For this phenomenological study, thirteen participants from two private universities, located in the western region of the United States shared their lived experiences of being a college student who does not request accommodations. The author used recursive analysis to analyze qualitative data from semistructured interviews. Initial codes were combined to create interconnected families of codes. A second level of analysis resulted in seven spaces in which participants described their lived experiences. Findings suggest participants experience various tensions, ranging from incompatible options to competing perspectives, as they negotiate their identify and environment. including the principle of opportunity cost. Recommendations for college administrators and faculty, including Universal Design in higher education are included.

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)

This thesis presents a class of graphical models for directly representing the joint cumulative distribution function (CDF) of many random variables, called cumulative distribution networks (CDNs). Unlike graphical models for probability density and mass functions, in a CDN, the marginal probabilities for any subset of variables are obtained by computing limits of functions in the model. We will show that the conditional independence properties in a CDN are distinct from the conditional independence properties of directed, undirected and factor graph models, but include the conditional independence properties of bidirected graphical models. As a result, CDNs are a parameterization for bidirected models that allows us to represent complex statistical dependence relationships between observable variables. We will provide a method for constructing a factor graph model with additional latent variables for which graph separation of variables in the corresponding CDN implies conditional independence of the separated variables in both the CDN and in the factor graph with the latent variables marginalized out. This will then allow us to construct multivariate extreme value distributions for which both a CDN and a corresponding factor graph representation exist. In order to perform inference in such graphs, we describe the `derivative-sum-product' (DSP) message-passing algorithm where messages correspond to derivatives of the joint cumulative distribution function. We will then apply CDNs to the problem of learning to rank, or estimating parametric models for ranking, where CDNs provide a natural means with which to model multivariate probabilities over ordinal variables such as pairwise preferences. We will show that many previous probability models for rank data, such as the Bradley-Terry and Plackett-Luce models, can be viewed as particular types of CDN. Applications of CDNs will be described for the problems of ranking players in multiplayer team-based games, document retrieval and discovering regulatory sequences in computational biology using the above methods for inference and estimation of CDNs.

Title: Comparison of individual gaming activities in a match and training process in football. Objectives: Comparison of success of selected offensive individual gaming activities in a match and training process in SK Slavia Prague, category U-11 and U-10. Methods: The success of individual gaming activities between training process and the matches was compared by the method of indirect observation using video records of three matches and test battery. Matches showed different quality, so their overall results were taken into account by the coefficients of difficulty. Test battery included six exercises focused on the observed individual gaming activities. Based on the collected score from the test battery and percentage of success of the match the interval scale was identified through the standard deviation. Both values were compared. Results: The investigation showed that the quality of the observed individual gaming activities in the training process largely reflected in the game. This is illustrated by the finding that five of the eight observed players obtained the same results in battery test and observed matches. Keywords: Diagnosis of individual gaming activities, test battery, evading opponents, passing, shooting, coefficient of difficulty.

Dans les dernières années, plusieurs problèmes ont été étudiés à l'interface entre la physique statistique et l'informatique. La raison étant que, souvent, ces problèmes peuvent être réinterprétés dans le langage de la physique des systèmes désordonnés, où un grand nombre de variables interagit à travers champs locales qui dépendent de l'état du quartier environnant. Parmi les nombreuses applications de l'optimisation combinatoire le routage optimal sur les réseaux de communication est l'objet de la première partie de la thèse. Nous allons exploiter la méthode de la cavité pour formuler des algorithmes efficaces de type ‘’message-passing’’ et donc résoudre plusieurs variantes du problème grâce à sa mise en œuvre numérique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous allons décrire un modèle pour approcher la version dynamique de la méthode de la cavité, ce qui permet de diminuer la complexité du problème de l'exponentielle de polynôme dans le temps. Ceci sera obtenu en utilisant le formalisme de ‘’Matrix Product State’’ de la mécanique quantique.Un autre sujet qui a suscité beaucoup d'intérêt en physique statistique de processus dynamiques est la marche aléatoire sur les réseaux. La théorie a été développée depuis de nombreuses années dans le cas que la topologie dessous est un réseau de dimension d. Au contraire le cas des réseaux aléatoires a été abordé que dans la dernière décennie, laissant de nombreuses questions encore ouvertes pour obtenir des réponses. Démêler plusieurs aspects de ce thème fera l'objet de la deuxième partie de la thèse. En particulier, nous allons étudier le nombre moyen de sites distincts visités au cours d'une marche aléatoire et caractériser son comportement en fonction de la topologie du graphe. Enfin, nous allons aborder les événements rares statistiques associées aux marches aléatoires sur les réseaux en utilisant le ‘’Large deviations formalism’’. Deux types de transitions de phase dynamiques vont se poser à partir de simulations numériques. Nous allons conclure décrivant les principaux résultats d'une œuvre indépendante développée dans le cadre de la physique hors de l'équilibre. Un système résoluble en deux particules browniens entouré par un bain thermique sera étudiée fournissant des détails sur une interaction à médiation par du bain résultant de la présence du bain. / In the last years several problems been studied at the interface between statistical physics and computer science. The reason being that often these problems can be reinterpreted in the language of physics of disordered systems, where a big number of variables interacts through local fields dependent on the state of the surrounding neighborhood. Among the numerous applications of combinatorial optimisation the optimal routing on communication networks is the subject of the first part of the thesis. We will exploit the cavity method to formulate efficient algorithms of type message-passing and thus solve several variants of the problem through its numerical implementation. At a second stage, we will describe a model to approximate the dynamic version of the cavity method, which allows to decrease the complexity of the problem from exponential to polynomial in time. This will be obtained by using the Matrix Product State formalism of quantum mechanics. Another topic that has attracted much interest in statistical physics of dynamic processes is the random walk on networks. The theory has been developed since many years in the case the underneath topology is a d-dimensional lattice. On the contrary the case of random networks has been tackled only in the past decade, leaving many questions still open for answers. Unravelling several aspects of this topic will be the subject of the second part of the thesis. In particular we will study the average number of distinct sites visited during a random walk and characterize its behaviour as a function of the graph topology. Finally, we will address the rare events statistics associated to random walks on networks by using the large-deviations formalism. Two types of dynamic phase transitions will arise from numerical simulations, unveiling important aspects of these problems. We will conclude outlining the main results of an independent work developed in the context of out-of-equilibrium physics. A solvable system made of two Brownian particles surrounded by a thermal bath will be studied providing details about a bath-mediated interaction arising for the presence of the bath.

This bachelor’s thesis is an ethnological study with focus on examining conditions for and navigation between different subject positions in Swedish everyday life. The study problematizes the nature of Swedishness and examines the relationship between Swedishness, whiteness, and Jewishness. Who is Swedish and when is examined, and in which situations Jewishness is brought to light and made note of. The essay discusses the boundaries of the act of passing and what strategies Jews in Sweden use to navigate between Swedishness and Jewishness and adaptations to live as smooth a daily life as possible. Based on the theory derived from phenomenology and post-structuralism as well as interviews with six Jews resident in Sweden, the paper highlights the complicated ways in which norms interact and how identifications arise through deviation. Whiteness is examined in relation to Jewishness and Swedishness and appears, similarly to other social positions, depending on context, time and place. The empirical evidence shows how Jews in Sweden try to pass as (white) Swedes while at the same time trying to keep their Jewish identity. That Jewish bodies act differently and feel at home dependent on place is made clear by an account of the importance of the diasporic experience for Jewish life in Sweden.

À la Martinique au XVIIIe siècle, les « libres de couleur », qu’ils soient nés libres ou affranchis, noirs ou métis, forment une catégorie juridique distincte des Blancs et des esclaves. L’étude comparée, avec les territoires espagnols ou anglais, montre qu’aucune réglementation légale n’a officialisé un passage de la catégorie Libre de couleur à celle de Blanc dans les colonies françaises de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française. Aussi, cette thèse se propose de montrer les processus officieux qui ont permis à certaines personnes – les « assimilés » – de franchir la barrière de couleur. Une réflexion a été menée sur le préjugé de couleur, système raciste dont l’idéologie, soutenue par la réglementation locale, a légitimé la construction collective d’un ordre public et social. Puis, on a examiné l’élaboration de la barrière de couleur. Les libres de couleur ont été les premiers à faire les frais de l’imperméabilisation de la ligne de démarcation et des problèmes posés par la pureté de sang ; mais les Blancs mésalliés, dans le cadre d’unions interraciales, et les Amérindiens ont aussi été visés. Enfin nous avons réfléchi à ce qui faisait la blancheur et aux stratégies adoptées pour réussir ce changement de statut. Le notariat et les 33 000 actes des registres paroissiaux traités ont donné lieu à la reconstitution de généalogies pour examiner des individus et des familles sur plusieurs générations ; on a ainsi observé l’importance du phénotype, le blanchiment, la légitimité des relations, les conjoints privilégiés, le choix des réseaux, les niveaux de fortune et l’usage de l’espace. / In Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space.

This thesis describes the development a new swarm-enhanced sampling methodology and its application to the exploration of biologically relevant molecules. First, the development of a new multi-dimensional swarm-enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (msesMD) approach is detailed. Relative to the original swarm-enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (sesMD) methodology, the msesMD method demonstrates improved parameter transferability, resulting in more extensive sampling when scaling to larger systems such as alanine heptapeptide. The implementation and optimisation of the swarm-enhanced sampling algorithms in the AMBER software suite are also described. Through the use of the newer pmemd molecular dynamics (MD) engine and asynchronous MPI routines, speedups of up to three times the original sesMD implementation were achieved. The msesMD method is then applied to the investigation of carbohydrates, first looking at rare conformational changes in Lewis oligosaccharides. Validating against multi-microsecond unbiased MD trajectories and other enhanced sampling methods, the msesMD simulations identified rare conformational changes leading to the adoption of non-canonical unstacked core trisaccharide structures. Next, the use of msesMD as a tool to probe pyranose ring pucker events is explored. Evaluating against four benchmark monosaccharide systems, msesMD simulations accurately recover puckering details not easily obtained via multi-microsecond unbiased MD. This was followed by an exploration of the impact of ring substituents on conformation in glycosaminoglycan monosaccharides: through msesMD simulations, the influence of specific sulfation patterns were explored, finding that in some cases, such as 4-O-sulfation in N-acetyl-galactosamine, large changes in the relative stability of ring conformers can arise. Finally, the msesMD method was coupled with a thermodynamic integration scheme and used to evaluate solvation free energies for small molecule systems. Comparing against independent trajectory TI simulations, it was found that although the correct solvation free energies were obtained, the msesMD based method did not offer an advantage over unbiased MD for these small molecule systems. However, interesting discrepancies in free energy estimates arising from the use of hydrogen mass repartitioning were found.

Actuellement, l’implémentation des services (modèles SOAP et RESTful) et de leurs applications clientes est de plus en plus basée sur la programmation par objet. Ainsi, les cadriciels orientés-objets pour les services Web sont essentiellement composés de deux couches : une couche à objets qui enveloppe une couche à services. Dans ce contexte, deux principes sont nécessaires pour la spécification de ces cadriciels : (i) En premier lieu, un couplage faible entre les deux couches, ce qui permet de cacher la complexité des détails techniques de la couche à services dans la couche à objets et de faire évoluer la couche à services avec un impact minimal sur la couche à objets (ii) En second lieu, une interopérabilité induite par le principe de substitution associée au sous-typage dans la couche à objets. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons d’abord les faiblesses existantes dans les cadriciels orientés-objets liés à ces deux principes. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle spécification pour ces cadriciels en vue de résoudre ces problèmes. Comme application, nous décrivons la mise en œuvre de notre spécification dans le cadriciel cxf, à la fois pour SOAP et RESTful. / Today, the implementation of services (SOAP and RESTful models) and of client applications is increasingly based on object-oriented programming languages. Thus, object-oriented frameworks for Web services are essentially composed with two levels: an object level built over a service level. In this context, two properties could be particularly required in the specification of these frameworks: (i)First a loose coupling between the two levels, which allows the complex technical details of the service level to be hidden at the object level and the service level to be evolved with a minimal impact on the object level, (ii) Second, an interoperability induced by the substitution principle associated to subtyping in the object level, which allows to freely convert a value of a subtype into a supertype. In this thesis, first we present the existing weaknesses of object-oriented frameworks related to these two requirements. Then, we propose a new specification for object-oriented Web service frameworks in order to resolve these problems. As an application, we provide an implementation of our specification in the cxf framework, for both SOAP and RESTful models.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma leitura do romance Passing, com o foco na caracterização e enredo a partir da perspectiva de duas questões inter-relacionadas. Primeiro, a leitura examina a questão da maternidade e a questão da raça na caracterização de duas protagonistas, considerando que ambas as questões sustentam uma importância histórica no contexto de vida das mulheres negras daquele período, como os biógrafos de autores testemunham. Segundo, a leitura enfatiza as correlações de enredo e desejo como uma forma de entender o que está em jogo na narrativa. O romance foi publicado em 1929 pela escritora Afro-Americana Nella Larsen durante o movimento estético e cultural chamado Harlem Renaissance, um movimento cujo apogeu na década de 20 do século passado causou um crescimento da consciência social e o surgimento da literatura moderna Afro-Americana. Em uma década, o tema ‘passing’ constituiu um dos tópicos privilegiados em vários romances por escritores Afro-Americanos. Minha análise se sustenta a partir de diferentes fontes: relações entre mãe/filha a partir de Marianne Hirsch e Nancy J. Chodorow; a questão da raça e conflitos de ‘passing’ a partir de Thadious M. Davis, Elaine K. Ginsberg e Martha J. Cutter, assim como enredo e desejo de Peter Brooks. Na interligação de elementos biográficos, psicológicos, culturais e literários, minha leitura apresenta como a novela dramatiza o conflito insolúvel de raça divida – branca e preta – que destaca as lutas e dificuldades dos personagens quando enfrentando o vazio do pertencimento que acompanha a experiência de ‘passing’. / The thesis presents a reading of the novel Passing, with a focus on characterization and plot from the perspective of two interrelated issues. First, the reading examines the question of motherhood and the question of race in the characterization of the two major female protagonists, considering that both questions bear historical importance in the context of black women’s lives of the period, as the author’s biographers testify. Second, the reading highlights the connections of plot and desire as a way of understanding what is at stake in the narrative design. The novel was published in 1929 by the Afro-American writer Nella Larsen during the cultural and aesthetic movement called the Harlem Renaissance, a movement whose heyday in the 20´s in the last century brought about the uplifting of racial consciousness and the emergence of modern Afro-American literature. In the decade, the theme of ‘passing’ constituted one of the privileged topics in several novels by Afro-American writers. My analysis draws support from different sources: mother/daughter relationships from Marianne Hirsch and Nancy J. Chodorow; the question of race and ensuing conflicts of ‘passing’ from Thadious M. Davis, Elaine K. Ginsberg and Martha J. Cutter; and plot and desire from Peter Brooks. In the interweaving of biographical, psychological, cultural and literary elements, my reading shows how the novel dramatizes the insoluble conflict of the racial divide – white and black - which underlies the characters´ struggles and difficulties when facing the void in belongingness that attends the experience of passing.