L’objectif de ce travail est la description et l’étude des dynamiques de sens en jeu dans la constructionde la forme sémantique « amour ». L’étude s’inscrit dans une démarche phénoménologique visantl’émergence du sens en tant que produit d’une activité de conceptualisation marquée par l’expérienceperceptive et affective. Trois strates de sens entrelacées apparaissent dans la sémantique du mot etparticipent de la construction globale de la forme par « motivation », « profilage » et « thématisation ».Ces notions permettent l’ouverture de l’espace de création du sens qui provient de l’entrelacs de laperception, du langage et des modalités d’appropriation du phénomène surgissant dans / et par lediscours sur l’amour et le discours amoureux. Le mot amour polarise une dynamique de mouvementau sein des discours amoureux. Sa valeur s’ancre dans le motif composite d’une force propre àdépasser le procès qui le lie à un objet et vecteur de propriétés esthésiques, axiologiques etpraxéologiques. La phénoménologie du mot amour se déploie essentiellement sur un fond de« figures » qualitatives et de constructions métaphorisantes et poétiques qui tendent à unir champsperceptifs et thématiques, et permettent au locuteur la saisie, en partie, de son expérience amoureuse,et l’expression de ses impressions et sentiments. / Construction of the semantic form “amour”. The core of this work is a phenomenological endeavourtargeting the emergence of meaning considered as the result of a conceptualizing process rooted inaffective and perceptual experience. Three intertwined strata of meaning can be observed in thesemantics of the word. These take an active part in the global construction of the form via each ofthese strata, namely the germ-motif stratum, the profiling-unfolding process stratum and the thematicdiscursiveone. The latter notions make it possible to open the creative space of meaning in a trulyoriginal fashion. This creative space results from the intertwining of perception, language and thevarious modalities of self-appropriation of the phenomenon arising in /and through a discourse on loveand the amorous discourse. The word amour polarizes a movement dynamics within the amorousdiscourse. This word is anchored to the heterogeneous “motif” of a dynamic power liable to surpassthe process per se such as linked to its object. It is a vehicle for aesthesic, axiological andpraxeological properties. The phenomenology of the word amour mostly expands in the domain ofqualitative and poetic figures as well as metaphorizing constructions. In the latter domain, figures andconstructions aim at uniting the perceptive and thematic fields, thus enabling the speaker, thoughpartially only, to grasp his amorous experience as well as to express his own impressions andfeelings.

Entrepreneurs are portrayed as salient drivers of regional development and for a number of years nascent entrepreneurs have been studied in a large number of countries as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project and the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Scholars have devoted much effort to investigating factors that determine how individuals engage in entrepreneurial activities, with most of the discussion limited to business start-ups. However, since this type of project does not follow identical nascent entrepreneurs over time, limited knowledge exists about their development and whether they stay in this nascent phase for a long time. In practice, it is common for entrepreneurs to run a business and at the same time work in wage work, so-called combining entrepreneurs. In Sweden, almost half of all business owners combine wage work with a business. However, not all combining entrepreneurs will eventually decide to leave the wage work and invest fully in the business. Consequently, much research has focused on the first step of entering entrepreneurship full time, but less has focused on the second step, the transition from the combining phase to full-time self-employment. The aim of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurship by gaining a deeper understanding of combining entrepreneurs and their motives and intentions.   In the context of combining entrepreneurs, the theory of identity, resources and choice overload has been used to examine how entrepreneurs’ age (when starting the business), entrepreneurial tenure (the length of engagement in the side-business), hours spent (weekly involvement in the side-business), involvement in entrepreneurial teams (leading the business with one or more partners) and involvement in networks (business networks) influence their passion for engaging in entrepreneurship while sustaining wage work. Different categories of combining entrepreneurs and their intentions have also been examined.   A survey was administered to 1457 entrepreneurs within the creative sector in two counties in Sweden (Gävleborgs County and Jämtlands County). Since there were no separate mailing lists to only combining entrepreneurs, the survey was sent to all entrepreneurs within the chosen industry and counties. The total response rate was 33.5 percent and of them 57.6 percent combined, yielding 262 combining entrepreneurs who answered the questionnaire. The survey was then followed up with eight focus group interviews and two single interviews to validate the answers from the questionnaire.   The results indicate three types of combining entrepreneurs: nascent – with the intention to leave the combining phase for a transition into full-time self-employment, lifestyle – with the intention to stay in the combining phase, and occasional – with the intention to leave the combining phase for full-time wage work and close down the business. Transitioning fully to self-employment increases with the individual’s age. Also, a positive interactive effect exists with involvement in entrepreneurial networks. The results also indicate that the ability to work with something one is passionate about is the top motive for combining wage work with a side-business. Passion is also more likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who are older at business start-up, but passion is less likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who spend more time on the business. The longer the individual has had the side-business, the less likely passion is the main motive behind the combining form, and passion is less likely to be the main motive among those who are part of an entrepreneurial team. / <p>Avhandlingen baseras på fem delarbeten, tre var opublicerade vid tidpunkten för disputationen, två länkas här.</p>

Entrepreneurs are portrayed as salient drivers of regional development and for a number of years nascent entrepreneurs have been studied in a large number of countries as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project and the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Scholars have devoted much effort to investigating factors that determine how individuals engage in entrepreneurial activities, with most of the discussion limited to business start-ups. However, since this type of project does not follow identical nascent entrepreneurs over time, limited knowledge exists about their development and whether they stay in this nascent phase for a long time. In practice, it is common for entrepreneurs to run a business and at the same time work in wage work, so-called combining entrepreneurs. In Sweden, almost half of all business owners combine wage work with a business. However, not all combining entrepreneurs will eventually decide to leave the wage work and invest fully in the business. Consequently, much research has focused on the first step of entering entrepreneurship full time, but less has focused on the second step, the transition from the combining phase to full-time self-employment. The aim of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurship by gaining a deeper understanding of combining entrepreneurs and their motives and intentions.   In the context of combining entrepreneurs, the theory of identity, resources and choice overload has been used to examine how entrepreneurs’ age (when starting the business), entrepreneurial tenure (the length of engagement in the side-business), hours spent (weekly involvement in the side-business), involvement in entrepreneurial teams (leading the business with one or more partners) and involvement in networks (business networks) influence their passion for engaging in entrepreneurship while sustaining wage work. Different categories of combining entrepreneurs and their intentions have also been examined.   A survey was administered to 1457 entrepreneurs within the creative sector in two counties in Sweden (Gävleborgs County and Jämtlands County). Since there were no separate mailing lists to only combining entrepreneurs, the survey was sent to all entrepreneurs within the chosen industry and counties. The total response rate was 33.5 percent and of them 57.6 percent combined, yielding 262 combining entrepreneurs who answered the questionnaire. The survey was then followed up with eight focus group interviews and two single interviews to validate the answers from the questionnaire.   The results indicate three types of combining entrepreneurs: nascent – with the intention to leave the combining phase for a transition into full-time self-employment, lifestyle – with the intention to stay in the combining phase, and occasional – with the intention to leave the combining phase for full-time wage work and close down the business. Transitioning fully to self-employment increases with the individual’s age. Also, a positive interactive effect exists with involvement in entrepreneurial networks. The results also indicate that the ability to work with something one is passionate about is the top motive for combining wage work with a side-business. Passion is also more likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who are older at business start-up, but passion is less likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who spend more time on the business. The longer the individual has had the side-business, the less likely passion is the main motive behind the combining form, and passion is less likely to be the main motive among those who are part of an entrepreneurial team.

But: L’objectif premier de cette étude est d’examiner la relation entre le type de passion que les athlètes entretiennent envers leur sport et les différentes stratégies de coping que ceux-ci utilisent. Cette étude a aussi comme objectif de vérifier si les stratégies de coping ont un effet médiateur dans la relation entre la passion et le burnout. Finalement, elle permettra d'approfondir les connaissances sur l'interaction entre le type de passion et le burnout. Les questions posées sont (1) Est-ce que les athlètes utilisent différentes stratégies de coping selon qu'ils soient passionnés harmonieux ou obsessifs? (2) Existe-t-il une différence entre les athlètes passionnés obsessifs et les athlètes passionnés harmonieux quant aux symptômes du burnout? (3) Existe-t-il une différence entre les athlètes utilisant des stratégies de coping orientées vers l'évitement et ceux utilisant des stratégies orientées vers la tâche quant aux symptômes du burnout? et (4) Est-ce que les athlètes qui sont passionnés obsessifs et qui utilisent des stratégies de coping orientés vers l'évitement sont ceux qui présentent le plus de symptômes du burnout? Méthodologie: L'échantillon est composé de 74 étudiants-athlètes de niveau universitaire. Résultats: (1) Les athlètes harmonieux utilisent plus de stratégies de coping orientées vers le déploiement des efforts et le contrôle des pensées que les athlètes obsessifs. (2) Les athlètes obsessifs utilisent le désengagement plus souvent que les athlètes harmonieux. (4) Les athlètes obsessifs présentent plus de symptômes d'épuisement que les athlètes harmonieux. (5) Les questions de recherche 3 et 4 se sont avérées non-significatives. / Objective: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the type of passion athletes have towards their sport and the coping strategies they use. Another objective is to study if coping strategies have a mediating role in the relationship between passion and burnout. Finally, this study will investigate the interaction between passion and burnout in sport. The specific objectives will be studied by four research questions. (1) Do harmoniously passionate and obsessively passionate athletes use different coping strategies? (2) Is there a difference between harmonious and obsessive athletes in the burnout symptoms they express? (3) Are there any differences between athletes using avoidance coping strategies and athletes using task-focused coping in the burnout symptoms they express? (4) Do obsessively passionate athletes using avoidance focused coping strategies will express more burnout symptoms than any other group? Method: The sample of this study is composed of 74 students-athletes competing on the university level. Results: (1) Harmoniously passionate athletes use more effort expenditure and thought control than obsessively passionate athletes (2) Obsessively passionate athletes use more disengagement than harmoniously passionate athletes. (4) Obsessively passionate athletes express more burnout symptom of exhaustion than harmonious athletes. (5) The results failed to support the hypothesis 3 and 4.

La particularité de la conduite de ruse, caractérisée par une diversité étonnante des domaines où elle se manifeste et s'applique, fait de ce phénomène d'intelligence une matière privilégiée dans la production dramaturgique de Molière. Pour soulever des questions cruciales portant sur l'aveuglement, l'imposture, le pouvoir de l'imagination et ses dérèglements, le théâtre comique de Molière construit ses intrigues en exploitant les fausses apparences, le simulacre et le décalage entre l'être et le paraître identifiés dans la pratique de la ruse. La nécessité de réduire le pouvoir tyrannique des personnages tenant les clés de la décision, ou d'atteindre une ambition prédéterminée, impose une forme d'affrontement doux et masqué mené par le personnage de la ruse. La fourberie de celui-ci s'achemine par l'insinuation dans l'esprit de la cible en adoptant une stratégie persuasive, puisée à la science de la rhétorique sophistique, et élaborée en fonction des passions de l'adversaire dans le seul but de le persuader par des inventions imaginaires susceptibles de le mettre à sa merci. Cette scène d'affrontement crée l'énergie du spectacle de la ruse grâce à la virtuosité du jeu théâtral du fourbe qui se livre à des mouvements scéniques, à des mimes, à des exaltations expressives destinés à séduire le public avant la cible. Le caractère outrancier des dupes, leurs réactions burlesques, l'amplification des performances des trompeurs permettent au public de Molière de constater les défauts de sa société, d'en rire, et de vivre des moments euphoriques offerts par la comédie de la ruse.

L’ouvrage Damm al-hawâ dont nous proposons ici une traduction, traite de l’amour profane tel qu’il est perçu par le sermonnaire anbalite Ibn al-Ğawzî (m. 597/1200) considéré, aujourd’hui encore, comme l’une des grandes références de certains mouvements “islamistes”. Conscient du danger que représente l’amour-passion (‛išq) pour le musulman et de tout ce qu’il entraîne, de part son caractère excessif et obsédant, comme désordre et dépravation, Ibn al-Ğawzî se mobilise pour combattre ce fléau et va porter tous ses efforts sur une rationalisation de la passion et une glorification de la vertu, convoquant pour ceci les textes juridiques de la šarî‛a ainsi que l’exemple des pieux ancêtres. Ce qu’il condamne surtout c’est cette nouvelle forme de ‛išq inspirée par les esclaves-chanteuses (qiyân) qui a tendance à se développer dans la cité islamique avec la claustration des femmes libres et aussi par la présence massive de ces qiyân parmi les hommes. Ces conduites amoureuses vont nécessiter la création de nouvelles règles de comportement qui vont en définir l’usage, laissant penser que les textes juridiques de la šarî‛a ne suffisaient pas à répondre aux interrogations de cette époque. / The work we are translating, entitled Damm al-hawâ, treats of a profane love as it is perceived by the anbalite preacher Abû l-Farağ b. al-Ğawzî (d. 597/1200). It is important to mention that Ibn al-Ğawzî is considered up to now as one of the greatest reference-leaders of certain “islamist” movements. Being very aware of the stakes represented by love-passion (‛išq) for the Moslem and of all that it might entail, bearing in mind its excessive and obsessive character, such us disorder and depravity, Ibn al-Ğawzî strives to fight against this plague and will direct all his efforts towards both a rationalization of passion and a glorification of the virtue, resorting to the legal texts of the šarî‛a and following into the footsteps of the pious ancestors. What he particularly condemns, is this new form of ‛išq inspired by the slave-singers (qiyân) wich has a tendancy to expand with the islamic city. These love practices will require new behaviour-rules which would delineate their usage leading us to think that the legal texts of arîa were not deep enough to slove the issues of the time.

The purpose of this study is to make an investigation of the musical score of "The Passion According to St. Matthew" with attention given to the pictorial elements or symbolism in the composition. The study is confined mainly to the one composition, but attention is given to the historical background of the work, and examples of the pictorial technique of sacred music as it had been developed in the Netherlands.

Ce mémoire propose une réflexion psychanalytique à partir de L'Âge d'homme et de L'Afrique fantôme de Michel Leiris. Il y est montré que la notion freudienne de scène primitive sert de paradigme à l'écriture autobiographique de cet auteur. Cette étude commence par approfondir les récits de rêves dans ces textes. Il s'agit d'emprunter la voie royale vers l'inconscient. Le moi du narrateur adopte une position masochiste devant des femmes phalliques dont il s'éprend. C'est ce qui le fait basculer dans la passion postcourtoise, notion développée par Paul-Laurent Assoun. La Dame se substitue à l'objet perdu et se présente comme une Judith meurtrière. Les nombreuses identifications du narrateur avec des personnages légendaires nous permettent de transposer son existence à l'intérieur d'une mythologie personnelle. L'analyse de ces fantaisies d'identification avec des modèles masculins révèle le sadisme de son surmoi. À Gondar, l'auteur tombe amoureux d'Emawayish, une sorcière éthiopienne, qui devient son double idéal de Lucrèce et Judith. Cette relation amoureuse répète inconsciemment la structure du complexe d'Œdipe. L'Âge d'homme apparaît comme une recherche du corps maternel et l'écriture autobiographique devient le moyen de remédier au sentiment mélancolique de perte d'objet d'amour. / This thesis is a psychoanalytical development based on the books L'Âge d'homme and L'Afrique fantôme by the French writer Michel Leiris. The purpose is to show that the Freudian notion of primitive scene is used as a paradigm for self-exploration and analysis through autobiographical writing. This study begins by detailing the stories of dreams retold by the author in his works. Thus, Leiris is traveling on the royal road that will take him to his unconscious mind. The ego of the narrator adopts a masochist approach to the phallic women he falls in love with. He then shifts to what is called « postcourtoise passion », a concept developed by Paul-Laurent Assoun. The Lady (La Dame) replaces the « lost object » and is transformed into the murderous Judith. The many identifications of the narrator with legendary figures allow us to read his existence through his personal mythology. Upon analysis, these identity fantasies of the author with male models are an indication of the sadism of his superego. In Gondar, the author falls in love with Emawayish, an Ethiopian sorceress who becomes the perfect double of Lucrèce and Judith. This love relationship unconsciously reveals the structure of the Oedipus complex. L’Âge d’homme can be seen as the quest of a man for the maternal body. The experience of self-exploration and analysis writing can be seen as the means to cure the melancholy generated by the loss of the loved object.

A despeito da importância comercial da cultura do maracujá-amarelo para o Brasil, estudos genéticos e de melhoramento são bastante escassos. Neste trabalho, foi conduzido um experimento visando construir mapas de ligação e mapear QTL para caracteres relacionados à produção e qualidade de frutos. Foi utilizada uma população composta por 160 indivíduos, proveniente do cruzamento de duas plantas dos acessos IAPAR-06 e IAPAR-123. Devido à alogamia da espécie, optou-se pela abordagem de mapeamento conhecida por "pseudocruzamento teste" para a construção de dois mapas de ligação, sendo um para cada genitor, utilizando marcadores moleculares do tipo AFLP, com segregação 1:1 e 3:1. No mapa do acesso IAPAR-06 foram obtidos 10 grupos de ligação, enquanto que no mapa do IAPAR-123, nove grupos foram obtidos. Os locos bi-parentais foram alocados como marcas acessórias nos mapas de ligação e serviram para o estabelecimento da homologia entre os grupos de ligação de cada genitor. Um total de oito grupos de ligação foi alinhado com base nesses locos. Em paralelo, procedeu-se a avaliação fenotípica de 100 indivíduos dessa mesma população, os quais foram avaliados em campo, na primeira safra de produção da cultura, para uma série de caracteres, quais sejam: velocidade de crescimento; produção total; número total de frutos; peso médio de frutos; comprimento e largura média de frutos; porcentagem de polpa; teor de sólidos solúveis totais; e formato médio de frutos. As análises genético-estatísticas dos dados fenotípicos indicaram que a população é amplamente variável para os caracteres avaliados, com exceção da velocidade de crescimento, apresentando coeficientes de herdabilidade entre médias que variaram de 52,6 a 83,0%. O mapeamento de QTL, utilizando o método de mapeamento por intervalo composto, identificou várias regiões associadas ao controle desses caracteres nos mapas individuais. Foram mapeados QTL para todos os caracteres que apresentaram variabilidade genética na população. A proporção da variação fenotípica explicada pelos QTL detectados variou de 4,6 até 21,8%. / Although the yellow passion-fruit plays an important commercial role in Brazil, breeding and genetics studies are insipient. The present study was conducted aiming the construction of linkage maps and mapping of QTL for traits related to yield and fruit quality. It was used a population, composed of 160 individuals, derived from a cross from two plants of the IAPAR-06 and IAPAR-123 accessions. Since this is an allogamous species, the pseudo testcross mapping strategy was used for the construction of two linkage maps, one for each parent, using AFLP markers segregating in 1:1 and 3:1 configuration. The IAPAR-06 map was composed of 10 linkage groups, while in IAPAR-123 map, nine linkage groups were obtained. The bi-parental loci were located as accessory markers and served to establish the homology between the groups of each parent. Eight linkage groups were aligned using these markers. For the phenotypic evaluation, 100 individuals were evaluated in the field, during the first harvest of the culture, for various traits, including: growth increment, total yield, total number of fruits, average fruit weight, average fruit length, average fruit width, percentage of pulp, soluble solids content and fruit shape. The results of the phenotypic data indicated that the population had a wide genetic variance for all the traits, with the exception of growth increment, presenting broad-sense heritability varying from 52.6% to 83.0%. The analysis of QTL, using the composite interval method, has mapped various regions associated with the traits evaluated in both maps. It was mapped QTL for all the traits that exhibited genetic variation. The proportion of the phenotypic variation explained by the QTL identified ranged from 4.6 to 21.8%.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a reação de oito variedades comerciais e dois acessos selvagens de maracujá amarelo (P.edulis Sims f. flavicarpa), quanto à resistência a Xanthomonas campestris pv. passiflorae e elaborar uma escala diagramática de sintomas para auxiliar na avaliação da severidade da mancha bacteriana. A escala foi desenvolvida a partir de 100 folhas com sintomas da doença. Desta amostra foram estabelecidos cinco níveis de severidade utilizados na escala (2%, 5%; 11%, 26% e 59%). A escala foi validada por sete avaliadores, que utilizaram 48 folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade. A validação da escala mostrou que os avaliadores apresentaram alta precisão nas suas avaliações, com coeficientes de determinação (R2) variando de 0,86 a 0,95. A maioria dos avaliadores apresentou uma leve tendência em superestimar a severidade da doença. A escala mostrou-se útil ao trabalho, permitindo avaliações com alta precisão e boa acurácia. Para avaliar a reação das dez populações (oito variedades comerciais e dois acessos selvagem) de maracujá amarelo em relação a X. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a reação de oito variedades comerciais e dois acessos selvagens de maracujá amarelo (P.edulis Sims f. flavicarpa), quanto à resistência a Xanthomonas campestris pv. passiflorae e elaborar uma escala diagramática de sintomas para auxiliar na avaliação da severidade da mancha bacteriana. A escala foi desenvolvida a partir de 100 folhas com sintomas da doença. Desta amostra foram estabelecidos cinco níveis de severidade utilizados na escala (2%, 5%; 11%, 26% e 59%). A escala foi validada por sete avaliadores, que utilizaram 48 folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade. A validação da escala mostrou que os avaliadores apresentaram alta precisão nas suas avaliações, com coeficientes de determinação (R2) variando de 0,86 a 0,95. A maioria dos avaliadores apresentou uma leve tendência em superestimar a severidade da doença. A escala mostrou-se útil ao trabalho, permitindo avaliações com alta precisão e boa acurácia. Para avaliar a reação das dez populações (oito variedades comerciais e dois acessos selvagem) de maracujá amarelo em relação a X. campestris pv. passiflorae, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, o primeiro entre os meses de setembro a dezembro de 2002 e o segundo entre os meses de janeiro a março de 2003. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições em ambos os ensaios, sendo que as parcelas experimentais consistiram de 30 e 25 plantas de cada material, respectivamente, no primeiro e segundo experimentos. As avaliações de severidade da doença foram realizadas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após inoculação, através da escala diagramática de sintomas elaborada neste trabalho. Com os dados das três avaliações, estimou-se a área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença (AACPD) para cada material estudado. Os resultados permitiram detectar diferentes níveis de resistência entre as populações avaliadas. Os materiais mais resistentes a X. campestris pv. passiflorae foram as variedades Sul Brasil e IAC- serie 270, enquanto que as variedades IAC-277, Maguary e Flora foram as mais suscetíveis. / This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of eight populations of commercial yellow passion fruit and two of wild passion fruit (P.edulis Sims f. flavicarpa) to Xanthomonas campestris pv. passiflorae and elaborate a diagrammatic scale of symptoms for the evaluation of the severity of the disease. This scale was developed based on 100 leaves with different levels of disease. Out of this sample, five levels of severity were depicted in the scale (2%, 5%, 11%, 26%, and 59%). The scale was used by seven evaluators to assess the symptoms of 48 leaves with different degrees of severity. The evaluators showed high precision judging by the high correlation coefficients (R2) which ranged from 0.86 to 0.95. Most evaluators showed a tendency to super-estimate the severity of the disease. Notwimstanding, the scale allowed precise and accurate evaluations. Two experiments were performed in the greenhouse to determine the level of resistance of ten populations (eight commercial and two wild) of yellow passion fruit to X. campestris pv passiflorae. The first trial was conducted between September and December 2002, and the second between January and March 2003. The experimental design consisted of random blocks, with nine treatments and four replicates in both experiments. The experimental plot consisted of 30 and 25 plants of each variety, respectively in the first and second trials. Disease severity was evaluated 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation using the diagrammatic scale. With the data of the three evaluations, the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each material was estimated and used in the analysis of variance. The results detected different levels of resistance among populations. The most resistant materials were the varieties Sul Brasil and IAC- serie 270, while the varieties IAC-277, Maguary e Flora were the most susceptible.