A Ilha de Sacalina é resultado da viagem do escritor russo Anton Tchékhov à colônia penal de Sacalina, em 1890, e o relato completo foi publicado em 1895, rico em detalhes demográficos e observações sobre os habitantes do local. Este trabalho apresenta a análise da obra a partir da figura do narrador e de seu olhar marcado pela ciência e pela literatura. Tchékhov construiu um narrador em primeira pessoa com base em suas duas profissões e, consequentemente, identidades: a do médico e a do escritor. Da ciência para a literatura, da população para o indivíduo, da natureza para uma casa, do macro para o micro, o narrador integra um texto objetivo com o subjetivo para fazer uma crítica ao sistema penal russo. O olhar científico herdado da medicina é exposto ao lado da perspectiva subjetiva da literatura e o resultado dessa união é a asseveração de um inferno simbólico e real tanto para os habitantes da colônia como para o próprio narrador. / Sakhalin Island is the result of the Russian writer Anton Chekhov\'s trip to the penal colony of Sacalina in 1890. The complete report was published in 1895, rich in demographic details and observations on the inhabitants of the place. This dissertation presents an analysis of the book from the figure of the narrator and his look marked by science and literature. Chekhov constructed a first person narrator based on his two professions and, consequently, identities: the doctor and the writer. From science to literature, from population to an individual, from nature to a house, from macro to micro, the narrator integrates an objective text with the subjective one to criticize the Russian penal system. The scientific look inherited from medicine is exposed alongside the subjective, literature perspective and the result of this union is an assertion of a symbolic and real hell for both the inhabitants of the colony and the narrator himself.

A Ilha de Sacalina é resultado da viagem do escritor russo Anton Tchékhov à colônia penal de Sacalina, em 1890, e o relato completo foi publicado em 1895, rico em detalhes demográficos e observações sobre os habitantes do local. Este trabalho apresenta a análise da obra a partir da figura do narrador e de seu olhar marcado pela ciência e pela literatura. Tchékhov construiu um narrador em primeira pessoa com base em suas duas profissões e, consequentemente, identidades: a do médico e a do escritor. Da ciência para a literatura, da população para o indivíduo, da natureza para uma casa, do macro para o micro, o narrador integra um texto objetivo com o subjetivo para fazer uma crítica ao sistema penal russo. O olhar científico herdado da medicina é exposto ao lado da perspectiva subjetiva da literatura e o resultado dessa união é a asseveração de um inferno simbólico e real tanto para os habitantes da colônia como para o próprio narrador. / Sakhalin Island is the result of the Russian writer Anton Chekhov\'s trip to the penal colony of Sacalina in 1890. The complete report was published in 1895, rich in demographic details and observations on the inhabitants of the place. This dissertation presents an analysis of the book from the figure of the narrator and his look marked by science and literature. Chekhov constructed a first person narrator based on his two professions and, consequently, identities: the doctor and the writer. From science to literature, from population to an individual, from nature to a house, from macro to micro, the narrator integrates an objective text with the subjective one to criticize the Russian penal system. The scientific look inherited from medicine is exposed alongside the subjective, literature perspective and the result of this union is an assertion of a symbolic and real hell for both the inhabitants of the colony and the narrator himself.

Submitted by Hugo Giazzi Senhorini null (hugogiazzi@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-04T17:38:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - versão final.pdf: 1000536 bytes, checksum: 19a7d076f6a91f56985e231e39658bda (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-06T14:34:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 senhorini_hg_me_sjrp.pdf: 1000536 bytes, checksum: 19a7d076f6a91f56985e231e39658bda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T14:34:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 senhorini_hg_me_sjrp.pdf: 1000536 bytes, checksum: 19a7d076f6a91f56985e231e39658bda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This dissertation aims to discuss expressions of modernity in In the Penal Colony by Franz Kafka. More precisely, it discusses how this literary work explores and critically represents worldly elements such as extreme rationalization, and disorientation of the modern individual. This work is the result of an investigation which works with the hypothesis that it is possible to read Kafka’s narrative as an allegorical representation of modernity itself. The first chapter of this text discusses, based on philosophical and sociological sources, some of the most characteristic phenomena of that which is understood as modernity, in order to eventually formulate a sufficiently stable concept of modernity that may support the subsequent literary analysis. Within this discussion, a concept such as the Disenchantment of the world receives special attention. In addition, modern literature and Modernism are exposed in the first chapter. The second chapter introduces, firstly, a brief critical revision on Kafka’s oeuvre. Subsequently, it presents the reading of In the Penal Colony, which is separated in two parts, or two “levels”. The first level exposes an immanent analysis of the narrative, and its meaningful, more formal elements are outlined, thus creating, through this close-reading process, an array of interpretative elements that are supported by the literary text; in the reading’s second level, the elements outlined by the previous analysis are related and studied in relation to the modern world elements as these have been previously defined. Thus, the second chapter tries to build an interpretation of the narrative that can outline and comprehend, in a cohesive reading, the exploration, expression, and criticism of those modern characteristics made by the literary work. This process verifies that Kafka’s work can, on an interpretative level, express modernity critically, and rebuild it within a complex allegorical construction. / A presente dissertação discute expressões da modernidade em Na colônia penal, de Franz Kafka. Mais precisamente, discute a maneira como essa obra literária explora e representa criticamente elementos de mundo como a racionalização extrema e a desorientação do indivíduo moderno. Este trabalho é fruto de uma investigação que considera a hipótese de que é possível ler a narrativa de Kafka como uma figuração alegórica da própria modernidade. O primeiro capítulo do texto discute, a partir de fontes filosóficas e sociológicas, alguns dos fenômenos mais característicos daquilo que se entende como modernidade, para eventualmente formular um conceito de modernidade suficientemente estável, que possa embasar a análise literária posterior. Nesse caminho, um conceito como o de desencantamento do mundo recebe especial atenção. O segundo capítulo introduz uma breve revisão crítica sobre a obra de Kafka; depois disso, constrói-se a leitura de Na colônia penal, que está dividida em duas partes, ou dois “níveis”. No primeiro nível, apresenta-se uma análise imanentista da narrativa, e são ressaltados os seus elementos significativos mais formais, criando-se, a partir desse processo de close-reading, uma rede de elementos interpretativos que se fundam no próprio texto; no segundo nível da leitura, relacionam-se os elementos que a análise literária traz à tona àqueles fenômenos de mundo reconhecidamente modernos, isto é, busca-se construir uma interpretação da obra que ressalte e compreenda, numa rede coesa de sentido, a exploração, exposição e crítica, por parte da obra literária, das características da modernidade conforme as reconhecemos e definimos no primeiro capítulo. Nesse processo, verifica-se que a obra de Kafka pode expressar criticamente a modernidade e representá-la em uma construção alegórica complexa.

Existe-t-il un mythe littéraire du forçat ? Peut-on dire que le roman de forçat est un genre voire un sous-genre littéraire ? A ces deux problématiques nous tentons de répondre dans notre thèse. Nous donnons tout d’abord une définition historique, sociale et physiologique du forçat, puis, en nous appuyant sur la notion de « bassin sémantique » établie par Gilbert Durand, nous analysons différents mythes et mythèmes tels que le diable, Napoléon ou encore le surhomme. Ce qui nous amène à la conclusion suivante que le forçat est bien un mythe littéraire. En prenant ensuite comme paradigme le roman de Ponson du Terrail, Le Bagne de Toulon, nous établissons une grille de lecture des thèmes et motifs récurrents – le bagne, l’évasion, la paternité, la poursuite ou encore la vengeance - que l’on peut trouver dans les romans où cette figure apparaît. Nous voyons enfin comment ce personnage est représenté dans la littérature étrangère et les formes qu’il a pu prendre depuis la période classique jusqu’à nos jours, galérien, bagnard et prisonnier. Nous montrons également qu’il a trouvé sa place aussi bien dans le théâtre que le cinéma et qu’il s’est imposé en tant que héros de la paralittérature : polar, science-fiction, western, roman d’aventures, bande-dessinée, etc. Par ailleurs, nous examinons, à travers l’œuvre d’Albert Londres et Henri Charrière, comment le récit de témoignage a contribué à la renaissance du roman de forçat. Le roman de forçat a encore de beaux jours devant lui comme l’illustrent les réécritures d’œuvres célèbres telles que Les Misérables ou Le Comte de Monte Cristo. / Is there such thing as a literary myth about the convict ? Can we say that literature dealing with convicts is a genre or even a sub-genre? These are the two issues we will adress in our thesis. First we give a historical, social and physiological definition of the convict ; the notion of “bassin sémantique” as established by Gilbert Durand, helps us analyse different myths and mythemes, such as the devil, Napoleon or even the superman and this leads us to the conclusion that the convict as a literary myth does exist. Secondly, we use the Bagne de Toulon by Ponson du Terrail as a pattern to discuss the recurrent themes and motives pervading the novels where such a figure appears : penal colony, escape, paternity, pursuit or even revenge. At last ,we consider the way this character is represented in foreign literature and the different forms it has taken since the classical period until to-day, whether it be galley slave, convict or prisoner. We also show that it is also present in other genres such as the theatre or the cinema and that it features prominently in marginal literature : detective novel, science-fiction, western, adventure story, comic strip. Besides, we examine how the accounts of Albert Londres and Henry Charrière contributed to a rebirth of the convict novel for which , as is illustrated by the rewriting of famous works such as les Misérables or The Count of Monte Cristo there are good times ahead .

En un siècle troublé, né du séisme de 1789, le bagne, lieu de fracture, peut se comprendre comme le modèle spatial du doute, de la contrainte et de la souffrance, des fins et des commencements. Surtout, il est le fondateur du forçat, personnage de tous les paradoxes, repoussant les limites, animé de la fièvre des résurrections. Dans un roman cherchant à affirmer son identité, au milieu des récriminations d’une Histoire en mouvement, que signifie le surgissement en littérature, comme une invitation à imaginer l’inimaginable, de cet homme déchu, de ce coupable révélé, qui ne se satisfait d’aucune finitude et représente pourtant la finitude elle-même ? A la frontière de la réalité et du mythe, le bagnard, cet être du dehors, éclairé de la lumière étrange que projette sur lui le lieu extrême du bagne, apparaît comme un personnage nécessaire à la mise en place du roman, pêle-mêle vindicatif d’observations et d’inventions, composé du silence et de la parole. Il réunit en effet les cheminements de la différence et de la quête propres aux drames romanesques. Cet être de l’opposition – chez Victor Hugo, Balzac, Paul Féval ou encore George Sand – s’impose donc ainsi qu’un héros. L’imagination des romanciers le transfigure et lui offre le pouvoir du symbole. Comme le Titan révolté de l’Antiquité, le forçat romanesque du XIXe siècle suggère la vérité mythique d’une humanité à la recherche du sens. / In a troubled century, ensuing from the upheaval of 1789, the penal colony, place of divide, can be interpreted as a spatial model of doubt, constraint and suffering, of endings and beginnings. Above all, it is the founder of the convict, character of multiple paradoxes, pushing back the limits, motivated by the heat of resurrections of a History in motion, what is the meaning of the emergence, in literature, as an invitation to imagine the unimaginable, of that fallen man, that uncovered culprit, who is not satisfied with any finiteness yet stands for finiteness himself? Halfway through reality and myth, the convict, that man from outside, lit up by the weird light that the extreme place that is the penal colony sheds on him, appears as a necessary character for the setting up of the novel, vindictive hodge-podge of observations and inventions, made of silence and speech. It links, indeed, the development of the notions of difference and quest that are inherent to fictional drama. This being of opposition – in the works of Victor Hugo, Balzac, Paul Féval or else George Sand – imposes himself as a hero. The imagination of the novelist transfigures him and gives him the power of the symbol. As the rebellious Titan of Antiquity, the convict of the 19th century suggests the mythic truth of mankind in search of meaning.

This study explores the nature of writing and the sorts of presence that writing gives us access to. This understanding of writing includes not only all speaking and all writing in the narrow sense of marks on a page, but goes beyond this to include the sense in which Derrida uses the term ‘writing’ in Of Grammatology, to mean a broad and complex process of the construction of textual traces or presences necessarily brought about through the structural mechanism of difference inherent in the writing process (Derrida, 1997). This study argues that writing is a system that creates Subjects or selves as the writing happens. It suggests that writing is a remarkable site from which to explore the construction of selves, because it gives us access to (partially) identifiable presences, in the apparent absence of the writer. It goes on to demonstrate that this identity can be distinguished through written traces of difference left for the reader to decipher, by analysing different aspects of the plot and writing devices in Peter Greenaway’s film The Pillow Book and in Kafka’s short story In the Penal Colony. These two texts are considered particularly relevant to this study, in that they both explicitly deal with the contradictory nature of writing and how it relates to the Being (there or the contextualised Being of Dasein) and being (in general), the life and death, the empowerment and destruction of the Subjects that writing sets up. Both texts explore salient aspects of writing on the human body. The study uses these texts as a platform for speculation about the kind of presence that can be traced through writing, and proposes that the written Subject is multiple, contradictory and reflexive, connected and related, and that it is impermanent and has a deferred presence. Finally, this written Subject is also explored in the context of Foucault’s expositions of the self in texts such as Technologies of the self (Foucault, 1994) and ‘What is an Author?’ (Foucault, 1977) in answer to his question Who are we in the present, what is this fragile moment from which we can’t detach our identity and which will carry our identity away with itself? (Foucault, 1994:xviii) Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Philosophy / unrestricted

Le personnage du forçat est omniprésent dans la littérature française du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle. La représentation du monde des travaux forcés dans les bagnes portuaires et plus tard extra-métropolitains est à la croisée de la représentation plus large de la criminalité au XIXe siècle, selon un développement historique concomitant avec l’expansion coloniale. Les faits divers, ces petits bulletins d’alerte lancés comme une basse continue sur la cité, changent la manière de percevoir la criminalité. Obéissant à une structure particulière, le fait divers va remodeler la représentation littéraire de la criminalité. C’est ici qu’intervient le personnage du forçat. En effet, jouissant d’un statut particulier (mort/vivant/revenant), il offre aux romanciers des « conditions de possibilité » inédites jusque-là dans le monde des lettres. Jean Valjean, Monte-Cristo et Chéri-Bibi, pour ne citer que les plus connus, sont devenus des modèles dans ce qu’on peut appeler le « roman de la chiourme », (sous)-genre qui se développe en France à partir de 1830. Ainsi, Valjean donnera l’archétype du « forçat innocent », le converti miraculé et la réincarnation de Jésus-Christ. Monte-Cristo sera le Vengeur par excellence, dont le parcours donnera le modèle du genre – la vengeance étant un topos inévitable de la littérature populaire du XIXe siècle et jusqu’à nos jours. Chéri-Bibi quant à lui, au début du XXe siècle, incarne un tournant dans l’histoire du genre ; il serait au roman de la chiourme ce que Don Quichotte fut pour le roman de chevalerie : une somme et un dépassement. L’étude que nous proposons, centrée sur la « genèse et la structure » du roman du bagne, est un voyage à rebours dans l’histoire de ce genre qui ne dit pas son nom. / The character of convict is omnipresent in French literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The representation of the world of hard labor in metropolitan and colonial prisons is at the crossroads of the broader representation of crime in the nineteenth century, according to a concomitant historical development with colonial expansion. The miscellaneous news, these little newsletters launched continually on the city, change the way of perceiving crime. Obeying a specific structure, this type of news will reshape the literary representation of crime. This is where the character of the convict comes in. Indeed, enjoying a special status (dead/alive/revenant), it offers novelists "conditions of possibility" unseen until then in the world of letters. Jean Valjean, Monte-Cristo and Chéri-Bibi, to name only the well known, have become models in what we can call the "novel of the convicts", literary (sub)-genre which develops in France from 1830 onwards. Thus, Valjean will give the archetype of the "innocent convict", the miraculous convert and the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. Monte-Cristo will be the Avenger par excellence, whose course will be the model of the genre - revenge being an inevitable topos of popular literature of the nineteenth century and until today. As for Chéri-Bibi, at the beginning of the twentieth century, embodies a turning point in the history of gender; it would be to the novel of the convict what Don Quixote was for the chivalric romance: a sum and a surpassing. The study we propose, oriented on the "genesis and structure" of the prison novel, is a reverse journey in history of this literary genre that does not say its name.