L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di analizzare l’origine ed evoluzione della dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell’Unione Europea. Attraverso un framework teorico che coniuga la letteratura sui ‘new modes of governance’ con quella riguardante il ‘rational-choice institutionalism’, questa tesi si propone di analizzare il sistema di governance in tre settori politici che rientrano nell’ambito della dimensione esterna: politica di riammissione, controlli esterni alle frontiere, e cooperazione con Paesi terzi concernente la gestione della migrazione legale. Sulla base delle premesse teoriche sopra indicate, questa tesi avanza due conclusioni principali. In primo luogo, si sostiene che l’evoluzione del sistema di governance nei tre casi presi in considerazione, lungi dal seguire un percorso lineare verso una sempre maggiore comunitarizzazione, ha al contrario dato luogo a sistemi di governance ‘ibridi’, che combinano cioè elementi vincolanti tipici del metodo comunitario con elementi caratteristici dei “new modes of governance”, incentrati sull’uso di soft law. In secondo luogo, si evidenzia il ruolo centrale rivestito dagli Stati Membri nello sviluppare tali sistemi di governance in accordo con due obiettivi prioritari: limitare l’autonomia delle istituzioni sovranazionali all’interno del processo decisionale e plasmare i risultati di tali politiche in accordo con le preferenze degli stessi Stati Membri. / The central aim of this thesis is to provide an account of the origin and evolution of the external dimension of EU migration policy. By means of a theoretical framework that combines new modes of governance and rational-choice institutionalism, this thesis analyses the systems of governance of three policy areas falling within the external dimension: readmission policy, external border controls and cooperation with third countries in the field of legal migration. On the basis of such theoretical premises, two central arguments are advanced. First of all, it is argued that the evolution of the system of governance in the three cases, far from following a linear path towards communitarization, has resulted in the adoption of mixed systems featuring both 'old' modes of governance in line with the traditional Community Method and 'new’ modes based on soft-law and non-binding commitments. Secondly, this thesis underlines the central role played by the Member States in devising those governance mechanisms in order to fulfil two main objectives: limiting the discretion of EU supranational institutions in the decision-making process and shaping policy outcomes according to their preferred policy options.

In today’s economical world, companies realize the importance to build corporate strategies on innovation to sustain a continuous profitability. Innovation is a crucial issue to develop a competitive advantage. In our networked economy, companies can not only rely on in-house activities anymore to raise creative and come up with breakthrough innovations they need to collaborate with actors from the external environment. Firms have to think outside their own boundaries to leverage the complementary resources and capabilities needed to innovate. Partnerships help to ensure firms’ future successes. The purpose of our study is to understand how companies, operating in the automotive industry, integrate ‘Open and Networked Innovation’ concepts in their corporate strategy to enhance their environmental friendly profile. As far as the EV market is concerned, our study will also lead to determine the Key Factors of Success and the barriers that companies have to face when they want to launch an electric car in the market. Various theoretical approaches have been developed over the time about Open Innovation and Networked Innovation. The dilemma of paradoxical organization needs of radical innovation, exposed by Dr Sigvald Harryson, is our theoretical starting-point to analyze company’s ability to find the right equilibrium between exploration and exploitation and absorptive capacity. Further on, we explore the question of absorptive capacity to know how firms identify, acquire, transfer and transform knowledge. Thereafter, the theoretical framework is confronted with empirical data based on a qualitative and abductive approach of two case studies – Tesla and Renault. Interviews with Tesla, located in the Silicon Valley, California, USA, have been conducted. We also met two key employees in Renault’s headquarter, Paris, France. Interpretation and explanation of the data collected is reported in our analysis of each case as well as in the cross-case analysis. A presentation of our recommendations and conclusions conclude our master thesis.

The Community Broadband Investment Act, introduced in the Georgia legislature in 2012 and 2013 is a reflection of a broader national debate over the role of government investment in broadband infrastructure. The bill would limit local governments' ability to invest in broadband infrastructure for their communities because of arguments that government entry into the telecommunications sector crowds-out private competition, does not serve the public adequately, and lacks a comprehensive business model or best practices. A closer look at the history of utility regulation and various economic perspectives on the proper government role in utility provision reveals that government has had an extensive historical role in utility infrastructure investment and regulation, and several economic doctrines support the conclusion that government can be helpful in facilitating effective broadband service to their communities. Case studies of different models of municipal broadband networks in Georgia reveal that government entry can facilitate private sector competition, often provides quality service, and has a set of best practices. The success of municipal broadband reveals an evolution in the approach to telecommunications regulation from a regulated monopoly approach to a public-private cooperation approach which considers public participation with private entities on a dynamic scale. Government-entry into the broadband market was a rational decision for several Georgia communities due to their unique set of circumstances, and while municipal broadband may not be the answer to many communities' problems with meeting public demand, communities should be allowed to maintain flexibility in their decision-making about how to best serve their residents, effectively allowing them to decide which combination of public and private advantages they can leverage to meet the demand of their communities in relation to their unique local characteristics.

氣候變遷加劇全球各地天然災害。基於保障人民基本生活，政府主動積極管理災害風險已不可避免，而國際上亦普遍以保險機制調適氣候變遷風險，且建立公私合作關係共同承擔巨災損失。本文整理分析文獻資料作為論述基礎，並比較研究國內外天然災害保險制度，歸納整理共同特性與功能，以及建立制度之基本原則與經營基礎，以演繹我國天然災害保險制度法制化重點包括：1.立法形式：單獨特別立法建立制度；2.政府角色：兼具保險人及再保險人角色，提供天災保險保障並具風險承擔功能；3.制度模式：在公私合作關係下，由民營保險人負責銷售管理、理賠且承擔中間規模損失，而政府提供財務支持或擔保；4.制度定位及性質：屬於非社會保險之公共計畫（政策保險），人民無投保之法律上義務；5.保障範圍：規範最低承保範圍，提供人民一致且可負擔之保險；6.減災責任及誘因：保險制度應整合減災，納入個人減災誘因且於利害關係人間（政府、被保險人、保險人）適當分攤減災責任；7.主管機關與專職管理組織：減災為天然災害保險不可分割之一部分，宜跨越行政組織分工，從功能性意義上互動共同治理；並將住宅地震保險基金轉型為天然災害保險基金作為專職管理組織；8.風險分散機制：立法設置多層次風險承擔機制，由被保險人自負低層小額損失，保險人、天災基金、再保險人、資本市場承擔中間層級責任，政府則承受極端重大損失。 / Climate change has intensified natural disasters worldwide. To protect people’s basic livelihoods, it is necessary that the government actively and aggressively manages the risks of disasters. Meanwhile, insurance system is an adaptation measure generally adopted to pool the risks of climate change, and public and private cooperation is established to share the losses of huge disasters. This study compared domestic and foreign insurance systems aiming at natural disasters based on the summary and analysis of literature to develop the keys legislation regarding a natural disaster insurance system: 1. Type of legislation: individually established legislative system; 2. Government role: both the insurer and re-insurer providing protection and risk assumption for natural disasters; 3. System model: with public and private cooperation, private insurers are responsible for the sales, management, claims and assumed losses on a moderate scale, while the government provides financial support or guarantees; 4. System positioning and nature: the public plan other than social insurance, people is no generalized duty to buy cover in the system; 5. Coverage: minimum protection, providing consistent and affordable insurance to all people; 6. Mitigation and incentives: the insurance system should integrate mitigation with personal incentives for disaster reduction and share mitigation responsibilities among stakeholders (government, insured, insurer) as appropriate; 7. Competent authority and dedicated management organization: mitigation is an inseparable part of natural disaster insurance, which is appropriate for the work divisions of cross-administrative organizations and interactive governance in functions; turn the Taiwan Residential Earthquake Insurance Fund into a natural disaster insurance fund for dedicated management; 8. Risk diversification mechanism: set a multi-level risk sharing mechanism through legislation, in which the insured shall be responsible for low-level losses in small amounts; the insurer, natural disaster insurance fund, re-insurer, and capital market share the middle-level liabilities; and the government shall bear the extremely large losses.

Baggrund: Kalaallit Nunaat (Grønland) har opbygget en unik organisering af det forebyggende og sundhedsfremmende arbejde, hvor centralt og lokalt niveau er forbundet gennem et forebyggelsesudvalg og en forebyggelseskonsulent i hver kommune. Paarisa, Center for Folkesundhed, havde lederskabet og har udviklet en uddannelse for forebyggelseskonsulenterne.     Formål: At samle og analysere indhentede erfaringer fra arbejdet med organiseringen af det forebyggende og sundhedsfremmende arbejde i perioden 1996 til 2007.   Metode: Officielle dokumenter blev analyseret ved et retrospektivt, deskriptivt og eksplorativt casestudie. Semistrukturerede interviews med udvalgte nøglepersoner og anbefalinger til det fremtidige forebyggende og sundhedsfremmende arbejde, som blev givet af forebyggelses-konsulenterne på et seminar i 2007, blev ligeledes inkluderet. Endelig blev der gennemført et litteraturstudie med henblik på at analysere partnerskaber som et redskab til at højne folkesundheden. Dette studie blev anvendt til triangulering af resultaterne.   Resultater: For at fremme af folkesundheden lokalt skal der arbejdes tværsektorielt og være vilje til koordinering og samarbejde. Dette kan ske ved netværksarbejde, men formelle partnerskaber anbefales. For at opnå succes, skal der desuden være forbindelse mellem centralt og lokalt niveau / Background: Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) has built up a unique organization of the preventive and health promotion work in which central and local level are linked through a preventive board and a consultant in each municipality. Paarisa, the Public Health Center, had the leadership and developed an education for the local consultants.   Aim: To collect and analyze acquired experiences of the process of organizing the preventive and health promotive work in the period from 1996 to 2007.   Method: Official documents were analyzed in a retrospective, descriptive and explorative case study. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with key-persons and recommendations to the future preventive and health promotion work provided by the preventive consultants at a seminar in 2007 were likewise included. A literature study was conducted in order to analyze partnerships as a tool to strengthen public health. This study was used for triangulation of the results.   Results: In order to promote public health locally, it is necessary to work cross-sectorial and have the will to coordinate and cooperate. This can be in form of networking, but formal partnerships are recommended. To achieve success, there should be connections between central and local level. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-91-7</p>

In recent years, protected areas have come under pressure due to the budget cuts of government. As a result, national parks have had to devise strategies by means of which they are able to generate additional revenue, in order to remain competitive. Such a strategy is the introduction of public-private partnerships, which allows the private sector to operate certain lodging facilities, restaurants and shops within parks. SANParks introduced their commercialization strategy in 2000 and overall it has been a success. However, despite earning much needed revenue; there are many complaints from tourists regarding the food and beverage concessions. Research regarding travel food consumption is in its infancy and is lacking in social science research. The importance of travel dining cannot be understated as it constitutes approximately 25% of tourist expenditure and as such contributes to the economic receipts of a destination. The importance of understanding the wants and needs of tourists with reference to food and beverage will enable destinations to realise the full economic potential of the tourism experience. It has been postulated that food consumption no longer forms part of the ‘supporting’ experience but is in fact a ‘peak’ tourist experience and as such can impair the total tourist experience if tourists are not satisfied with food and beverage consumption at a destination. SANParks does not offer a wide variety of food and beverage facilities and it is of utmost importance that the facilities that are available, cater to the requirements of tourists. The purpose of this study was to construct a model for concessionaire food and beverage operations at SANParks. This was done by targeting tourists who visit SANParks and inquiring as to their preferences with regard to restaurants and shop facilities. The questionnaire for the study was posted on SANParks’ website for a period of three weeks and consisted of four sections, namely a demographic section, a section related to food service brands, a section regarding restaurants and the last section regarding shop facilities. The data was analysed to provide information needed to construct a model for concessionaire food and beverage operations in SANParks. Data provided a demographic profile of tourists to SANParks, factors analysis provided restaurant and take-away factors, ANOVA and t-tests allowed comparisons of factors with demographics and lastly structural equation modelling which provided goodness of fit indices for the proposed model. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

In recent years, protected areas have come under pressure due to the budget cuts of government. As a result, national parks have had to devise strategies by means of which they are able to generate additional revenue, in order to remain competitive. Such a strategy is the introduction of public-private partnerships, which allows the private sector to operate certain lodging facilities, restaurants and shops within parks. SANParks introduced their commercialization strategy in 2000 and overall it has been a success. However, despite earning much needed revenue; there are many complaints from tourists regarding the food and beverage concessions. Research regarding travel food consumption is in its infancy and is lacking in social science research. The importance of travel dining cannot be understated as it constitutes approximately 25% of tourist expenditure and as such contributes to the economic receipts of a destination. The importance of understanding the wants and needs of tourists with reference to food and beverage will enable destinations to realise the full economic potential of the tourism experience. It has been postulated that food consumption no longer forms part of the ‘supporting’ experience but is in fact a ‘peak’ tourist experience and as such can impair the total tourist experience if tourists are not satisfied with food and beverage consumption at a destination. SANParks does not offer a wide variety of food and beverage facilities and it is of utmost importance that the facilities that are available, cater to the requirements of tourists. The purpose of this study was to construct a model for concessionaire food and beverage operations at SANParks. This was done by targeting tourists who visit SANParks and inquiring as to their preferences with regard to restaurants and shop facilities. The questionnaire for the study was posted on SANParks’ website for a period of three weeks and consisted of four sections, namely a demographic section, a section related to food service brands, a section regarding restaurants and the last section regarding shop facilities. The data was analysed to provide information needed to construct a model for concessionaire food and beverage operations in SANParks. Data provided a demographic profile of tourists to SANParks, factors analysis provided restaurant and take-away factors, ANOVA and t-tests allowed comparisons of factors with demographics and lastly structural equation modelling which provided goodness of fit indices for the proposed model. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

隨著社會與環境的快速變遷，政府傳統的單一權力控制模式已經無法有效解決公共問題與滿足民眾需求，因此世界各國政府改造趨勢多以治理取代過去由上而下的統治與管理思維，並且尋求政府體制以外的非政府夥伴加入公共事務管理與公共服務產出的行列，而公私協力治理模式之運作更是廣受學界與實務工作者的關注與重視。 本研究試以臺北捷運聯合開發制度檢視我國公私協力之運作執行，透過文獻分析與深度訪談，萃取相關學者與實務工作者的參與經驗，探討我國公私部門在捷運聯合開發之協力過程中所產生之限制與問題。 研究發現我國捷運聯合開發過程中的公私夥伴關係僅建立在制式化的契約基礎上，並無法有效回應開發作業所呈現的複雜動態變化，同時合作雙方也缺乏具體的協商機制與行為共識，因此本研究建議我國政府在政策規劃與設計階段必須將各行動者的參與動機和參與目的納入考量，同時在政策執行過程中，雙方亦須透過協商互動來確保彼此的合作意願，透過資源共用和權力互賴而完善我國捷運聯合開發之公私協力治理模式。 / With the social and environment rapid change, the traditional authority has been not solved the public problem. Hence, every country toward the governance to replace the top-down and seek for non-governments to be public administrators. Therefore, the Public-Private Partnerships is popular for scholar and practice workers. This study aims to review the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit(MRT) System with the respect of Public-Private Partnerships. We will discuss the Public-Private Partnerships’ limits and problem in MRT joint developments through the references and deep interview, gaining the experience from the scholars and practices workers. This study finds out that the Public-Private Partnerships in MRT joint development process are basic on the contracts. It could not respond efficiency the complex dynamic and both sides lack negotiation systems and arrangement at the same time. Consequence, the study suggests that the country have to consider the motivation and purpose from actors in the process of policy formulation. At the same time, both side have to ensure cooperation willing through the negotiation and to achieve the perfect Public-Private Partnerships through the resource dependence and interdependence of power in the MRT joint development.

The Swedish bus and railway sectors have been recognised as important early cases of regulatory reforms that led to both vertical and horizontal disintegration as well as market-opening. This thesis investigates the origin and evolution of these reforms from 1979 to 2009, focussing on the markets for passenger services. The aim is to improve our understanding of the background, resulting nature, and consequences of these regulatory reforms. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses has been applied; e.g. the thesis makes use of a unique database of longitudinal industry statistics. This thesis shows that the origins of the Swedish reform process were internal and largely unrelated to any objectives of deregulated market-opening. However, a combination of the nature of the initial reforms, the behaviour of market actors, and certain key events accidentally sparked a trend towards deregulation, which has had profound effects on market structure and performance. The step-by-step evolution, in particular the introduction and expansion of competitive tendering, is shown to have had path-dependent characteristics. Swedish competitive tendering of bus and railway services has had important effects on costs and subsidies, but has also generated the problematic behaviour of strategic bidding. Included within are detailed articles which make additional contributions to relevant theories and offer normative advice concerning the design and implementation of regulatory reforms in these as well as other sectors.

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