, notre regard sur la DLPE fait ressortir les lacunes de la recherche actuelle sur ce phénomène. Il ressort un manque flagrant de connaissances du contexte d’apparition du phénomène, de connaissances empiriques sur la question des allégations d’abus sexuel se produisant dans le cadre de telles dynamiques ainsi que de connaissances des caractéristiques et des comportements des individus qui y sont impliqués. Conséquemment, notre article met l’emphase sur la nécessité qu’une tradition de recherche se développe dans le domaine de la DLPE afin de clarifier tous ces aspects. Enfin, cet article met en lumière différents facteurs de risque et différents facteurs de protection susceptibles d’expliquer que le divorce ait des conséquences différentes chez les hommes et les femmes. Le deuxième article s’intitule Étude exploratoire des caractéristiques et des comportements de couples parentaux séparés engagés dans une dynamique de Détérioration du Lien Parent-Enfant. Cet article cherchait à déterminer si les couples parentaux séparés hautement à risque d’être engagés dans une dynamique de DLPE se distinguent des couples parentaux séparés dont le risque de DLPE est faible sur certaines variables. Nous avons étudié cette question auprès de notre échantillon de 82 couples parentaux séparés pour lesquels le risque de DLPE est évalué comme étant soit très faible (groupe de comparaison) ou soit très élevé (en tenant compte du fait que la mère ou le père soit le parent dénigrant). À cette fin, nous avons utilisé un instrument de mesure, la Grille d’observation de la Détérioration du Lien Parent-Enfant après la séparation (GODLPE), adapté de celui développé par Johnston, Walters, & Olesen, (2005). Les résultats obtenus à l’aide de tests d’analyse de variance et de khi-deux démontrent que les ex-couples du groupe de comparaison se distinguent des ex-couples du groupe où le risque de DLPE est très élevé par un mariage significativement plus long et un niveau de conflit plus élevé. Également, les résultats démontrent que les parents du groupe de comparaison, les parents dénigrés et les parents dénigrants se distinguent entre eux quant à leurs comportements coparentaux aliénants, à leur relation coparentale supportante, à leur relation coparentale méfiante et à leurs comportements de renversement de rôle. Finalement, notre étude révèle que la durée du mariage et l’intensité des conflits permettent de prédire le risque de DLPE. La note de recherche brève s’intitule Étude exploratoire des allégations d’agression sexuelle envers l’enfant dans un contexte de Détérioration du Lien Parent-Enfant. Cet note de recherche s’intéresse à ce qui a longtemps été considéré comme l’une des caractéristiques déterminantes des dynamiques de DLPE, soit les allégations d’agression sexuelle envers l’enfant professées par un parent à l’endroit de l’autre parent ou d’un membre de son entourage proche. Nous avons étudié cette question chez 82 couples parentaux séparés pour lesquels le risque de DLPE était évalué comme étant très faible ou très élevé. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’existe aucune différence significative entre les groupes relativement à cette caractéristique. Cependant, les mères auraient davantage tendance à alléguer de tels abus que les pères. Enfin, aucune des allégations professées n’a été jugée suffisamment crédible pour que la Directeur de la protection de la Jeunesse (DPJ) juge nécessaire d’intervenir. Plusieurs hypothèses sont soulevées pour expliquer ces résultats. / The main goal of the present doctoral thesis was to determine whether certain items of an observation grid assessing parental behaviors following separation allow to distinguish parents whose risk of Deterioration of the Parent-Child Relationship (DPCR) is very high from those whose risk of DPCR is very low. This goal led to secondary objectives regarding the prediction of such dynamics, the issue of sexual abuse allegation toward the child in such situations, and the context in which this phenomenon appears in the context of parental separation. This thesis includes two articles and a brief note of research. The first article is entitled: How and Why Are Men and Women Affected Differently by Marital Separation? This article is a critical literature review regarding the consequences of divorce for adults as well as its differential impact on men and women. Explanatory hypotheses regarding the origin of these diverse impacts are discussed. Furthermore, this article offers a conceptualization of such impacts as a continuum, which takes into account the positive and as well as the negative consequences of divorce, such as the dynamics of DPCR following separation. Different risk factors and protective factors are also suggested. The second article is entitled: Exploratory Study of the Characteristics and Behaviors of Separated Couples Engaged in a Dynamic of Deterioration of the Parent-Child Relationship. This article discusses whether it is possible to distinguish, on certain variables, separated couples who are at high risk of being engaged in a dynamic of DPCR from those who are at low risk. This issue was studied among 82 separated couples for which the risk of DPCR was assessed as being very low or very high (in the latter case was distinguished the group where the mother was the denigrating parent from the group where the father was the denigrating parent). An instrument called the Deterioration of the Parent-Child Relationship Observation Grid (DPCROG), adapted from an instrument developed by Johnson, Walters, & Olesen, 2005, was used in the present study. Analyses of variance and chi-squared analyses were carried out and revealed that ex-couples in the group at high risk for DPCR distinguished themselves from ex-couples in the comparison group by a significantly longer marriage and a higher level of conflict. In addition, results of 2 X 2 repeated measures analyses of variance, as well as results of Tukey’s post-hoc tests, revealed that parents in the comparison group, denigrated parents, and denigrating parents differed from one another in terms of their alienating coparenting behaviors, their supportive coparenting relationship, their mistrustful coparenting relationship and their role reversal behaviors. Finally, results of Tukey’s post-hoc analyses and chi-squared analyses indicated that the length of marriage and the intensity of conflict allow to predict the risk of DPCR. The brief note of research is entitled: Exploratory Study of Child Sexual Abuse Allegations in the context of a Deterioration of the Parent-Child Relationship. This note of research is concerned with what has long been considered as one of the characteristics of the dynamics of DPCR: the allegation of child sexual abuse declared by a parent against the other parent or against people close to the other parent. This issue was studied among 82 separated couples for which the risk of DPCR was assessed as being very high or very low. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between groups in regards to these allegations. Furthermore, mothers seemed to have a greater tendency to allege such abuse in comparison to fathers. Finally, whereas none of these allegations were judged as sufficiently credible in order for the Direction de la Protection de la Jeunesse (DPJ) to intervene, several hypotheses were raised to explain this finding.

為瞭解青少年偶像崇拜行為之現況，以及青少年偶像崇拜行為與人口變項（性別、年級、家庭社經地位）、家庭變項（親子互動關係類型）、自尊變項（家庭自尊、學業自尊、身體意象自尊、社會人際自尊、利他自尊、整體自尊）、學業成就等背景變項之關係，乃以台北地區國一和國三學生1135名為研究對象，採用家庭社經地位調查表、偶像崇拜問卷、親子互動關係量表、自我尊重量表等研究工具來獲取所需資料，再以卡方考驗、K-W考驗、平均數差異t考驗、Pearson積差相關、變異數分析等統計方法進行分析。結果發現： 1.青少年最崇拜的偶像依序為：「影視明星」（44.8%）、「卡通小說人物」（9.6%）、「父親」（9.1%）、「母親」（8.0%）、「同學朋友」（5.6%）、「運動員」（5.6%）、「其他偶像」（4.6%）、無偶像（3.9%）、「歷史人物」（3.8%）、「師長」（3.1%）、「政治人物」（1.9%）。 2.崇拜不同類型偶像的青少年，對偶像的「外型」、「個性」、「才能」、「成就」、「很會賺錢」等崇拜原因的重要性排序具有顯著差異。 3.崇拜「影視明星」的青少年，會到機場接機、守在偶像出現的場合，或是請假、蹺課去看偶像者實屬少數，且從事上述崇拜行為者多為女生。 4.男生崇拜「父親」、「運動員」、「歷史人物」的人數顯著多於女生，而女生崇拜「影視明星」的人數則顯著多於男生。 5.來自中上家庭社經地位的青少年，崇拜「影視明星」的人數顯著少於來自中等及中下家庭社經地位的青少年；來自中上家庭社經地位的青少年，崇拜「政治人物」的人數卻顯著多於來自中等及中下家庭社經地位的青少年；而家庭社經地位為中下的青少年，崇拜「政治人物」的人數顯著少於中上及中等家庭社經地位的青少年。 6.男生顯著偏好崇拜男偶像，但女生對男、女偶像的偏好並無顯著差異。 7.女生對偶像「外型」的重視甚於男生，而男生對偶像「很會賺錢」的重視則甚於女生；國一學生對偶像「外型」的重視甚於國三學生，而國三學生對偶像「才能」的重視則更甚於國一學生；來自中下家庭社經地位的青少年，對偶像「外型」的重視更甚於中等及中上家庭社經的青少年。 8.女生對偶像的崇拜強度顯著高於男生；國一和國三學生偶像崇拜的強度並無顯著差異；而來自中上家庭社經地位之青少年，偶像崇拜強度顯著高於來自中下家庭社經地位之青少年。 9.父子互動關係為「聚頻心繫」的青少年，崇拜「父親」的人數顯著多於「聚疏心繫」、「聚頻心離」、「聚疏心離」的青少年；父子互動關係為「聚疏心離」的青少年，崇拜「父親」的人數顯著少於「聚頻心繫」、「聚疏心繫」、「聚頻心離」的青少年；而父子互動關係為「聚疏心離」的青少年，崇拜「影視明星」的人數顯著多於其他父子互動關係類型的青少年。 10.父子互動關係為「聚頻心繫」與「聚頻心離」的青少年，對偶像崇拜的強度顯著大於父子互動關係為「聚疏心繫」的青少年。 11.母子互動關係類型不同的青少年，崇拜的偶像類型與崇拜強度均無顯著差異存在。 12.高家庭自尊的青少年崇拜「父親」的人數顯著多於中自尊與低自尊者；低學業自尊的青少年崇拜「影視明星」的人數顯著多於高自尊與中自尊者；而高整體自尊的青少年崇拜「政治人物」的人數顯著多於中自尊與低自尊者。 13.低家庭自尊的青少年較中、高自尊者更重視偶像的「外型」；中、低學業自尊的青少年對偶像「外型」的重視更甚於高自尊者。 14.學業自尊愈低的女生，對偶像崇拜的強度愈強；身體意象自尊愈高的青少年，對偶像的崇拜強度愈強；利他自尊愈高的青少年，對偶像的崇拜強度愈強。 15.學業成就優劣不同的青少年所崇拜的偶像類型無顯著差異。 16.低學業成就的青少年對偶像「外型」、「很會賺錢」的重視甚於中、高成就者；而高學業成就的青少年對偶像「才能」、「成就」的重視則甚於中、低成就者。 本研究根據上述研究結果加以討論，並針對家庭教育、學校教育、社會教育及未來研究等四方面提出數點建議，以供青少年輔導工作及後續研究參考。

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This thesis focuses on the development of Gestalt guidelines to assist parents to enhance psychosocial development in middle childhood. The researcher made use of the four stages of the intervention research process, namely project planning, information gathering, design, and early development of the guidelines to complete this research study. For the purposes of this study middle childhood is defined as male and female children between the age of seven and twelve years. Some areas of psychosocial development and relevant Gestalt principles are highlighted in this study. Functional elements of existing parenting programs are discussed and utilised along with the views of the respondents in this study, those of experts, and literature reviews to design Gestalt guidelines with an observational system. / Social Work / M.Diac.

Those learners who generally struggle to relate to their teachers and peers, also appear to struggle with their parents. This research study is thus an investigation into the influence of the parent-child relationship on the self-concept of the Southern Sotho child. A literature study was done and the major dimensions of the self-concept were identified, namely, the physical self, the academic self, the social self, the value self, the family self and the psychic self. A questionnaire was developed to measure the self-concept of the child. Another questionnaire was used to measure the parent-child relationship. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that the parent-child relationship does have an influence on the self-concept of the Southern Sotho child, although certain contradictions to other research findings emerged. Problematic aspects of the research were discussed and recommendations for further research were made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)