A presente tese tem por objetivo demonstrar que o Estado Gerencial ou Regulador, delineado pelo movimento internacional de reforma do Estado, nos países ocidentais, especialmente a partir dos anos setenta do século XX, na Inglaterra, trouxe consigo a releitura de paradigmas tradicionais do Direito Público. Paralelamente a esta circunstância, a importação, pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, das instituições que são próprias daquele modelo de Estado, denominadas agências reguladoras independentes, concebidas nos moldes do direito norte americano, acabou acarretando, ao longo da década da experiência brasileira, algumas perplexidades de ordem política que se refletiram na ordem jurídica. Estas dificuldades resultaram em mudanças de rumo, ao final da década, verificáveis na Administração Pública Federal, tanto através de efetivas alterações legislativas pontuais como de proposta legislativa de âmbito geral e, também pela jurisprudência administrativa normativa, fazendo com que o delineamento institucional e o regime jurídico dessas entidades, tais quais traçados originalmente, fossem alterados, especialmente no tocante à diminuição da independência, das competências e da margem de afastamento do poder político central. / This thesis aims at demonstrating that the managerial or regulatory state, outlined by the international movement for the reform of the State in western countries, especially since the 1970’s in England, brought about the review of the traditional paradigms of Public Law. In parallel to this circumstance, the incorporation into Brazilian law framework of typical institutions of that model of state, the so called “independent regulatory agencies”, conceived according to the North-American Law model, ended up by causing, throughout the decade of Brazilian experience, some political perplexity, which also reflected on our Law order. These difficulties brought about changes in the course at the end of the decade, which can be verified at the Federal Public Administration level, not only though effective accurate law alteration, but also through general law proposals, as well as through normative administrative cases, ending in modifications on the original feature of the institutional design and on the regulatory regime of these entities, especially with regard to a decrease on the levels of independency, competence and impartiality relating to the central political power. / La presente tesis tiene por objetivo demostrar que el Estado Gerencial o Regulador, delineado por el movimiento internacional de la reforma del Estado, en los países occidentales, en especial desde los años setenta del siglo XX, en Inglaterra, trajo consigo la relectura de paradigmas tradicionales del Derecho Público. Paralelamente a esta circunstancia, la importación, por el ordenamiento jurídico brasileño, de las instituciones que son propias de aquél modelo de Estado, nombradas agencias reguladoras independientes, concebidas en los moldes del derecho estadounidense, acabó por provocar, a lo largo de la década de la experiencia brasileña, algunas perplejidades de orden política que se reflejaron en el orden jurídica. Dichas dificultades resultaran en cambios de dirección, al final de la década, que pueden ser verificadas en el ámbito de la Administración Pública Federal, sea por intermedio de efectivos cambios legislativos puntuales, sea por medio de una propuesta legislativa de ámbito general, así como también por intermedio de la jurisprudencia administrativa normativa, lo que hace con que el delineamento institucional y el régimen jurídico de dichas entidades, tales cuáles dibujados originalmente, fuesen cambiados, en particular con respecto a la reducción de sus grados de independencia, de sus competencias y de su grado de alejamiento del poder político central.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1971654 bytes, checksum: ef95313e4fdd4ef38d4603a35f58473b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper is the formulation of a Proposed Zoning and Load Capacity Recreation to the Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia Vermelha that currently is very touristy. The amendment was based on the class Anthozoa diversity. To the recognition of the animals s diversity, the area was divided into 3 quadrants and 5 transects of 100 m, in each one were drawn. All individuals found in 50cm to the right and 50 cm to the left of the transect line were analyzed. This gave a basis for knowing the most diverse area of the park and served as a subsidy for the proposal of environmental zoning. To prepare the zoning map, the image was captured from Google Earth and used the modules SPRING, IMPIMA and SCARTA version 5.0.5. The captured images from Google Earth were saved in TIF format and were inserted in the module IMPIMA, which was used to save images in the native format SPRING. Some factors were taken into consideration as sites already used for tourism, biodiversity hotspots, areas of influence, diving sites, actions of waves,currents and fishing. Based on these features and taking into account some of the activities already undertaken in the park, the environmental zoning was created. From this zoning was proposed carrying capacity for recreational areas where tourism activities were allowed. For the load capacity was used the methodology of Cifuentes (1992) adapted to the conditions of the marine environment. For the two proposals, was also taken into account, the point of views of the professionals working with craft and environmental awareness of tourists visiting the area. As results we observed that the scleractinea corals present in the area were: Favia gravida, Porites astreoides and Siderastrea stellata and as Gorgoniacea coral species we had Muriceopsis sulphurea. Among zoanthids the species Palythoa caribaeorum, Protopalythoa variabilis and Zoanthus sociatus were found. The most rich in biodiversity was quadrant 2. The areas suggested in this proposed zoning were: Touristic Recreational Use Zone, Special Use Zone, Preservation of Marine Life Zone, Traditional Use Zone, Traditional and Recreational Use Zone and Cushioning Zone. The load capacity was designed for the use of the areas of Touristic Recreationl areas, which resulted in 400 visits per day, to the Special-Use area which can have 281 visits per day and the Traditional and Recreational Use Zone, with 544 visits per day, totalizing 1225 people daily around the park. With the questionnaires applied to tourists and professionals working on the boats, was detected that the application of environmental education is of paramount importance. / Esta dissertação consiste na formulação de uma Proposta de Zoneamento e de Capacidade de Carga Recreativa para o Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia Vermelha, que atualmente é muito explorada turisticamente. A proposta aqui apresentada foi feita com base na diversidade de espécies da classe Anthozoa. Para reconhecimento da diversidade de animais a área foi dividida em 3 quadrantes e foram traçados 5 transectos de 100m em cada um, em que foram anotados todos os indivíduos encontrados 50cm à direita e 50 cm a esquerda da linha do transecto. Isso deu base para se saber a área mais diversa do parque e serviu de subsídio para a proposta de zoneamento ambiental. Para a confecção do mapa do Zoneamento, foi capturada a imagem do Google Earth e utilizados os módulos SPRING, IMPIMA e SCARTA versão 5.0.5. As imagens capturadas no Google Earth foram salvas em formato TIF e inseridas no módulo IMPIMA, que foi utilizado para salvar as imagens em formato nativo do SPRING. Alguns fatores foram levados em consideração como locais já utilizados para o turismo, focos de biodiversidade, áreas de influência, locais para mergulho, ações das ondas e correntes e pesca artesanal. Com base nessas características e levando em conta algumas atividades já desenvolvidas no Parque o zoneamento ambiental foi criado. A partir deste zoneamento foi proposta a capacidade de carga recreativa para as zonas onde as atividades turísticas foram permitidas. Para a capacidade de carga foi utilizada a metodologia de Cifuentes (1992) adaptada para as condições do ambiente marinho. Para as duas propostas, foi levado em consideração também a opinião dos profissionais que trabalham com embarcações e a percepção ambiental dos turistas que visitam a área. Como resultados, verificamos que as espécies de corais escleractíneos presentes foram: Favia gravida, Porites astreoides e Siderastrea stellata e espécies de corais gorgonaceos tivemos Muriceopsis sulphurea. Entre os zoantídeos foram encontradas as espécies de Palythoa caribaeorum, Protopalythoa variabilis e Zoanthus sociatus. O quadrante mais diversificado foi o quadrante 2. As zonas sugeridas na proposta de zoneamento foram: Zona de Uso Turístico Recreativo, Zona de Uso Especial, Zona de Preservação da Vida Marinha, Zona de Uso Tradicional, Zona de Uso Tradicional e Recreativo e Zona de Amortecimento. A capacidade de carga foi elaborada para as áreas de Uso Turístico Recreativo, que resultou em 400 visitas por dia, Zona de Uso Especial, podendo ter 281 visitas por dia e a Zona de Uso Tradicional e Recreativo, com 544 visitas por dia, totalizando 1225 pessoas diárias em todo o parque. Com os questionários aplicados aos turistas e aos profissionais que atuam nos barcos foi detectado que um trabalho de educação ambiental é de fundamental importância.

Orientadores: Ricardo Ribeiro Gudwin, Cesar José Bonjuani Pagan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelo_TiagoNovaes_M.pdf: 3900207 bytes, checksum: 2eed8dd66c9bdc37e4d58e9eac614c9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O surgimento das Tecnologias de Comunicação e Informação trouxe uma nova perspectiva para o fortalecimento da democracia nas sociedades modernas. A democracia representativa, modelo predominante nas sociedades atuais, atravessa uma crise de credibilidade cuja principal consequência é o afastamento do cidadão na participação política, enfraquecendo os ideais democráticos. Neste contexto, a tecnologia surge como possibilidade para construção de um novo modelo de participação popular que resgate uma cidadania mais ativa, inaugurando o que denomina-se de democracia digital. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e implementar uma ferramenta, denominada "Extrator de Conhecimento Coletivo", com o propósito de conhecer o que um coletivo pensa a respeito de sua realidade a partir de pequenos relatos de seus participantes, dando voz à população num processo de democracia participativa. Os fundamentos teóricos baseiam-se em métodos de mineração de dados, sumarizadores extrativos e redes complexas. A ferramenta foi implementada e testada usando um banco de dados formado por opiniões de clientes a respeito de suas estadias em um Hotel. Os resultados apresentaram-se satisfatórios. Para trabalhos futuros, a proposta é que o Extrator de Conhecimento Coletivo seja o núcleo de processamento de dados de um espaço virtual onde a população pode se expressar e exercer ativamente sua cidadania / Abstract: The emergence of Information and Communication Technologies brought a new perspective to the strengthening of democracy in modern societies. The representative democracy, prevalent model in today's societies, crosses a crisis of credibility whose main consequence is the removal of citizen participation in politics, weakening democratic ideals. In this context, technology emerges as a possibility for construction of a new model of popular participation to rescue more active citizenship, inaugurating what is called digital democracy. The objective of this research was to develop and implement a tool called "Collective Knowledge Extractor", with the purpose of knowing what the collective thinks about his reality through small reports of its participants, giving voice to the people in a process participatory democracy. The theoretical foundations are based on methods of data mining, extractive summarizers and complex networks. The tool was implemented and tested using a database consisting of customer reviews about their stay in a Hotel. The results were satisfactory. For future work, the proposal is that the Extractor Collective Knowledge be the core data processing of a virtual space where people can express themselves and actively exercise their citizenship / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The phenomena of stakeholder identification and involvement in the affairs of public entities has become of great importance in the recent years. Literature review reveals the extent of knowledge and discloses gaps that exist in the management of technical training institutions in Kenya. Therefore, key research questions aimed at achieving the objectives of this study were formulated. For empirical responses, a sample comprising three institutions was chosen, where respondents were selected purposively. Focus group and individual interviews were conducted for qualitative data collection from purposively selected respondents. The data analysis led to the conclusion that stakeholders are varied and their involvement in specific issues minimal. This implies lack of clarity of knowledge of the stakeholders and variation regarding the extent to which they need involvement and the effects. One recommendation is to carry out an analysis to establish legitimate stakeholders and their specific potential influences. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

L’objet de la thèse est d’évaluer la pertinence de l’approche participative comme outil-levier pour une gestion locale mieux partagée et durable des ressources en eau autour du lac de Guiers au Sénégal. Unique lac d’eau douce d’importance du pays, implanté dans une zone semi-désertique de la région écologique sahélienne, le lac de Guiers est très convoité par plusieurs types d’usages. Il est considéré, au plan national comme au plan local, comme une source vitale d’approvisionnement en eau potable des régions proches et de grandes villes une ressource stratégique pour le maintien de l’autosuffisance alimentaire ainsi qu’un moteur de développement économique pour les communautés villageoises agro-pastorales. La démarche méthodologique retenue est de type « bottom-up », partant du diagnostic de terrain du cas du lac de Guiers. Elle s’appuie sur des entretiens et enquêtes par questionnaires auprès des gestionnaires et des usagers de l’eau du lac, une analyse des jeux d’acteurs dans un cadre institutionnel en évolution et l’analyse des dynamiques spatiales de répartition des usages de l’eau. Ce diagnostic montre dans quelle mesure l’approche participative prônée dans les stratégies et plans de gestion de l’eau du lac de Guiers est effectivement mise en œuvre et vient renforcer la participation des usagers de la ressource en eau pour parvenir à une gestion mieux partagée et durable de celle-ci. L’approche participative n'est fonctionnelle que si le cadre de gestion s’inscrit dans une démarche globale de gestion concertée et intégrée dans laquelle tous les usagers et les acteurs gestionnaires sont co-gestionnaires de la démarche.De plus, l’approche participative reste souvent difficile à organiser. Cette difficulté est d’autant plus forte que l’étendue géographique est grande, et qu’il s’agit de faire participer tous les usagers et acteurs gestionnaires concernés à toutes les échelles avec des intérêts parfois contradictoires. Par ailleurs, la thèse révèle que l’accroissement de l’implantation d’activités économiques sensées profiter à la région conduit à des effets pervers qui vont à l’encontre des objectifs des plans de gestion : baisse de la qualité de l’eau et des quantités disponibles (pollution causée par les rejets des agro-industries et augmentation des volumes de prélèvement).Toutes les séries d’actions engagées constituent des dépenses pour les acteurs gestionnaires (maintenance des infrastructures, contrôle des prélèvements, lutte contre la pollution etc.). Dans ce domaine, la thèse recommande que la gestion de la ressource en eau du lac prenne en compte cette dimension déterminante, en développant de nouveaux outils de gestion correspondant à la valorisation économique de l’eau et en créant un Observatoire, outil intégrateur de son avenir durable. Ceci est une condition sine qua non pour une amélioration des conditions de vie des riverains. La thèse confirme, à travers le cas du lac de Guiers, la pertinence des théories de l’approche participative pour accompagner et aider ses acteurs gestionnaires dans leur appréhension et leur organisation du système de gestion. / The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the relevance of the participatory approach as a leverage tool to achieve a better shared and sustainable local management of water resources around lake Guiers in Senegal. It is the only freshwater lake of importance in the country. Located in a semi-desert zone of the Sahelian ecological region, lake Guiers is coveted by several types of uses. It is considered both nationally and locally as a vital resource for drinking water supply in nearby regions and large cities as a strategic resource for maintaining food self-sufficiency, as well as being a vector of economic development of the agro-pastoral village communities.The methodological approach adopted is the "bottom-up" approach, starting from field diagnosis of the case of lake Guiers. It is based on interviews and questionnaire surveys with managers and users of the lake’s water, an analysis of the sets of actors in an evolving institutional framework and the analysis of the spatial dynamics of distribution of the uses of the lake’s water. This diagnosis demonstrates the extent to which the participatory approach advocated in the water management strategies and plans of lake Guiers is effectively implemented and strengthens the participation of water resource users in order to achieve a better shared and sustainable management of this water resource.The participatory approach is functional only if the management framework is part of a comprehensive, collaborative and integrated management approach in which all users and managers are involved in the decision-making process (co-management). Furthermore, the participatory approach is often difficult to organize. This difficulty increases when the geographical scope is large and the aim is to involve all the users and managers concerned at all levels with sometimes contradictory interests. Moreover, the thesis reveals that the increase in the implantation of economic activities that are supposed to benefit the region leads to perverse effects that run counter to the objectives of the management plans: a drop in water quality and of the available quantities (pollution caused by discharges from agro-industries and increased collection volumes). All the series of actions (services) involved imply expenditures for the management actors (maintenance of infrastructures, control of sampling, pollution control etc.). In this area, the thesis recommends that the management of water resources in the lake should take into account this decisive dimension, by developing new management tools corresponding to the economic valuation of water and by creating an observatory, an integrating tool of its sustainable future. This is a sine qua non condition for improving the living conditions of local residents. The thesis confirms, through the case of Lake Guiers, the relevance of the theories of the participatory approach to accompany and help its management actors in their apprehension and organization of the management system.

. This investigation focuses on the leadership role of the principal in managing and supporting curriculum change in South African schools. The results reveal that principals are required to initiate change and to lead the curriculum change process in schools. Principals are expected to monitor, manage and evaluate the implementation of OBE in their schools. They also need to provide ongoing support to colleagues and are further required to acquire and employ skills, qualities, characteristics and a management style that is suitable for the OBE leader. This investigation recommends that for principals to manage and support curriculum change effectively in South African schools: • Principals are in need of more training and ongoing support • Commitment and support to the outcomes based curriculum is called for • Skills and qualities, for effective leadership, needs to be acquired and employed • A strategy to manage, monitor, support and evaluate curriculum implementation in the school is needed. / Educational Leadership and Management / M.Ed. (Educational Management)

La cogestion des aires protégées a été conçue comme un modèle innovant àimplementer dans le but d’ameliorer les conditions de vie des populations riveraineset d’assurer une conservation durable des ressources biologiques. Cette theseconfronte ce modèle à la réalité de son application dans les réserves de biosphère deWaza et de la Bénoué, au Nord du Cameroun. Afin de mettre en évidence les raisonsdu contraste entre les resultats attendus et ceux obtenus, notre methode s’appuiesur l’analyse des donnees bioécologiques, des relevés sur le terrain, des enquêtes etinterviews auprès de différents acteurs et l’examen des terroirs des zones àcogestion. Les résultats montrent que la cogestion a permis de désamorcer unesituation conflictuelle entre les parties prenantes, et qu’elle a aussi favorise lacomprehension par les acteurs en charge des deux reserves, de l’interet qu’accordentles communautés riveraines aux ressources naturelles. Toutefois, ces résultatsrévèlent que les retombées de la cogestion en matière de protection de labiodiversite et de survie des populations riveraines n’ont pas ete a la hauteur dutemps et des moyens (financiers, matériels) investis et des espoirs placés en ceprocessus par les riverains. La situation de cogestion a provoqué de violents conflits,des rancoeurs et la decrepitude des entites biologiques, objets meme de cettecogestion. Cette étude montre comment les acteurs se servent de manièredetournee, comme d’une passerelle pour atteindre des fins personnelles, de lacogestion, prise en tenaille entre ses acteurs prêts à lui faire obstacle si besoin. Sontegalement mises en lumiere les responsabilites de l’Etat engage dans ce processussans étude de faisabilité et contraint de céder une partie de ses pouvoirs à desreprésentants sur le terrain. Sur le plan local, l’analyse des relations montre desstructures étatiques restées rigides, sans concession et sans ménagement face auxpopulations. Celles-ci, galvanisées par les ONG nationales et internationales,entendaient jouer pleinement le jeu, tout en masquant leurs activites d’exploitantsillégaux. Les deux parties se découvrent sur le terrain de la cogestion avec leursidentités de maître et de sujet, de répresseur et de braconnier. Ce jeu de dupes nepouvait être associé à la gestion participative. Les phases d’elaboration du conceptthéorique de cogestion qui auraient pu prévenir cette situation, ont étéappréhendées superficiellement par les parties prenantes, hypothéquant ainsi lesrésultats du processus à moyen et long terme. Effectivement, la perte de plus dutiers du potentiel faunique des deux réserves pendant la phase de cogestion et legain insignifiant de 400 frs CFA/an par habitant dans la réserve de la Bénoué ne sontpas de nature a stimuler l’avancee et l’appropriation du processus. La manière dontla cogestion dans les réserves de biosphère de Waza et de la Bénoué a été menée,met en évidence les limites des politiques préconçues, appliquées sur le terrain sanstenir compte des savoirs autochtones et des contextes particuliers. Notre étudedemontre l’importance d’une exploitation et d’une fusion reflechies et preparees dessavoirs et des compétences locaux et exogènes, afin de relever le défi de la gestiondurable des ressources naturelles. / The co-management of protected areas can be approached through an innovativemodel making it possible to improve the conditions of the people surrounding theprotected areas as well as to assure the sustainable conservation of its biologicalresources. The research in this thesis tests this model in the actual situation of thetwo biosphere reserves in the North of Cameroon: the Waza and Benoué NationalParks. In order to be able to explain differences between expected and obtainedresults we have developed a methodology analysing bio-ecological data, filedmeasurements, questionnaires and interviews with the different stakeholdersinvolved as well as an examination of the different co-managed territories. Theresults show that because of the application of co-management, potential conflictsituations between the different stakeholders have been prevented. Also it hasstimulated a better understanding of the actors in charge of the two reserves, aboutthe interest in the reserves’ natural resources by the people living around them.Nevertheless, the results show also that the benefits from the co-managementsystem in terms of protection of biodiversity and survival of the people living at theborders have not been promising in terms of financial and material means investedand in terms of the hope local people had in it. The co-management situation hasprovoked violent conflicts, resentment and decay of the biological entities, subject ofthis co-management. This research shows how actors have multiple agendas, likeusing co-management for their personal gain, while also tormenting other actors whostand in their way. It also puts some light on State stakeholders and theirengagement in this process without having done a feasibility study and with theconstraint of having to hand over part of their power to representatives in the field.At the local level, the analysis of the existing relationships shows that the statestructures stay rigid without compromising and without taking into consideration thelocal communities. The latter, being stimulated by national and international NGOs,understanding that the full game is played, while hiding their illegal exploitations.The two parties unfold in the field of co-management with their identities of beingmaster and subject, oppressor and poacher.This game of swindling cannot beassociated with participative management. The stages within the development of thetheoretical concept of co-management which could have prevented this situation hasbeen perceived as superficial by the different stakeholders, bringing in to discreditthe medium and long term process results. In fact, the loss of one third of thewildlife numbers in the two reserves during the co-management phase as well as theinsignificant gain of 400 FCFA per inhabitant of the Benoué reserve do not stimulatethe continuation and ownership of the process.The way the co-management in theBenoue and Waza biospheres reserves has been implemented , has shown the limitsof the preconceived policy, applied in the field without taking into consideration theknowledge of local people and its particular context. Our study shows the importanceof preparing and reflecting on the exploitation and integration of local and outsideknowledge and competences before setting up the challenging system of sustainablenatural resources co-management.

Integrated coastal and ocean management (ICM) requires new management systems where social learning (SL), the joint and collaborative learning trough interaction, is a key element. The occurrence of SL and the factors that affect it were investigated by documentary analysis, observation of ongoing processes and accessment of the perception of people involved with the participatory management of a marine protected area (MPA) in Brazil. The general hypothesis is that SL can qualify participation and improve ICM. To test it, this research characterized the management of the MPA, identifying SL processes and how they were fostered/hindered, with special attention to the role of research and educational institutions and the promotion of knowledge exchange. SL was evidenced by changes in knowledge, perception of the complexity of the system, social context and in the development of new understandings among the stakeholders involved in the processes, leading to strong social organization, social empowerment and institutional changes, promoting social capital. To improve ICM through SL, five strategies are proposed: promote diverse participation, not limited to official membership; promote simultaneous discussions in small groups; favor interaction processes over rapid solutions; explore common interests; explore different roles, especially with reference to research and educational organizations. / A gestão costeira integrada (GCI) demanda novos sistemas de gestão onde a aprendizagem social (AS), a aprendizagem conjunta e colaborativa que ocorre por meio de interação, é um elemento-chave. A ocorrência de AS e os fatores que a afetam foram investigados por meio de análise documental, observação de processos em andamento e levantamento da percepção dos indivíduos envolvidos com a gestão participativa de uma área marinha protegida (AMP) no Brasil. A hipótese central é que AS pode qualificar a participação e aprimorar a GCI. Esta pesquisa caracterizou a gestão da AMP e identificou processos de AS e como eles foram favorecidos/prejudicados, com atenção especial ao papel de instituições de ensino e pesquisa e à promoção de troca de conhecimento. A AS foi evidenciada por mudanças no conhecimento, percepção da complexidade do sistema, contexto social e construção de entendimentos coletivos, fortalecendo a organização social, empoderamento social e mudanças institucionais, promovendo o capital social. Para aprimorar a GCI por meio de AS são propostas cinco estratégias: promover diversidade de participação; promover a discussão simultânea de vários problemas; favorecer processos de interação à soluções rápidas; explorar interesses comuns; explorar diferentes papéis, especialmente considerando as organizações de ensino e pesquisa.

Integrated coastal and ocean management (ICM) requires new management systems where social learning (SL), the joint and collaborative learning trough interaction, is a key element. The occurrence of SL and the factors that affect it were investigated by documentary analysis, observation of ongoing processes and accessment of the perception of people involved with the participatory management of a marine protected area (MPA) in Brazil. The general hypothesis is that SL can qualify participation and improve ICM. To test it, this research characterized the management of the MPA, identifying SL processes and how they were fostered/hindered, with special attention to the role of research and educational institutions and the promotion of knowledge exchange. SL was evidenced by changes in knowledge, perception of the complexity of the system, social context and in the development of new understandings among the stakeholders involved in the processes, leading to strong social organization, social empowerment and institutional changes, promoting social capital. To improve ICM through SL, five strategies are proposed: promote diverse participation, not limited to official membership; promote simultaneous discussions in small groups; favor interaction processes over rapid solutions; explore common interests; explore different roles, especially with reference to research and educational organizations. / A gestão costeira integrada (GCI) demanda novos sistemas de gestão onde a aprendizagem social (AS), a aprendizagem conjunta e colaborativa que ocorre por meio de interação, é um elemento-chave. A ocorrência de AS e os fatores que a afetam foram investigados por meio de análise documental, observação de processos em andamento e levantamento da percepção dos indivíduos envolvidos com a gestão participativa de uma área marinha protegida (AMP) no Brasil. A hipótese central é que AS pode qualificar a participação e aprimorar a GCI. Esta pesquisa caracterizou a gestão da AMP e identificou processos de AS e como eles foram favorecidos/prejudicados, com atenção especial ao papel de instituições de ensino e pesquisa e à promoção de troca de conhecimento. A AS foi evidenciada por mudanças no conhecimento, percepção da complexidade do sistema, contexto social e construção de entendimentos coletivos, fortalecendo a organização social, empoderamento social e mudanças institucionais, promovendo o capital social. Para aprimorar a GCI por meio de AS são propostas cinco estratégias: promover diversidade de participação; promover a discussão simultânea de vários problemas; favorecer processos de interação à soluções rápidas; explorar interesses comuns; explorar diferentes papéis, especialmente considerando as organizações de ensino e pesquisa.

. This investigation focuses on the leadership role of the principal in managing and supporting curriculum change in South African schools. The results reveal that principals are required to initiate change and to lead the curriculum change process in schools. Principals are expected to monitor, manage and evaluate the implementation of OBE in their schools. They also need to provide ongoing support to colleagues and are further required to acquire and employ skills, qualities, characteristics and a management style that is suitable for the OBE leader. This investigation recommends that for principals to manage and support curriculum change effectively in South African schools: • Principals are in need of more training and ongoing support • Commitment and support to the outcomes based curriculum is called for • Skills and qualities, for effective leadership, needs to be acquired and employed • A strategy to manage, monitor, support and evaluate curriculum implementation in the school is needed. / Educational Leadership and Management / M.Ed. (Educational Management)