A presente dissertação aborda o papel da expansão da rede ferroviária e seus impactos numa formação territorial particular. O estudo em questão se insere num debate da Geografia Agrária e indica elementos para relacionar a modernização da rede de transporte com as transformações das formas de se produzir. As vias férreas para circulação de mercadorias voltaram a ganhar centralidade nas políticas públicas formuladas no Brasil neste início de século XXI. A atual expansão das malhas ferroviárias tem sido pautada pelo processo de mundialização da agricultura brasileira, bem como de intensificação da exploração mineral. Decorrem, portanto, das necessidades da reprodução capitalista contemporânea. Nesse processo atuam, também, as companhias concessionárias que obtiveram o direito de exploração das malhas ferroviárias mediante sua privatização, na década de 1990, além das próprias construtoras. Em consonância com a lógica capitalista, as novas vias de circulação são consideradas de utilidade pública e atravessam, após questionáveis processos de licenciamento ambiental, frações territoriais de comunidades rurais que, em geral, pouco ou nada são beneficiadas por este símbolo de desenvolvimento e modernização. Além disso, as vias férreas tendem a provocar o aumento da renda da terra, acentuando ainda mais os conflitos fundiários, cujo ápice se realiza através da legitimação legal das desapropriações parciais. Para a compreensão de tais processos, definimos como objeto de pesquisa a Ferrovia Nova Transnordestina, em construção no Nordeste, e o município de Ouricuri/PE, como recorte espacial para um estudo de caso. Deste modo, as pesquisas de campo foram intercaladas com estudo bibliográfico sobre a formação territorial do Nordeste e da área de estudo. Visamos, assim, analisar criticamente o desenvolvimento ferroviário como parte constitutiva do desenvolvimento do modo capitalista de produção e, por meio dele, processos de reprodução do campesinato ali presente. A Ferrovia Nova Transnordestina vem se constituindo como elemento importante para o entendimento das contradições dos processos mais amplos de desenvolvimento do capitalismo e das forças produtivas. Contudo, a realidade do campo em Ouricuri mostrou-se ainda mais complexa e conflituosa diante de outros elementos: as velhas e novas relações vinculadas ao enfrentamento e à convivência com a seca, a introdução de políticas estatais sociais de profundo impacto local e o intenso processo de parcelamento da área agropecuária naquele município. Nossa pesquisa passou, assim, a incorporá-los como elementos decisivos da reprodução camponesa em Ouricuri, deslocando, ao menos para o atual momento, a centralidade da Ferrovia Nova Transnordestina e da tendência às transformações socioterritoriais a ela associadas. / This dissertation examines the expansion of the railroad network, and its impacts in a particular territorial formation. It indicates elements to connect the modernization of the transport network and the changes in the modes of production; taking into consideration the existing debate in Agrarian Geography. Since the beginning of the 21st century, railroads have returned to the center of public policies related to circulation of commodities in Brazil. The current expansion of railroad networks is guided by the globalization of Brazilian agriculture, as well as the intensification of mineral exploitation. These railroads are a direct result of contemporary capitalist reproductions needs. Concessionaries, who have acquired the right to explore railroad networks as a result of privatization in the 1990s, together with large construction companies also have a role in such reproduction process. In line with the capitalist logic, new circulation routes are seen as public utilities. Based on questionable licensing processes, they end up crossing the territory of rural communities that are little or not at all benefited from what is considered a sign of development and modernization: the railroad. Moreover, railroads tend to increase land rent, therefore increase land tenure conflicts, and result in the legal legitimization of partial expropriations. To comprehend and discuss such processes, this study looks at the case of the Nova Transnordestina railroad, under construction in the Brazilian Northeast, and the municipality of Ouricuri, in Pernambuco state. In order to critically analyze the railroad development as a constitutive part of the capitalist mode of production and hence the processes that reproduce peasantry in the region, the methodological approach interspersed field research and literature review on territorial formation of the Northeast and the specific region of study. The Nova Transnordestina railroad has constituted itself as an important element to the understanding of the contradictory processes of capitalism development and its productive forces. Nevertheless, the reality in Ouricuri appears to be more complex and conflictive due to additional elements, such as: the former and new relations that are associated to coping and living with drought; the introduction of social policies with deep local impact; and the intensively subdivision of agricultural land in the municipality. Therefore, this research regarded those elements as fundamental to understand local peasantry reproduction in Ouricuri, displacing, for now, the centrality of the Nova Transnordestina railroad to current transformation tendencies associated to it.

As mudanças nas formas de apropriação do espaço na região do Vale do Ribeira têm proporcionado metamorfoses da territorialidade de populações camponesas. É nessa conjuntura que a luta pela terra de trabalho ganha nova expressão: resistência e permanência no território ancestral por meio da construção da identidade quilombola. Portanto, a territorialização da comunidade remanescente de quilombo Porto Velho é analisada frente aos desafios e estratégias de resistência para permanecer no território ancestral. O histórico de origem deste bairro rural identifica estes sujeitos sociais como descendentes dos escravos que habitavam estas terras desde 1860. Todavia, entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980, houve um período importante de submissão e relações de trabalho precárias a fazendeiros e terceiros. No final dos anos 1980, os camponeses enfrentaram ameaças que culminaram em expropriações e expulsões de boa parte dos quilombolas do território. No contexto marcado pela emergência do conflito, o grupo negro se organiza e inicia a luta pela terra com apoio da Pastoral da Terra, MOAB e EAACONE. A pesquisa sobre a população remanescente de quilombo Porto Velho, situada no município de Iporanga (SP), refletiu a perspectiva geográfica de como estes sujeitos sociais constroem suas relações no território quilombola, sua organização comunitária e sociabilidade, e as transformações no âmbito material e imaterial. Trata-se de um estudo cuja metodologia é constituída por trabalhos de campo, entrevistas, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O estudo realizado identificou a complexidade do processo de transformação deste território quilombola na busca por autonomia e liberdade. Os impactos de novas demandas, justapostas sobre o território e sobre a vida destes sujeitos sociais, trouxeram a necessidade de criar e recriar estratégias para a conservação de costumes e de luta pela terra e permanência no território que habitam há gerações. Entende-se que neste processo de conflitos por terra, a lógica imposta pelo capital não só provocou forte transformação no território ancestral, como ofereceu situação de risco social e cultural à própria sobrevivência da comunidade quilombola. / The transformations in the forms of the space appropriation in the Vale do Ribeira region have led to metamorphoses of the peasant populations territoriality. At this conjuncture, the land dispute has acquired a new expression: resistance and permanence in the ancestral territory by the construction of the quilombo identity. Therefore, the process of territorialisation of the quilombola remaining community Porto Velho is analysed dealing with the challenges and strategies of resistance to remain in the ancestral land. The historical origin of this rural district identifies these social subjects as descendants of slaves who inhabited these lands since 1860. However, between the 1950s and 1980s, there was an important period of submission and precarious relations of labor to farmers and others. In the late 1980s, the traditional inhabitants faced threats culminating in expropriation and expulsion of most part of the quilombo territory. In the context marked by the emergence of the conflict, the quilombola group organized and began the struggle by the land with the support of Pastoral da Terra, MOAB and EAACONE. Research on the remaining population of the quilombo Porto Velho, which is situated in Iporanga, São Paulo, reflected the geographical perspective of how these social subjects established their relationships in the quilombo territory, their community and sociability organizations, and their transformations concerning the material and immaterial sphere. The methodology used in the current study is constituted by fieldwork, interviews, and bibliographical and documental research. This research identified the complexity of the transformation process of the aforementioned quilombo in the quest for autonomy and freedom. The consequences of new demands, juxtaposed over the territory and the lives of these social subjects, brought the need to create and recreate strategies for the conservation of traditions; and struggling for land and permanence on the territory, which they have inhabited for generations. In this process of land conflicts, the logic, which was imposed by the capital, not only caused major transformations in the ancestral territory, but also has endangered the cultural and social survival of the quilombola community.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The reflections resented in this thesis come from an ethnographic research conducted in 2013 and 2014, with peasants selling food in an urban colonial fair, located in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The study was based on the following question: How do peasants who market their production in Feirão Colonial (Colonial Fair) in Santa Maria, RS, dialogue with market practices? . Thus, the research aimed to analyze the development, which is gradual and full of cultural components, of knowledge related to business at the Fair, as well as the practices and tactics employed by farmers in selling their items. Thus, the specific objectives were: to verify the negotiations that take place between merchants and consumers, as well as between the fairground; to observe the social relationships; and to identify the knowledge circulating in the Fair. We observed that the way peasants are entered into the market accepts its logic, which is learned from the experience at the Fair but does not mean, however, the transformation of the peasant into a capitalist, since attitudes are differentiated. That means many fairgrounds has a familiar mode of production and works in the Fair to meet the needs of their families, using the gain for this purpose. In addition, we observed that peasantry or the ethos of settler influence on economic behavior. We also noticed how the fair is an important space for sociability and for obtaining knowledge about the urban world, the market and also their condition as peasants. / As reflexões que integram esta dissertação são provenientes de uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada, em 2013 e 2014, com camponeses que vendem produtos alimentares em uma feira urbana, situada na cidade de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). O estudo partiu da seguinte pergunta: De que forma os camponeses que comercializam sua produção no Feirão Colonial em Santa Maria, RS, dialogam com as práticas de mercado? . Dessa maneira, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o desenvolvimento, gradativo e repleto de componentes culturais, do saber do negócio na Feira, bem como as práticas e táticas empregadas pelos agricultores na venda de seus itens. Assim, os objetivos específicos foram: verificar as negociações que ocorrem entre feirantes e consumidores, assim como entre os feirantes; observar as relações de sociabilidade; e identificar os saberes que circulam na Feira. Observou-se, dessa forma, que a maneira de inserção no mercado pelos camponeses aceita a lógica deste, a qual é apreendida pela vivência na Feira, o que não significa, entretanto, a transformação do camponês em um capitalista, já que as atitudes são diferenciadas. Isto é, grande parte dos feirantes tem um modo de produção familiar e integra-se à Feira para suprir as necessidades de sua família, utilizando o ganho obtido para esse fim. Além disso, percebeu-se que a campesinidade ou o ethos de colono influencia na conduta econômica. Verificou-se, também, o quanto a Feira é um espaço importante para a sociabilidade e para a obtenção de conhecimento acerca do mundo urbano, do mercado e também de sua condição enquanto camponeses.

The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate how the Swedish peasantry was perceived by the Swedish Burgher, Clerical, and Noble Estates during the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. By studying the Diet protocols of each Estate from three Diets, and by applying the concept of social imaginary, it considers what a peasant was perceived to be, who was perceived to be a peasant, and how these perceptions changed. The period under investigation is a time when the orders of society began to change and the peasantry underwent a process of radicalization. It is also a time when the way people perceived themselves changed, from a perception of “the self” heavily influenced by the collective, to a more individualistic one. These circumstances made the Estates question the traditional ideal of what a peasant was, re-writing the social script of the peasantry to include new attributes, duties, and virtues than it did a century earlier. Three main categories are used and aims at exploring the peasantry’s perceived social dignity, political role, and economic function, each representing its respective order in estate society. The study has shown how the Estates perceived peasants to be simple, uneducated, and foolish in the early stages of the Age of Liberty (1718–1772), and that the social dignity of a peasant was fundamental in conceptualizing what and who a peasant was. This changed towards the end of the century and became much more diverse and complex during the early nineteenth century. By the early 1820’s, the Noble and Clerical Estates perceived them as competent, responsible, and as being capable of betterment and upward mobility in a spiritual and worldly sense. The Burgher Estate perceived them as self-righteous, rustic, and intrusive as they had begun to invade their cities, steeling their livelihood, and thus threatening their entire existence as an estate. The economic transformations of the period also proved how the economic function of the peasantry was now to a larger degree emphasized as the determinative factor of what social dignity and political role they should have. / <p>The author has changed name to Jakob Starlander.</p>

The dissertation is an investigation into sokemen and freemen, a group of higher status peasants, in tenth- and eleventh-century East Anglia (hereafter and throughout the dissertation referred to as less dependent tenants). The study considers four themes. The first concerns the socio-economic condition of less dependent tenants. Previous commentators have focused on, for example, light or non-existent labour services and a connection with royal service and public obligations, but the reality may have been more complex. The second theme considers the distribution of the group across East Anglia. The third and fourth themes consider, respectively, the reliability of the Domesday evidence for less dependent tenants and how far the eastern counties differed from the rest of England. It has been argued that the significant number of less dependent tenants recorded in the eastern counties in Domesday Book indicates that region's unique social structure. This view increasingly has been questioned. The dissertation uses a partially retrogressive approach, combining pre-Conquest sources with Domesday Book and manorial sources from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It argues that less dependent tenants formed a varied group, including both smallholders (probably constituting the greater part of the group) and prosperous landholders defined by high-status service. These individuals were not always clearly distinguished from those immediately above and below them in the hierarchy. There was no intrinsic connection between less dependent tenants and royal service. Less dependent tenants experienced upward and downward social mobility in the tenth and eleventh centuries, affected by the land market and the influence of lordship. The group's local distribution, and, by implication, the extent of manorialisation, could vary widely and was influenced primarily by the strength of lordship. There were longstanding and important differences between East Anglia and counties elsewhere in England. But these differences also were exaggerated by the Domesday evidence.

Following the trauma of the Nakba (Catastrophe) of 1948, Palestinians still suffer from constant violations of their rights, land and culture. To fight forgetfulness and denial, some Palestinian folklorists have sought to collect, document, analyse and translate pre-1948 Palestinian folktales. One major example is Speak, Bird, Speak Again (1989), a selection edited by Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana, and its Arabic version Qul Ya Tayer (قول يا طير (2001)). The folktales, told mainly by women, are divided by the compilers into five main groups, following the individual’s life cycle from childhood to old age: Individuals, Family, Society, Environment and Universe. This thesis analyses the folktales in the English and Arabic compilations along with their paratextual elements (introduction, footnotes, afterwords etc) in order to explore the importance of orality and folktales in framing and preserving Palestinian memory and identity. Structured into four chapters, the thesis starts by highlighting the cultural and social roles of storytellers in Palestine, followed by an overview of the religious, social and psychological functions of folktales. It then describes the paratextual elements in the Arabic and English compilations, shedding light on the need to carry out scientifically and academically based documentation of Palestinian folktales. The compilers’ contribution, the thesis argues, reinforces the discourse of cultural resistance and cultural identity affirmation. The thesis takes memory studies as its main theoretical framework. Synthesising various concepts within memory studies, Chapter Two explains relevant ideas for analysing the folktales, such as collective memory, post-memory, cultural/communicative memory and prosthetic memory. The discussion connects memory to a number of generations across time and space, creating a narrative of continuity. This chapter also explores the components of Palestinian collective memory - oral history, language, nationalism and the Nakba; the latter the thesis attempts to situate within the field of memory and trauma studies. The thesis then probes the essential role played by Palestinian women in transmitting and preserving Palestinian memory and cultural identity, and explores their agency both as storytellers and protagonists. Through their roles as mothers, sisters, wives and daughters, and through their narrative skills and humour, women, the thesis argues, engender and gender Palestinian memory and identity. To understand the interconnection between language, cultural and collective identity, Chapter Four highlights the significance of peasantry discourse in the folktales’ pre-1948 setting, creating a site of memory and homeland while triggering nostalgia and collectivity. Folk religion and food culture are important markers of Palestinian cultural identity and memory; hence, religious expressions, folktale characters and food references in the folktales and tellings are also investigated. The thesis highlights the agency of Palestinian women via food culture, and thus their power in promoting long established cultural and social values as well as regenerating cultural memory. This research sheds new light on the role of the Palestinian folklorist, folktales and storytellers, adopting a novel approach that combines memory, trauma, and food studies among others.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_JoseCarlosAlves_D.pdf: 12999130 bytes, checksum: 97f07c4fb02eb4d3f26100bb7ab9b545 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Pesquisas recentes revelam que muitos jovens rurais têm se integrado a fluxos migratórios articulando habitação, lazer e trabalho entre campo e cidade, como uma forma de viabilizar projetos de melhores condições de vida para si ou suas famílias, ou ainda, para tornar viável a constituição de novas unidades familiares. Nessas migrações, sobressai a migração nacional de caráter sazonal. Mas, simultaneamente e reagindo às precárias condições de trabalho, ou almejando realizar um sonho de bonança, os jovens se enveredam em rotas de migração internacional e expressam novas formas de organização de redes de migrantes e lutas por reconhecimento. Nessa pesquisa, procuro analisar as articulações entre amigos, parentes, agenciadores e a migração sazonal nacional como um canal de acesso à migração internacional de jovens rurais do Vale do Jequitinhonha-MG para Portugal, Espanha em um contexto de contrabando humano, migração de retorno, supressão ou restrição do direito de migrar, lutas por reconhecimento e expectativas de alcançar melhor padrão de vida / Abstract: Recent research shows that many young people from rural areas have integrated flux of migration articulating housing; leisure and work between country and city, as a way of accomplish projects better living condition for themselves or their families, or accomplish the creation of new family units. In these migrations, stand out the migrations national of seasonal character. But, simultaneously, and reacting precarious conditions of work, or aiming to realize a dream of prosperity, the young people accessing international migration routes, and they express new forms of organization of social networks. In this research, I analyze the connections between friends, kin, migration agents clandestine, and the seasonal migration national as a channel of access to international migration of rural youth of Jequitinhonha Valley for Portugal, Spain in a paradoxical context of return migration, suppression or restriction the right to migrate, and expectations of to achieve better standard of living / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutor em Sociologia

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-28T18:49:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 juliocesarpereiramonerat.pdf: 1570599 bytes, checksum: a269b56f885b883bd8e8d145eb39870d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-29T11:03:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 juliocesarpereiramonerat.pdf: 1570599 bytes, checksum: a269b56f885b883bd8e8d145eb39870d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-29T11:03:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 juliocesarpereiramonerat.pdf: 1570599 bytes, checksum: a269b56f885b883bd8e8d145eb39870d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O debate sobre a sustentabilidade tem se pautado em diferentes elementos ao longo do tempo, incluindo preocupações técnicas, econômicas, sociais, ambientais e no contexto do metabolismo do capital assume diferentes abordagens que vão do reformismo aos processos que apontam para sua superação. Objetiva-se verificar os limites de tais entendimentos através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema a partir da categoria trabalho entendido enquanto relação entre o homem e a natureza mediada pela técnica e por uma dada sociabilidade que se transforma no decorrer da processualidade histórica. Verifica-se como o trabalho tem se efetivado historicamente na sociedade capitalista articulado à reprodução do capital através da exploração da força de trabalho. No campo, por conta do desenvolvimento desigual e combinado do capitalismo, além da extração da mais-valia do proletariado rural, a relação do capital com o campesinato se dá através da expropriação da renda da terra camponesa, o que possibilita a atualização das formas de acumulação de capital. Baseando-se em diferentes formas de expropriação do excedente através da exploração do trabalho o metabolismo do capital mostra sua insustentabilidade fundante. Contrapondo-se a essa insustentabilidade estrutural do modo de produção capitalista coloca-se o trabalho camponês enquanto metabolismo sociedade e natureza fundado no sentido de coevolução. Contraposição que se desenvolve simultaneamente como conflito espacial e de classe, caracterizando-se como conflituosidade territorial, na qual o campesinato pode desenvolver identidades de legitimação, resistência ou de projeto de superação da sociabilidade capitalista. Os limites e as potencialidades de uma identidade camponesa agroecológica de projeto são verificados com base em estudos camponeses e agroecológicos fundamentados no trabalho com sentido de coevolução. / The debate about sustainability has been ruled by different elements over time, including technical, economic, social, environmental and in the context of the capital metabolism concerns takes different approaches ranging from reformism to the processes that link to their resilience. The objective is to verify the limits of such understandings through a literature search on the subject from work category understood as a relationship between man and nature and mediated technique for a given sociability that transforms throughout the historical processuality. It appears as if the work has historically effected in capitalist society articulated to the reproduction of capital through the exploitation of labor power. In the field, because of uneven and combined development of capitalism, beyond the extraction of surplus value from the rural proletariat, the ratio of capital and the peasantry is through the expropriation of peasant land income, which enables the update of the forms of capital accumulation. Based on different forms of expropriation of surplus through the exploitation of labor metabolism capital shows its founding unsustainability. Opposed to this structural unsustainability of the capitalist mode of production puts up the metabolism while peasant society and nature work based on the meaning of coevolution. Contrast that develops as both spatial and class conflict, characterized as territorial bickering, in which the peasantry can develop identities of legitimation, resistance or project of overcoming the capitalist sociability. The limits and potential of agroecological peasant identity project are checked against farmers and agro-ecological studies based on work with a sense of coevolution.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-05T20:56:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Geisiane.pdf: 2574154 bytes, checksum: b5d54f173b6b19db6d91c3b1760407f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T20:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geisiane.pdf: 2574154 bytes, checksum: b5d54f173b6b19db6d91c3b1760407f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / The goal of this research is to understand how and if the Pé de Galinha School is part of the regional development of Pontal do Paranapanema. A qualitative and qualitative research were essential fieldwork to collect the necessary information, as well as the historical redemption through literature aiming to know how has been occupied the region and its evolutionary stages. Within these steps if emphasizes the development of the agrarian question which relate to the capital and the peasantry. Therefore, the capital advance boosted the class struggle for dominance and control of the territory aimed at the use of natural resources, among which the land is the most important. In the center of the class struggle is the peasantry as a historical force always present in the history of this region, within which built recreation strategies as a way to develop within capitalism without, however, be part of it. Reflections on the schools of the peasantry and regional development will always have these conceptual boundaries before which rise some questions aimed at understanding the importance and the role of the peasantry schools. From these discussions we sought to broaden the understanding of the concepts of teaching and school model. As geographical boundaries of the study area used the Hydric Resources Management Unit (HRMU) in number 22. To analyze the reality of education offered to the regional peasantry were carried out field work in the State School Fazenda São Bento - Foot School Chicken. From this analysis it was found that the current model of education contributes to the development and expansion of the capital to form citizens only for the labor market. The developed educational structure is hegemonic and city side, where the peasantry has no autonomy to intervene and ensure an education that gives you complete emancipation. / O objetivo dessa pesquisa consiste em compreender como e se a Escola do Pé de Galinha faz parte do desenvolvimento regional do Pontal do Paranapanema. Como pesquisa qualitativa foi imprescindível o trabalho de campo para recolher as informações necessárias, como também o resgate histórico através de pesquisa bibliográfica visando conhecer de que forma vem sendo ocupada a região e suas etapas evolutivas. Dentro dessas etapas se ressalta o desenvolvimento da questão agrária onde se relacionam o capital e o campesinato. Por conseguinte, o avanço do capital impulsionou a luta de classes para o domínio e o controle do território visando à utilização dos recursos naturais, dentre os quais a terra é o mais importante. No centro da luta de classes encontra-se o campesinato como força histórica sempre presente na história dessa região, no interior da qual construiu estratégias de recriação como forma de se desenvolver dentro do capitalismo sem, contudo, fazer parte dele. As reflexões sobre a escola do campesinato e o desenvolvimento regional terão sempre esses contornos conceituais diante dos quais se levantam alguns questionamentos visando compreender a importância e a função da escola do campesinato. A partir dessas discussões buscou-se ampliar a compreensão sobre as concepções do modelo de ensino e de escola. Como delimitação geográfica da região estudada utilizou-se a Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) de número 22. Para analisar a realidade da educação oferecida ao campesinato regional, foram realizados trabalhos de campo na Escola Estadual Fazenda São Bento – Escola do Pé de Galinha. Dessa análise constatou-se que o atual modelo de ensino contribui para o desenvolvimento e a expansão do capital ao formar cidadãos apenas para o mercado de trabalho. A estrutura educacional desenvolvida é hegemônica e de vertente citadina, onde o campesinato não tem autonomia para intervir e garantir uma educação que lhe proporcione total emancipação.

Partindo da temática central do trabalho camponês, nosso foco neste estudo foi investigar quais os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho por camponeses que produzem tabaco e diversificam sua produção para a agroecologia. Nos apoiamos no referencial teórico-metodológico da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Centrando-nos nas contribuições de Lev Vygotski, compreendemos que os sentidos consistem em uma formação dinâmica, variável e complexa que nos revela o que um dado conteúdo ou aspecto da realidade significa para o sujeito, variando, portanto, de acordo com a interpretação de mundo e a estrutura interna da personalidade. As estratégias metodológicas adotadas na investigação foram a realização de observações participantes e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com três famílias camponesas que participaram do Projeto de Diversificação de Áreas Cultivadas com Tabaco, no município de Rio Azul, Paraná. O projeto tinha por objetivo oferecer assistência técnica para as famílias que buscavam diversificar a produção do tabaco para outras atividades. Além das famílias, também foram entrevistados a técnica de referência das famílias no âmbito do projeto e o ex-secretário de agricultura do município. Nossa imersão em campo foi realizada em dois momentos distintos, sendo que, em ambos, acompanhamos, através da observação participante, o cotidiano de trabalho das famílias e realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados obtidos nos revela que, frente ao contexto de mudanças vivenciadas pelos camponeses no processo de diversificação agroecológica, os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho também passaram por mudanças, apontando para uma ressignificação da experiência de trabalho para os camponeses. Um conjunto de transformações objetivas e subjetivas possibilitaram o arrefecimento dos processos de alienação do trabalho vividos na produção de tabaco, em direção a um trabalho mais autêntico e integralizador no contexto da agricultura agroecológica, aproximando os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho de seu significado social: a satisfação das necessidades humanas e o próprio desenvolvimento do ser social. Verificamos, ainda, que o processo de atribuição de sentidos aparece ligado às vivências do sujeito, conceito que designa a unidade entre a personalidade e o meio social. Os sentidos nos revelam a dimensão ativa da apropriação do mundo pelos sujeitos e aparecem como aspecto fundamental na constituição do psiquismo humano / Starting from the central theme of peasant work, our focus in this study was to investigate the senses attributed to work by peasants who produce tobacco and diversify their production to agroecology. We rely on the theoretical-methodological framework of Historical-Cultural Psychology. Focusing on the contributions of Lev Vygotsky, we understand that the senses consist of a dynamic, variable and complex formation that reveal to us what a determined content or aspect of reality means for the subject, thus varying according to a world interpretation and internal structure of the personality. The methodological strategies adopted in the research are participant observation and semi-structured interviews with three families that participated in the Projeto de Diversificação de Áreas Cultivadas com Tabaco, in the municipality of Rio Azul, Paraná. The project was developed for the purpose of offering technical assistance for families seeking to diversify tobacco production to other activities. In addition to the families, the reference technician of the families in the project plan and the former secretary of agriculture of the municipality were also interviewed. Our immersion in the field was carried out in two different moments. In both, we followed the families\' daily routine through participatory observation and conducted semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the data reveals that, on the context of the changes experienced by the peasants in the process of agroecological diversification, the senses attributed to the work also underwent changes, pointing to a re-signification of the work experience for the peasants. A set of objective and subjective transformations allowed the decreasing of the processes of alienation of the work lived in tobacco production towards a more authentic and integrative work relating to agroecological agriculture. That brings the senses attributed to the work to its social meaning: the satisfaction of human needs and the development of the social being. We also verified that the process of attribution of senses appeared linked to the experiences of the subject, a concept that designates a unity between the personality and the social environment. The senses reveal to us the active dimension of the appropriation of the world by the subjects and appear as a fundamental aspect in the constitution of the human psyche