Childhood obesity has many negative impacts on health and occurs due to genetic, environmental, and contextual factors (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture [HHS and USDA], 2015). A major concern for this population of children is the resulting adverse effects on motor development, including challenges reaching appropriate developmental milestones impacting overall development and participation in daily activities (Cataldo et al., 2016). Occupational therapy practitioners can address multiple areas which contribute to this problem, including motor development and body functions, feeding and healthy meal preparation skills, family routines and activities of daily living, as well as contextual and cultural factors (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2020). WHOLE Family is an online family based approach directed at positively impacting childhood obesity and motor development through a holistic approach.

The societal problem of pediatric obesity is growing in Sweden with more patients receiving pediatric treatment while the treatment measures have not improved to match the increase. This exploratory study examines a mobile application aiming to improve treatment for pediatric obesity. The study will evaluate the current application through the lens of HCI with a focus on self-care and will be based on digital behavior change intervention (DBCI), persuasive systems, and playful user-centered design (UCD), with design recommendations stated based on the evaluation. User-centered design is a design process involving end-users in the design process, the users were involved through semi-structured interviews. User-centered design is a large part of the study with user input laying the foundation for new design recommendations. Users thought that the application would benefit from having more short-term goals to boost motivation. Furthermore, a heuristic analysis was done to get an expert view on the user interface. The results were promising and indicated some potential improvements for the application, one suggested improvement was to provide more positive feedback to boost motivation. The thesis discusses how more visualization of data might have the potential to both boost motivation and result in a more playful user experience. / Samhällsproblemet med barnfetma växer i Sverige med fler patienter som får pediatrisk behandling samtidigt som behandlings åtgärderna inte har förbättrats för att matcha ökningen. Denna explorativa studie undersöker en mobilapplikation som syftar till att förbättra behandlingen av barnfetma. Studien utvärderar den aktuella applikationen och är baserad på digital beteendeförändringsintervention (DBCI), persuasive systems och lekfull användarcentrerad design (UCD), med designrekommendationer angivna baserat på utvärdering samt semistrukturerade intervjuer. Användarcentrerad design är en stor del av studien med användarinput som lägger grunden för nya design rekommendationer. Intervjuerna lyfte fram att applikationen skulle tjäna på att ha fler kortsiktiga mål för att öka motivationen. Resultaten indikerade potentiella förbättringar för applikationen, exempelvis att ge mer positiv feedback. Slutligen diskuteras hur en mer genomarbetad visualisering av data kan leda dels till ökad motivation och dels till mer lekfull interaktion.

Background: We investigated whether maternal smoking in the first year of life or any current parental smoking is associated with childhood or adolescent body mass index (BMI). Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed questionnaires about their children's current height and weight, whether their mother smoked in the first year of the child's life and current smoking habits of both parents. Adolescents aged 13-14 years completed questionnaires about their height, weight and current parental smoking habits. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and parental smoking. Results: 77,192 children (18 countries) and 194 727 adolescents (35 countries) were included. The BMI of children exposed to maternal smoking during their first year of life was 0.11 kg/m 2 greater than those who were not (P = 0.0033). The BMI of children of currently smoking parents was greater than those with non-smoking parents (maternal smoking: +0.08 kg/m 2 (P = 0.0131), paternal smoking: +0.10 kg/m 2 (P < 0.0001)). The BMI of female adolescents exposed to maternal or paternal smoking was 0.23 kg/m 2 and 0.09 kg/m 2 greater respectively than those who were not exposed (P < 0.0001). The BMI of male adolescents was greater with maternal smoking exposure, but not paternal smoking (0.19 kg/m 2 , P < 0.0001 and 0.03 kg/m 2 , P = 0.14 respectively). Conclusion: Parental smoking is associated with higher BMI values in children and adolescents. Whether this is due to a direct effect of parental smoking or to confounding cannot be established from this observational study. / This work was supported by Cure Kids New Zealand through a grant to Professor E Mitchell and Dr I Braithwaite. Cure Kids New Zealand had no role or influence in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ISAAC Phase Three: / Revisión por pares

A obesidade atinge proporções alarmantes no Brasil e no mundo e é considerada desafio de saúde pública. Essa condição crônica exige preparo adequado dos profissionais de saúde e demanda formas inovadoras para seu enfrentamento. Assim, novas intervenções educativas têm sido propostas, vislumbrando maior aproximação das atividades de educação em saúde ao seu público. Uma dessas abordagens traz o uso de jogos digitais como uma ferramenta adicional em tratamentos e programas de educação em saúde voltados à criança. A partir disso, este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um serious game como uma estratégia educativa para crianças escolares portadoras de sobrepeso e obesidade. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa metodológica, aplicada e de corte transversal. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: desenvolvimento e avaliação da versão final do serious game; e inserção e avaliação do serious game em um programa de enfrentamento da obesidade infantil. O desenvolvimento da versão final do jogo foi por meio dos referenciais de Prochaska (2008), Schell (2008) e Novak (2010). A segunda etapa da pesquisa contou com toda a população de crianças pertencente ao -Programa de condicionamento físico com games interativos para crianças obesas e/ou sobrepeso? durante o período de janeiro a julho de 2017. Ao total, 13 crianças e seus respectivos responsáveis aceitaram participar do estudo. Realizou-se a identificação do perfil das crianças participantes do programa por meio de dados antropométricos, de questionários sobre as condições socioeconômicas, hábitos alimentares e de atividade física. A idade dos participantes variou de sete a 11 anos e os IMC variaram de 21,1 a 40,4, revelando escores Z acima do valor +2, referentes à obesidade e obesidade grave. O jogo foi apresentado às crianças ao final das atividades do Programa de condicionamento físico, de maneira individual. A versão final do jogo foi desenvolvida e disponibilizada online de forma gratuita ao público. O DigesTower foi bem recebido pelos participantes, que afirmaram ter imersão, motivação e estímulo para melhoria do seu conhecimento. No geral, as crianças afirmaram que aprenderam com o DigesTower a encarar os alimentos de outra forma e a diferenciar os mais saudáveis dos menos saudáveis, além da importância do exercício físico para a saúde. Espera-se que os resultados forneçam evidências que sustentem a importância do uso de ferramentas inovadoras que auxiliem intervenções educativas no âmbito da obesidade infantil. Ainda, almeja-se que este estudo auxilie futuras pesquisas em que seus objetos de estudo sejam o desenvolvimento de jogos digitais para crianças em geral / Obesity reaches alarming proportions in Brazil and worldwide and is considered a public health challenge. This chronic condition requires adequate preparation of health professionals and demands innovative ways to cope with it. Thus, new educational interventions have been proposed, seeking a closer approximation of health education activities to its public. One such approach involves the use of digital games as an additional tool in child-directed health education and treatment programs. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a serious game as an educational strategy for school children who are overweight and obese. It was a methodological, applied and cross-sectional research. The study was realized in two stages: development and evaluation of the final version of the serious game; and insertion and evaluation of the serious game in a program of coping with childhood obesity. The development of the final version of the game was through the references of Prochaska (2008), Schell (2008) and Novak (2010). The second stage of the research included the entire population of children belonging to the \"Physical fitness program with interactive games for obese and/or overweight children\" during the period from January to July of 2017. In total, 13 children and their respective parents accepted participate in the study. The profile of the children participating in the program was identified through anthropometric data, questionnaires on socioeconomic conditions, eating habits and physical activity. The participants\' ages ranged from seven to 11 years, and BMI ranged from 21.1 to 40.4, showing Z scores above the +2 value, referring to obesity and severe obesity. The game was presented to the children at the end of the activities of the Physical Fitness Program, individually. The final version of the game was developed and made available online for free to the public. DigesTower was well received by the participants, who said they had immersion, motivation and encouragement to improve their knowledge. Overall, the children said that they learned from DigesTower how to look at food differently and differentiate between healthier and less healthy, as well as the importance of physical exercise for health. The results are expected to provide evidence to support the importance of using innovative tools that support educational interventions in the context of childhood obesity. It is also hoped that this study will aid future research in which their objects of study are the development of digital games for children in general

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-21T12:12:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA CAMILA BUARRAJ GOMES.pdf: 2256336 bytes, checksum: e2300d9703c01b099b33e117998cc86a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T12:12:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA CAMILA BUARRAJ GOMES.pdf: 2256336 bytes, checksum: e2300d9703c01b099b33e117998cc86a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-06 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / Childhood obesity is a public health problem, with increasing prevalence worldwide. In addition to the associated genetic and environmental aspects, psychosocial and economic factors have been studied by influencing dietary choices and lifestyle. Among complications of childhood obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is an important cause of liver disease in childhood, significantly increasing cardiovascular risk in this population. Currently, it is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The NAFLD treatment aims primarily weight loss and an active lifestyle; depending, therefore, on adhesion to dietary guidance and proposed physical activities. In this context, the treatment motivation is essential. This study identified and analyzed biochemical, anthropometric, dietary, psychosocial and motivational variables and attitude for treatment, in overweight and obese children and adolescents, in their relationship with the NAFLD diagnosis. This is a prospective, transversal, descriptive and correlational study with 45 children and adolescents (5-17 years old), diagnosed with excess weight according to the World Health Organization criteria, attending the Child Obesity Clinic of an university hospital in a city of S?o Paulo State. The following tools were applied individually after the routine medical appointment: a) A Characterization Record of the Participants, with personal, family, anthropometric and dietary data and laboratory tests, including abdominal ultrasound; b) Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT 2.0), for the evaluation of the family psychosocial risk; c) four questions about the motivation and attitudes about the dietetic treatment and physical activities. Statistical tests were applied: t-Student, Chi-Square and Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of 5%. Obesity was observed in 82,2% of the sample. There was a 33,3% prevalence of NAFLD, of which showed significantly higher triglyceride levels, higher severe obesity diagnosed by Body Mass Index (IBM/Age) Z-score, greater waist circumference and greater neck circumference. The dietary aspects of the NAFLD patients also showed higher carbohydrate intake compared to total caloric amount of the diet and lower total fat intake. In general, these children and adolescents reported ultra-processed foods and high energetic density food intake above the recommendation and dietary fiber source and low energy density foods intake below the recommendation. Families were at clinical level psychosocial risk (40,0%), especially in areas of child problems and family structure and resources. The families of the NAFLD patients also had significantly higher levels of psychosocial risk ("clinical"). The practice of physical activities and the motivation for the treatment were not different among the participants with and without NAFLD. Although 93,3% of the participants reported being motivated for treatment, 72,7% acknowledged doing "nothing" or "little" of what was proposed. These findings reaffirm the importance of understanding the family context and motivation and attitude for treatment as guiding elements for the multidisciplinary team, when defining strategies and conducting the conventional treatment of childhood obesity and NAFLD. / A obesidade infantil ? um problema de sa?de p?blica, com preval?ncia crescente em todo o mundo. Al?m dos aspectos gen?ticos e ambientais associados, os fatores psicossociais e econ?micos t?m sido estudados por influenciar as op??es alimentares e o estilo de vida. Entre as complica??es da obesidade infantil, a esteatose hep?tica n?o alco?lica (EHNA) ? uma importante causa de doen?as hep?ticas na inf?ncia, aumentando significativamente o risco cardiovascular nessa popula??o. Atualmente, ? considerada a manifesta??o hep?tica da s?ndrome metab?lica. O tratamento da EHNA visa principalmente a perda de peso e um estilo de vida ativo; dependendo, portanto, da ades?o ?s orienta??es diet?ticas e ?s atividades f?sicas propostas. Nesse sentido, a motiva??o para o tratamento tem se mostrado fundamental. Este estudo identificou e analisou vari?veis bioqu?micas, antropom?tricas, diet?ticas, psicossociais e de motiva??o e atitude para o tratamento, em crian?as e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade (SOB), em suas rela??es com o diagn?stico de EHNA. ? um estudo prospectivo, transversal, descritivo e correlacional, com 45 crian?as e adolescentes (5-17 anos), com diagn?stico de SOB pelos crit?rios da Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de, sendo atendidos no Ambulat?rio de Obesidade Infantil de um hospital universit?rio de uma cidade do Estado de S?o Paulo. Foram aplicados individualmente, ap?s a consulta de rotina no ambulat?rio: a) uma Ficha de Caracteriza??o dos Participantes, com dados pessoais, familiares, antropom?tricos, diet?ticos e exames laboratoriais, incluindo o ultrassom abdominal; b) Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT 2.0), para avalia??o do risco psicossocial familiar; c) quatro quest?es sobre a motiva??o e atitude em rela??o ao tratamento diet?tico e ?s atividades f?sicas. Foram aplicados os testes estat?sticos: t-Student, Qui-Quadrado e teste exato de Fisher, com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. Apresentaram obesidade 82,2% da amostra. Houve preval?ncia de 33,3% da amostra com EHNA, os quais apresentaram significativamente maiores n?veis de triglic?rides, maior gravidade da obesidade diagnosticada pelo Escore-Z do ?ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC/Idade), maior circunfer?ncia da cintura e maior circunfer?ncia do pesco?o. No aspecto diet?tico, os casos com EHNA apresentaram tamb?m maior ingest?o de carboidratos em rela??o ao valor cal?rico total da dieta e menor ingest?o de gorduras totais. No geral, essas crian?as e adolescentes relataram consumo acima da recomenda??o de alimentos ultraprocessados e de alta densidade energ?tica e consumo abaixo da recomenda??o de alimentos ricos em fibras e de baixa densidade energ?tica. As fam?lias estavam em risco psicossocial em n?vel cl?nico (40,0%), especialmente nas ?reas problemas da crian?a e estrutura familiar e recursos. As fam?lias dos participantes com EHNA tamb?m apresentaram significativamente maior n?vel de risco psicossocial (?cl?nico?). A pr?tica de atividades f?sicas e a motiva??o para o tratamento n?o diferenciou os participantes com e sem EHNA. Embora 93,3% dos participantes tenham relatado estarem motivados para o tratamento, 72,7% reconheceram fazer ?nada? ou ?pouco? do que era proposto. Tais achados reafirmam a import?ncia da compreens?o do contexto familiar e da motiva??o e atitude para o tratamento como elementos norteadores para a equipe multidisciplinar, na defini??o de estrat?gias e condu??o do tratamento convencional da obesidade infantil e da EHNA.

A obesidade atinge proporções alarmantes no Brasil e no mundo e é considerada desafio de saúde pública. Essa condição crônica exige preparo adequado dos profissionais de saúde e demanda formas inovadoras para seu enfrentamento. Assim, novas intervenções educativas têm sido propostas, vislumbrando maior aproximação das atividades de educação em saúde ao seu público. Uma dessas abordagens traz o uso de jogos digitais como uma ferramenta adicional em tratamentos e programas de educação em saúde voltados à criança. A partir disso, este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um serious game como uma estratégia educativa para crianças escolares portadoras de sobrepeso e obesidade. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa metodológica, aplicada e de corte transversal. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: desenvolvimento e avaliação da versão final do serious game; e inserção e avaliação do serious game em um programa de enfrentamento da obesidade infantil. O desenvolvimento da versão final do jogo foi por meio dos referenciais de Prochaska (2008), Schell (2008) e Novak (2010). A segunda etapa da pesquisa contou com toda a população de crianças pertencente ao -Programa de condicionamento físico com games interativos para crianças obesas e/ou sobrepeso? durante o período de janeiro a julho de 2017. Ao total, 13 crianças e seus respectivos responsáveis aceitaram participar do estudo. Realizou-se a identificação do perfil das crianças participantes do programa por meio de dados antropométricos, de questionários sobre as condições socioeconômicas, hábitos alimentares e de atividade física. A idade dos participantes variou de sete a 11 anos e os IMC variaram de 21,1 a 40,4, revelando escores Z acima do valor +2, referentes à obesidade e obesidade grave. O jogo foi apresentado às crianças ao final das atividades do Programa de condicionamento físico, de maneira individual. A versão final do jogo foi desenvolvida e disponibilizada online de forma gratuita ao público. O DigesTower foi bem recebido pelos participantes, que afirmaram ter imersão, motivação e estímulo para melhoria do seu conhecimento. No geral, as crianças afirmaram que aprenderam com o DigesTower a encarar os alimentos de outra forma e a diferenciar os mais saudáveis dos menos saudáveis, além da importância do exercício físico para a saúde. Espera-se que os resultados forneçam evidências que sustentem a importância do uso de ferramentas inovadoras que auxiliem intervenções educativas no âmbito da obesidade infantil. Ainda, almeja-se que este estudo auxilie futuras pesquisas em que seus objetos de estudo sejam o desenvolvimento de jogos digitais para crianças em geral / Obesity reaches alarming proportions in Brazil and worldwide and is considered a public health challenge. This chronic condition requires adequate preparation of health professionals and demands innovative ways to cope with it. Thus, new educational interventions have been proposed, seeking a closer approximation of health education activities to its public. One such approach involves the use of digital games as an additional tool in child-directed health education and treatment programs. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a serious game as an educational strategy for school children who are overweight and obese. It was a methodological, applied and cross-sectional research. The study was realized in two stages: development and evaluation of the final version of the serious game; and insertion and evaluation of the serious game in a program of coping with childhood obesity. The development of the final version of the game was through the references of Prochaska (2008), Schell (2008) and Novak (2010). The second stage of the research included the entire population of children belonging to the \"Physical fitness program with interactive games for obese and/or overweight children\" during the period from January to July of 2017. In total, 13 children and their respective parents accepted participate in the study. The profile of the children participating in the program was identified through anthropometric data, questionnaires on socioeconomic conditions, eating habits and physical activity. The participants\' ages ranged from seven to 11 years, and BMI ranged from 21.1 to 40.4, showing Z scores above the +2 value, referring to obesity and severe obesity. The game was presented to the children at the end of the activities of the Physical Fitness Program, individually. The final version of the game was developed and made available online for free to the public. DigesTower was well received by the participants, who said they had immersion, motivation and encouragement to improve their knowledge. Overall, the children said that they learned from DigesTower how to look at food differently and differentiate between healthier and less healthy, as well as the importance of physical exercise for health. The results are expected to provide evidence to support the importance of using innovative tools that support educational interventions in the context of childhood obesity. It is also hoped that this study will aid future research in which their objects of study are the development of digital games for children in general

A ingestão de alimentos e o gasto de energia, bem como os sinais de saciedade de curto prazo, podem ser regulados pelo peptídeo tirosina tirosina (PYY) secretado pelo trato gastrointestinal. Não é de conhecimento, até o momento, se há mudanças nos níveis de hormônios reguladores da saciedade, como o PYY, durante um ano de acompanhamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros. Também não se sabe se ocorre de fato mudança de comportamento alimentar ou de composição corporal com alteração nos níveis de hormônios PYY. Objetivo:Avaliar o perfil dos níveis séricos de PYY de adolescentes obesos atendidos ao longo de 12 meses em um programa ambulatorial de tratamento de obesidade (AmO) de um hospital público no Sul do Brasil e associá-lo com parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos e de comportamento alimentar. Método:Foram acompanhados 51 adolescentes obesos, durante 48 semanas, que receberam, em 12 consultas ambulatoriais mensais, recomendações de perda de peso baseadas em metas alimentares quantitativas e qualitativas e na redução de comportamento sedentário. Na primeira consulta (T0), em 24 semanas (T1) e em 48 semanas (T2) foram determinados os níveis séricos em jejum de PYY, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de alta densidade (c-HDL), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol de baixa densidade (c-LDL), insulina e glicemia, e foi aferida a circunferência abdominal (CA). Através de bioimpedância elétrica, foram medidas a Massa Gorda (%MG) e a Taxa Metabólica Basal (TMB). Foi ainda aplicado Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) para avaliar as dimensões do comportamento alimentar: restrição cognitiva (RC), descontrole alimentar (DA) e alimentação emocional (AE). Resultados: Ao longo de um ano (T0 a T2), houve aumento significativo dos níveis de PYY (r=-0,421; p=0,026), redução do peso inicial e da proporção de obesidade grave, redução significativa do escore-z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p<0,001) IMC (p=0,002), CT (p=0,003), TG (p=0,022), CA (p=0,003) e redução de indivíduos com c-LDL indesejados (p=0,016). Neste período, houve redução no escore do DA, evidenciando que os adolescentes se mostraram mais controlados (p=0,008) ao final do estudo. No entanto, este resultado foi independente do IMC e do escore-z do IMC (p=0,407). A redução do DA associou-se com uma melhora significativa dos níveis de insulina (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusão: A intervenção clínica com orientações nutricionais e comportamentais proposta no AmO mostrou que os adolescentes com obesidade, que mudam seu comportamento sedentário e aderem a uma alimentação equilibrada, apresentam redução do peso, aumento dos níveis de PYY e uma atitude alimentar mais controlada. / Food intake and energy expenditure, as well as short-term satiety signals, can be regulated by the peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. There is no evidence telling whether there are changes in levels of regulatory satiety hormones, such as PYY, at one year follow-up among obese Brazilian adolescents. It is also unknown if changes in PYY hormone levels lead to changes in feeding behavior or in body composition. Objective: To evaluate serum PYY levels in obese adolescents participating for 12 months in an outpatient obesity treatment program (AmO) in a public hospital in southern Brazil and determine if it is associated with biochemical, anthropometric and feeding behavior parameters. Methods: Fifty-one obese adolescents attended 12 monthly outpatient visits (a 48 week follow-up study), and received weight loss recommendations based on quantitative and qualitative eating targets and on reducing sedentary behavior. At each one of these visits [first appointment (T0), at week 24 (T1) and at week 48 (T2)], fasting serum levels of PYY, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), low-density cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin, glucose, and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. By bioelectrical impedance, body fat (% BF) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) were measured. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) was also completed in order to assess eating behavior dimensions: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (ED) and emotional eating (EE). Results: Over a year (T0 to T2), there was a significant increase in PYY (r = -0.421; p = 0.026), a reduction in weight and in prevalence of severe obesity, a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) z-score (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.002), TC (p = 0.003), TG (p = 0.022), and WC (p = 0.003) and a decrease in the number of individuals with undesirable LDL-c levels (p = 0.016). Over this period, there was a reduction in ED scores, showing that adolescents had more controlled eating behaviors (p = 0.008) at the end of the study. However, this result was independent of BMI and BMI z-score (p = 0.407). The reduction in ED was associated with a significant improvement in insulin levels (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusion: The clinical intervention with nutritional and behavioral guidelines proposed in AmO showed that adolescents with obesity, who change their sedentary behavior and adhere to a balanced diet, present weight reduction, increased PYY levels and a more controlled eating attitude.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-20T19:51:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DeysianneChagas.pdf: 5556350 bytes, checksum: a492aea1154f28f29e4ea1d0ea6b7bbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T19:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeysianneChagas.pdf: 5556350 bytes, checksum: a492aea1154f28f29e4ea1d0ea6b7bbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This study aimed to: analyze the total, direct and indirect effects of gestational weight gain in postpartum weight retention in 2607 women BRISA cohort and analyze the total, direct and indirect effects of gestational weight gain in the child’s body mass index in 3202 mother-child pairs of the BRISA cohort and 540 pairs mother-child pairs of the Generation XXI cohort. In the first paper the effects of gestational weight gain and breastfeeding on postpartum weight retention were evaluated using structural equation modeling. The variables used were age, socioeconomic status, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, breastfeeding duration, follow-up time after delivery and postpartum weight retention. Gestational weight gain had a positive total effect (standardized coefficient CP = 0.49, p<0.001) in retention postpartum weight while breastfeeding duration (CP = -0.10, p <0.001) had an negative total effect. In the second paper the effect of gestational weight gain in child’s body mass index in two birth cohorts with different levels of socioeconomic development was evaluated through path analysis, we have also used the following variables in the model: family income, maternal education, pre pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, birth weight and breastfeeding. The child’s body mass index was influenced by pre-pregnancy body mass index (CP = 0,127, p <0,001; CP = 0,252, p <0,001), weight gain during pregnancy (CP = 0,094, p <0,001; CP = 0,129, p = 0,003) and birth weight (CP = 0,164, p <0,001; CP = 0,230, p <0,001) in both cohorts, BRISA and Generation XXI, respectively. In the second paper the effect of gestational weight gain in child’s body mass index in two birth cohorts with different levels of socioeconomic development evaluated through path analysis. The variables used were BMI for age, family income, maternal education, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, birth weight and duration of breastfeeding. Gestational weight gain had a positive total effect on the child BMI in the Brazilian cohort (standardized coefficient (SC) = 0.094; p < 0.001) and in the Portuguese cohort (SC = 0.129; p = 0.003). In addition, pre-pregnancy BMI (SC = 0.127, p < 0.001; SC = 0.252, p < 0.001) and birth weight (SC = 0.164, p < 0.001; SC = 0.230, p < 0.001) also had direct effects on child BMI in both cohorts, respectively. Family income had a positive total effect (SC = 0.056, p = 0.004) only in BRISA cohort. Family income had a total positive effect (CP = 0.056, p = 0.004) only in BRISA cohort. It was observed that the postpartum weight retention and child’s body mass index were influenced by gestational weight gain in different ways. The gestational weight gain has a high magnitude of effect in the postpartum weight retention while the child’s body mass index its effect was of low magnitude. In addition, this survey showed two important results: the negative total effect of breastfeeding on postpartum weight retention and the total positive effect of family income on child’s body mass index only in BRISA cohort. Thus reducing the overweight prevalence in women of childbearing age and to monitor and ensure proper weight gain during pregnancy may be possible mechanisms to prevent excess maternal weight and infant after delivery. / O presente estudo teve como objetivos: analisar os efeitos total, indireto e direto do ganho de peso gestacional na retenção de peso pós-parto em 2607 mulheres da coorte BRISA e analisar os efeitos total, indireto e direto do ganho de peso gestacional no índice de massa corporal infantil em 3202 pares mães/filhos da coorte BRISA e 540 pares mães/filhos da coorte Geração XXI. No primeiro artigo os efeitos do ganho de peso gestacional e do aleitamento materno na retenção de peso pós-parto foram avaliados por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais. As variáveis utilizadas foram idade, situação socioeconômica, paridade, índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, ganho de peso gestacional, duração do aleitamento materno, tempo de acompanhamento após o parto e retenção de peso pós-parto. O ganho de peso gestacional apresentou um efeito total positivo (coeficiente padronizado CP = 0,49, p<0,001) na retenção de peso pós-parto enquanto a duração do aleitamento materno (CP = -0,10; p<0,001) apresentou efeito total negativo. No segundo artigo o efeito do ganho de peso gestacional no índice de massa corporal infantil de duas coortes de nascimento com diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento socioeconômico foi avaliado por meio de análise de caminhos. Foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis no modelo: renda familiar, escolaridade materna, índice de massa corporal pré gestacional, ganho de peso gestacional, peso ao nascer e aleitamento materno. As variáveis que apresentaram efeito total no índice de massa corporal infantil foram o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional (CP=0,127, p<0,001; CP=0,252, p<0,001), ganho de peso durante a gestação (CP=0,094, p<0,001; CP=0,129, p=0,003) e peso ao nascer (CP=0,164, p<0,001; CP=0,230, p<0,001) em ambas coortes, BRISA e Geração XXI, respectivamente. A renda familiar apresentou efeito total positivo (CP=0,056, p=0,004) apenas na coorte BRISA. No segundo artigo o efeito do ganho de peso gestacional no índice de massa corporal da criança em coortes de nascimentos com diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento socioeconômico foi avaliado por meio de análise de caminhos. As variáveis utilizadas foram IMC para a idade, renda familiar, escolaridade materna, IMC pré-gestacional, ganho de peso gestacional, peso ao nascer e duração do aleitamento materno. Ganho de peso gestacional teve um efeito total positivo no IMC infantil na coorte brasileira (coeficiente padronizado (SC) = 0,094; p <0,001) e na coorte portuguesa (SC = 0,129; p = 0,003). Além disso, IMC pré-gestacional (SC = 0,127, p <0,001; SC = 0,252, p <0,001) e peso ao nascer (SC = 0,164, p <0,001; SC = 0,230, p <0,001) também tiveram efeitos diretos sobre IMC infantil em ambos os grupos, respectivamente. A renda familiar teve um efeito total positivo (SC = 0,056, p = 0,004) apenas em BRISA coorte. Foi possível observar que a retenção de peso pós-parto e o índice de massa corporal infantil foram influenciados pelo ganho de peso gestacional de diferentes formas. O ganho de peso gestacional apresentou um efeito de alta magnitude na retenção de peso pós-parto enquanto que no índice de massa corporal infantil seu efeito foi de baixa magnitude. Além disso, esta pesquisa apontou dois resultados importantes: o efeito total negativo do aleitamento materno na retenção de peso pós-parto e o efeito total positivo da renda familiar no índice de massa corporal infantil apenas na coorte BRISA. Desta forma, reduzir as prevalências de excesso de peso em mulheres em idade fértil e monitorar e garantir o adequado ganho de peso durante a gestação podem ser possíveis mecanismos para prevenir o excesso de peso materno e infantil após o parto.

Childhood obesity is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and poses a health care burden. Child care facilities serve at the forefront in fighting childhood obesity among preschoolers. Since 2009, a significant shift has occurred in studying child care settings among children aged 3-5 in North Carolina and South Carolina in response to the rising rates of obesity in this population. Some of the hypothesized determinants of childhood obesity among preschoolers in North Carolina and South Carolina are outdoor activity, staff behavior, center's size and location. The purpose of this study was to investigate if significant relationships exist between childhood obesity and each one of these variables. This study was conducted within the framework of social cognitive theory within the contexts of the process of self-efficacy for realizing goals. A quantitative correlational design was used, while data were collected through Survey Monkey administering a closed end survey. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between childhood obesity and center size, location, outdoor activity and staff behavior. The Power analysis determined total of 110 participants (N=100) who worked in North and South Carolina Head Start facilities of preschool children aged 3-5. The multiple regression indicated significant contributions of the center size (â = .32, p = .001), the location (â = -.28, p = .002), the outdoor activity (â = -.25, p = .005), and staff behavior (â = .27, p = .008). Therefore, the overall null hypotheses were rejected. This study may help to effect positive social change through identifying the important barriers to minimizing the risk of obesity among preschool children, which in turn would help to inform policy for developing and implementing strategies to reduce risks of preschoolers' obesity.

A ingestão de alimentos e o gasto de energia, bem como os sinais de saciedade de curto prazo, podem ser regulados pelo peptídeo tirosina tirosina (PYY) secretado pelo trato gastrointestinal. Não é de conhecimento, até o momento, se há mudanças nos níveis de hormônios reguladores da saciedade, como o PYY, durante um ano de acompanhamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros. Também não se sabe se ocorre de fato mudança de comportamento alimentar ou de composição corporal com alteração nos níveis de hormônios PYY. Objetivo:Avaliar o perfil dos níveis séricos de PYY de adolescentes obesos atendidos ao longo de 12 meses em um programa ambulatorial de tratamento de obesidade (AmO) de um hospital público no Sul do Brasil e associá-lo com parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos e de comportamento alimentar. Método:Foram acompanhados 51 adolescentes obesos, durante 48 semanas, que receberam, em 12 consultas ambulatoriais mensais, recomendações de perda de peso baseadas em metas alimentares quantitativas e qualitativas e na redução de comportamento sedentário. Na primeira consulta (T0), em 24 semanas (T1) e em 48 semanas (T2) foram determinados os níveis séricos em jejum de PYY, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de alta densidade (c-HDL), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol de baixa densidade (c-LDL), insulina e glicemia, e foi aferida a circunferência abdominal (CA). Através de bioimpedância elétrica, foram medidas a Massa Gorda (%MG) e a Taxa Metabólica Basal (TMB). Foi ainda aplicado Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) para avaliar as dimensões do comportamento alimentar: restrição cognitiva (RC), descontrole alimentar (DA) e alimentação emocional (AE). Resultados: Ao longo de um ano (T0 a T2), houve aumento significativo dos níveis de PYY (r=-0,421; p=0,026), redução do peso inicial e da proporção de obesidade grave, redução significativa do escore-z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p<0,001) IMC (p=0,002), CT (p=0,003), TG (p=0,022), CA (p=0,003) e redução de indivíduos com c-LDL indesejados (p=0,016). Neste período, houve redução no escore do DA, evidenciando que os adolescentes se mostraram mais controlados (p=0,008) ao final do estudo. No entanto, este resultado foi independente do IMC e do escore-z do IMC (p=0,407). A redução do DA associou-se com uma melhora significativa dos níveis de insulina (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusão: A intervenção clínica com orientações nutricionais e comportamentais proposta no AmO mostrou que os adolescentes com obesidade, que mudam seu comportamento sedentário e aderem a uma alimentação equilibrada, apresentam redução do peso, aumento dos níveis de PYY e uma atitude alimentar mais controlada. / Food intake and energy expenditure, as well as short-term satiety signals, can be regulated by the peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. There is no evidence telling whether there are changes in levels of regulatory satiety hormones, such as PYY, at one year follow-up among obese Brazilian adolescents. It is also unknown if changes in PYY hormone levels lead to changes in feeding behavior or in body composition. Objective: To evaluate serum PYY levels in obese adolescents participating for 12 months in an outpatient obesity treatment program (AmO) in a public hospital in southern Brazil and determine if it is associated with biochemical, anthropometric and feeding behavior parameters. Methods: Fifty-one obese adolescents attended 12 monthly outpatient visits (a 48 week follow-up study), and received weight loss recommendations based on quantitative and qualitative eating targets and on reducing sedentary behavior. At each one of these visits [first appointment (T0), at week 24 (T1) and at week 48 (T2)], fasting serum levels of PYY, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), low-density cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin, glucose, and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. By bioelectrical impedance, body fat (% BF) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) were measured. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) was also completed in order to assess eating behavior dimensions: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (ED) and emotional eating (EE). Results: Over a year (T0 to T2), there was a significant increase in PYY (r = -0.421; p = 0.026), a reduction in weight and in prevalence of severe obesity, a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) z-score (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.002), TC (p = 0.003), TG (p = 0.022), and WC (p = 0.003) and a decrease in the number of individuals with undesirable LDL-c levels (p = 0.016). Over this period, there was a reduction in ED scores, showing that adolescents had more controlled eating behaviors (p = 0.008) at the end of the study. However, this result was independent of BMI and BMI z-score (p = 0.407). The reduction in ED was associated with a significant improvement in insulin levels (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusion: The clinical intervention with nutritional and behavioral guidelines proposed in AmO showed that adolescents with obesity, who change their sedentary behavior and adhere to a balanced diet, present weight reduction, increased PYY levels and a more controlled eating attitude.