Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Infrastructure and related services are crucial for facilitating economic activities, creating employment opportunities and generating economic growth. The African continent has a huge infrastructure gap estimated by the World Bank at US$75 billion per annum. However, the current levels of public sector resources and foreign capital inflows in Africa are insufficient to fund this infrastructure gap. Africa, therefore, needs to explore new sources of funding to finance its infrastructure backlog. It is then natural that Africa should encourage the private sector to invest in the infrastructure sector. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the worldwide funded pensions market is about US$24.6 trillion of which US$16.2 trillion is held by pension funds (Inderst, 2009). Infrastructure investments provide important benefits including long-term and inflation-hedged cash revenues which are compatible with pension fund interests. Pension funds around the world have been already investing in infrastructure assets, for example in Latin America, Australia, Canada and the United States of America (US) amongst others. However, such experiences of pension fund participation in infrastructure financing in Africa are very rare. Anecdotal evidence suggests that African pension funds currently manage assets of about US$300 billion. If a small portion of the pension fund assets could be invested in infrastructure projects in Africa, the continent’s infrastructure gap could be partly addressed. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), a programme of the African Union, seeks to address the infrastructure gap and mobilise the necessary resources domestically and from outside the continent. NEPAD, together with the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the regional economic communities, has developed an Infrastructure Plan for Africa. This study explores the possibility of utilising some of the Africa pension fund assets for infrastructure investments especially in the NEPAD infrastructure projects. The global trends in pension fund investments in infrastructure are reviewed to propose a model for infrastructure investments by African pension funds and some recommendations are put forward on how to increase such investments. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Infrastruktuur en verwante dienste is krities vir die fasilitering van ekonomiese aktiwiteite, die skep van werksgeleenthede en om ekonomiese groei te genereer. Die Afrika-kontinent het ’n groot infrastruktuur-gaping wat deur die Wêreldbank op US$75 biljoen per jaar beraam word. Die huidige vlakke van openbare-sektor hulpbronne en buitelandse kapitaalinvloei is egter onvoldoende om hierdie infrastruktuur-gaping te befonds. Afrika moet daarom nuwe bronne vir befondsing ondersoek om sy infrastruktuur agterstand te befonds. Dit is dan natuurlik dat Afrika die privaatsektor sal aanmoedig om in die infrastruktuur-sektor te belê. Volgens die Organisasie vir Ekonomiese Samewerking en Ontwikkeling (OECD), is die wêreldwye pensioenmark omtrent US$24.6 triljoen waarvan US$16.2 triljoen deur pensioenfondse gehou word (Inderst, 2009). Infrastruktuur-beleggings bied belangrike voordele insluitend langtermyn- en inflasie-verskanste kontantinkomstes wat versoenbaar is met pensioenfonds belange. Pensioenfondse regoor die wêreld het alreeds begin om in infrastruktuurbates te belê, byvoorbeeld in Latyns-Amerika, Australië, Kanada en in die Verenigde State van Amerika. Sulke gevalle van pensioenfonds deelname aan infrastruktuur-finansiering in Afrika is egter seldsaam. Daar word gespekuleer dat Afrika se pensioenfondse tans bates bestuur van ongeveer US$300 biljoen. As ’n klein gedeelte van die pensioenfondsbates in infrastruktuur-projekte in Afrika belê kon word, sou die kontinent se infrastruktuur-gaping gedeeltelik aangespreek word. Die nuwe vennootskap vir Afrika se ontwikkeling (New Partnership for Africa’s Development, NEPAD), ‘n program van die Afrika Unie, streef daarna om die infrastruktuur gaping aan te spreek en die nodige hulpbronne binnelands en van buite die kontinent te mobiliseer. NEPAD, tesame met die Afrika Ontwikkelingsbank (AfDB) en die streek se ekonomiese gemeenskappe, het ’n infrastruktuur-plan vir Afrika ontwikkel. Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikheid om ’n gedeelte van Afrika se pensioenfondsbates vir infrastruktuur-beleggings aan te wend, veral in die NEPAD infrastruktuur-projekte. Die wêreldwye neigings in pensioenfondsbeleggings in infrastruktuur word ondersoek om ’n model voor te stel vir infrastruktuur-beleggings deur Afrika pensioenfondse en ’n paar aanbevelings word gemaak om sodanige beleggings te verhoog.

In the present work we study the economic capital of pension funds and their possible extension into the new concept of Solvency II. The main task is to examine the risks that are characteristic for pension fund activity. We use several modified stress simulations, which we model using a virtual model of pension fund. Primarily we focus on changes in net asset value (NAV) which is used in standard formula for calculation of the solvency capital requirement (SCR). In conclusion, we evaluate the possible impact of applications Solvency II to pension funds, the resulting economic capital and solvency of modeled pension fund.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiana.pdf: 1322112 bytes, checksum: 629e37bc4d368536d99b44eaa77404a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-28 / From the historical evolution of the pension fund, in Brazil and in the world, it is possible to affirm that the pension fund had its remote origin in charity acts. Men self-organized to protect themselves against situations of necessity. However, with the industrialization process, the facts disclosed the impossibility of this mutual aid to be relegated to the mere benevolence of the individuals, and it was necessary that the State assume the function to provide social security. Thus, in the fight for social rights, the State started to be the supplier of the social necessities. Initially, it was judged that the transference of this attribution to the State would have to be total, guaranteeing the maximum protection to the workers (German Bismarkian commutative concept). However, the Report elaborated by the English economist, William Beveridge, pointed to the model of social protection totally relegated to the State as utopia and, thus, it waived the necessity of the private society to contribute with the State in this function. Thus, it introduced pension fund as an integrated element of the system of social protection, designed to cover the residual necessities not taken care of by the public system (which offered only the necessary minimum benefits for survival). Despite this ideal having been incorporated in the Brazilian legal system by the Law nº 6,435/77, it was only in 1988, with the publication of the Constitutional Amendment nº 20/98, that the pension fund gained constitutional status, starting to integrate the system of the social security of the Country. Taxation has an important role for integration of the State-society partnership, in the provision of action and services destined to well-being and social justice, stimulating the formation of the pension fund, without relegating its income redistribution function. The purpose is, thus, to demonstrate that taxation is essential in the consolidation of a new social order, that emerges with the intention to conciliate a state model of minimum social protection with an independent private model (complementary) / A partir da evolução histórica da previdência, no Brasil e no mundo, é possível afirmar que a previdência teve sua origem remota em atos de caridade. Os homens, para se protegerem contra as situações de necessidade, se auto-organizavam. No entanto, com o processo de industrialização, os fatos revelavam a impossibilidade dessa ajuda mútua ser relegada à mera benevolência dos indivíduos, era necessário que o Estado assumisse a função de prover a segurança social. Assim, na luta pela conquista dos direitos sociais, a Estado passou a ser o provedor das necessidades sociais. Em um primeiro momento, julgava-se que a transferência desta atribuição ao Estado deveria ser total, garantindo-se o máximo de proteção aos trabalhadores (concepção comutativa bismarkiana / alemã). No entanto, o Relatório elaborado pelo economista inglês, Willian Beveridge, apontou o modelo de proteção social totalmente relegado ao Estado como uma utopia e, assim, acenou para a necessidade de a sociedade privada contribuir com o Estado nessa função. Assim, apresentou a previdência privada como elemento integrativo do sistema de proteção social, destinada a cobrir as necessidades residuais não atendidas pelo sistema público, que oferecia apenas os benefícios mínimos necessários para a sobrevivência. Apesar desse ideário ter sido incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pela Lei nº 6.435/77, foi apenas em 1988, com a publicação da Emenda Constitucional nº 20/98, que a previdência privada ganhou status constitucional, passando a integrar o sistema de Seguridade Social do País. Para integração da parceria Estado-Sociedade na articulação de ações e serviços destinados ao bem-estar e à justiça social, a tributação exerce importantíssimo papel, estimulando a formação da poupança previdenciária, sem relegar sua função redistribuidora de rendimentos. O objetivo é, assim, demonstrar que a tributação é imprescindível na consolidação de uma nova ordem social, que emerge com o propósito de conciliar um modelo estatal de proteção social mínima com um modelo (complementar) autônomo e privado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Loana Rios Andrade Lima Bartolotti.pdf: 7292119 bytes, checksum: 78f2ea4114d00cb3c6cc026f96e744a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study has as objective to analyze the impact of Varig's bankruptcy for the laid off and retired people from that company in their conditions of existence, focusing on the impacts of layoffs and loss of rights with the intervention of Aerus. It examines the consequences of a financial lawsuit which withdrew the rights of social protection of workers from that company. It deals with the creation and collapse of Varig company established in 1927, emphasizing the Ruben Berta Foundation and the Aerus pension fund. The historical reconstruction of the company by means of documents and bibliographies is enriched by interviews. It makes use of oral history to characterize the transformations in the everyday life of workers and their families from bankruptcy. There are thirty-two testimonies collected in this research that aggregate eighteen laid off workers and fourteen retired ones who occupied different positions in the company for over 15 years. The company's bankruptcy in July 2006 had an impact not only on their employees, but on much of the national society and was part of a process of changing the standard operation of Brazilian transportation airlines. Among the main causes of the bankruptcy of Varig, the following stand out: the exhaustion of the management of a national airline company of transportation that, although of quality, was placed in conflict with the interests of the economic and political situation of the country coupled with the lack of interest from the government to maintain that model of business management. Since the "hard landing" of Varig, their laid off and retired workers still struggle and hope for a future that brings back their dignity consistent with their story of hard work and dedication to the great airline company / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o impacto da falência da Varig, para os demitidos e aposentados dessa empresa, nas suas condições de existência, enfocando as demissões e perdas de direitos com a intervenção no Fundo de Pensão Complementar Aerus. Examina as sequelas de um processo jurídicofinanceiro que retirou direitos de proteção social dos trabalhadores daquela empresa. Ocupa-se da criação e falência da empresa Varig, criada em 1927, dando ênfase à Fundação Ruben Berta (FRB) e ao Aerus. A reconstrução histórica da empresa, feita por meio de documentos e bibliografias, é enriquecida por depoimentos. Vale-se da história oral para caracterizar as transformações ocorridas no cotidiano de vida dos trabalhadores e de suas famílias a partir da falência da empresa. São 32 depoimentos colhidos na pesquisa, que agregam 18 trabalhadores demitidos e 14 aposentados, que ocuparam diferentes cargos na empresa ao longo de mais de 15 anos. A falência da empresa, em julho de 2006, causou impacto não somente em seus funcionários, mas em grande parte da sociedade nacional e fez parte de um processo que alterou o padrão operacional da viação aérea brasileira. Dentre as causas principais de falência da Varig, destaca-se o esgotamento do modelo de gestão da empresa nacional de viação aérea que, embora de qualidade, se colocava em confronto com os interesses da conjuntura econômico-política do País, somada à ausência de interesse do governo em manter aquele modelo de gestão empresarial. Desde o pouso forçado da Varig, seus trabalhadores, demitidos e aposentados, ainda lutam e esperam por um futuro que faça retornar a dignidade compatível com sua história de trabalho e dedicação à grande empresa aérea

提撥原則是固定給付退休基金所必須特別重視的經營策略，提撥率為基金贊助者定期提撥於未來成員退休給付的準備金。過高的提撥率會造成基金管理上的財務壓力，退休金計劃採行相對提撥方式，將同時加重基金贊助者與基金成員的財務負擔，而過低的提撥率則會造成退休給付的準備金不足，將使退休基金未來面臨無力清償成員退休給付的困境，因此適當且長期穩定的提撥原則成為退休基金決策者的經營目標，而必須特別重視基金的財務風險管理。 本研究著重於探討如何數量化退休基金經營的穩定性與安全性，陳述隨機控制理論的觀點，應用動態規劃的發展結果，建立基金於離散時間的動態回饋控制模型，仔細探討並說明Haberman與Sung (1994)及Chang (1999a)所定義基金管理者的風險測度，使退休基金最主要的兩種經營風險，亦即提撥穩定性的風險（contribution rate risk）和財務清償的風險（solvency risk）能夠於基金財務規劃的期限內達到最小值，風險測度可提供決策者客觀衡量基金經營時的風險指標，表達有別於會計帳面之財務數字外有效的財務資訊。利用最適化的概念與給定參數及遞迴條件的限制下，計算基金於財務規劃期間內的最適提撥金額。 最後，我們以台灣公務人員退撫基金為研究對象進行數值分析，由實例分析的流程我們詳細探討最適化理論與實際財務評估的應用過程，且最適的結果可以提供退休基金決策者更詳盡且及時的財務資訊，輔助退休基金管理者於多期決策的擬定過程。 / Funding policy is the crucial management decision in the defined benefit pension schemes. The plan sponsor is required to calculate the contribution rate and accumulate in advance as he reserve for the future contingent retirement and ancillary obligations for the plan members. High contribution results an accelerating financial burden for the plan sponsor, while low contribution might endanger the financial solvency of the plan. The appropriate and stable contributions become the goal of the plan manager in setting up his funding policy. Hence financial risk management in attaining the goal is especially vital to be examined. The study emphasizes on quantifying the mismanage risks in pension valuation. The stability and solvency issues are included in our financial risk management. Stochastic control is also reviewed and the methodology of the dynamic programming is explored. The performance measure proposed in Haberman and Sung (1994) and Chang (1999a) are employed to scrutinize the contribution rate risk and solvency risk. The risk measurement can provide extra information in disclosing the risk index for the plan sponsor. The results gain operative information besides the traditional accounting reporting. The optimal contribution based on managerial consideration can be implemented through dynamic mechanisms under the given demographic and economic parameters and the plan recursive constraints. Finally, Taiwan public employees retirement system (Tai-PERS) is illustrated to investigate the optimal results and funding levels through the proposed model. The optimal results can response the updated financial information and assist the plan manager in policy making under the multi-frameworks.

針對各國普遍面臨人口結構逐漸老化、退休人口增加問題，世界銀行曾提出應建立至少三層保障的養老制度之呼籲；而我國迄今尚未建構出一套全面性之老年經濟生活安全保障制度，現有退休制度係依國民職業身分作為區分基礎。近幾年政府財政日趨惡化，加以國內經濟景氣不佳，失業率節節升高，公務人員由於工作與薪資相對較為穩定，其退休給付亦較完備；因此，遂引起各界對公務人員退休給付及其條件之合理及公平性的諸多討論。而公務人員退撫基金管理良窳，除攸關公務人員退休權益，亦牽涉政府最後給付責任，在政府可用資源相對減少下，如何防範政治力介入，暨因應現有制度與管理上的若干缺失，避免未來發生嚴重財務危機，均為本研究之重點。 本研究採取文獻探討、比較研究法，並輔以德菲爾法（Delphi Method）、問卷調查等方法，就公平及管理角度檢視現行公務人員退休制度所存在之缺失及具體改進之道。研究結果發現大多數受訪者認為我國對老年經濟生活安全之保障，與個人從事職業別有很大關聯；除軍公教人員以外之其他職域與非工資勞動者的老年經濟生活保障普遍不足，故在制度比較上常衍生出差別性待遇公平性問題；而退撫基金經營決策又常有政治力介入，特別是政經情勢不穩定時，除非逐漸民營化，政府僅擔任監督者角色，否則既使修法明定政府干預、挪用基金等限制條文，只要仍維持現行制度精神，由政府管理，便很難防範政治力介入該基金之實際運作。 基此，本研究提出下述幾點建議：1.政府應致力提升其他職域（身分）人員之老年經濟生活安全保障；2.公務人員請領月退休金年齡條件應予以延後，並適度降低現行給付水準；3.研議增訂彈性退休規定，並研酌展期年金及減額年金之可行性；4.宜朝向「確定給付制」兼採「確定提撥制」混合制方向發展，並逐步提高「確定提撥制」比例及採個人退休金帳戶制；5.修法明確規範退撫基金提撥率之調整機制，以健全基金財務結構；6.宜逐步增加退撫基金國外投資配置比例；7.應研酌未達法定最低收益由國庫補足差額之規定，以免否對資產長期配置造成扭曲；8.對於有價證券之投資應改採市價法評價，以反映基金資產真實價值；9.加強退撫基金財務資訊公開，以利全體投保人之監督；10.現行基金管理與監理組織，可研酌精簡合併為一獨立專業監理機關。11.修法使退撫基金經營管理趨向私有化與自由化。 / To confront the ever growing ageing trend and consequent retirement tide, the World Bank has contended three pillars of old age security over the past few years. The ROC government, however, has not yet launched a national pension scheme to ensure the elderly economic security so far although the Plan has been worked out for some time. The country is currently adopting a retirement system based on people’s occupation. Civil servants all along enjoy relatively sound and stabilized retirement benefits even under the aggravating financial difficulties and the economy recession. Together with the increasing unemployment rate, this phenomenon has augmented a great deal of discussion with regard to its fairness. In addition, since the government has played significant role in terms of Pension Fund Management, how to prevent political intervention and avoid mismanagement particularly during economic crisis certainly deserve close scrutiny. In light of the aforementioned, this study, based on literature review, survey, and Delphi, focuses on the fairness and management perspectives of the existing pension system for civil servants. It is found that most interviewees agree that civil servants comparatively enjoy better retirement benefits than the rest of the population since the current pension system has been designed on occupational basis. It is further observed by the interviewees that political intervention does exist in terms of Pension Fund Management especially during economic recession. It is thus harbored that perhaps only through “privatization”, such intervention can come to its stop. The study, among other things, suggests the followings: 1.A national pension scheme covering all people is required. 2.Postponing the age of receiving annuity from the current 50 to a later age and reasonably cutting off some civil servants’ pension benefits need to be addressed. 3.Adding flexibility to current civil servants’ retirement system is worth pondering. 4.Working out a system blending together “defined benefit” and “defined contribution” in which the proportion of “defined contribution” should be gradually enlarged. Thoughts with regard to “individual account” should also be studied. 5.Adjusting the insurance fee for pension fund is necessary in order to ensure financial viability. 6.Bigger proportion of pension funds’ overseas investment should be allowed. 7.Investment in securities should be evaluated with market price to reflect the actual value of fund assets. 8.Pension funds management report should be released to the general public for supervision. 9.Professional pension fund supervision mechanism has to be established. 10.Law provisions as to privatize and liberalize the pension fund need to be worked out.

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Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 ednercastilhoturma2003.pdf.jpg: 18000 bytes, checksum: 08e4d39e1d7f9af8a11215ebdbc5ada1 (MD5) ednercastilhoturma2003.pdf.txt: 218811 bytes, checksum: 458287d8a06993bb0d26d35765903dfd (MD5) ednercastilhoturma2003.pdf: 1132119 bytes, checksum: 43912b9f9211698f436925d54ab0f498 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-01-11T00:00:00Z / One searches in this work to discuss some important aspects of the portfolio choice of longterm investors. Those important aspects, chosen on the basis of theoretical instruments, are illustrated through the determination of a portfolio to participants of a Brazilian pension fund. The characteristics that differentiate the short-term and long-term investors and the impact of them in the choice of the risk-free asset and the ideal portfolio of investors are argued. Considering the characteristics of the main available financial assets in the Brazilian financial market and the possibility of re-balancing, at any time, the portfolio of long-term investors, we conclude that the choice of portfolio follows the same principles for both the short-term and long-term investors. On the basis of the previous conclusion and using the concept of human wealth - that we assume to present similar behavior to the risk-free asset of long-term investors - we find the allocation of financial wealth to each participant and, consequently, the allocation of the pension fund as a whole. / O trabalho ora apresentado busca abordar os principais aspectos envolvidos na escolha de carteira de ativos para investidores de longo prazo. Tais aspectos, selecionados com base em instrumental teórico, são ilustrados por meio da determinação da alocação dos recursos garantidores dos participantes de um Fundo de Pensão brasileiro. Discutem-se as características que diferenciam os investidores de curto e de longo prazo e os respectivos impactos na escolha do ativo livre de risco e da carteira de ativos ideal dos investidores. Devido às características dos principais ativos financeiros disponíveis no mercado de capitais brasileiro e à possibilidade de re-balanceamento a qualquer momento da carteira de ativos dos investidores de longo prazo, sugerimos a premissa de que as escolhas das carteiras de ativos por investidores de curto e de longo prazo seguem os mesmos princípios. A partir da premissa anteriormente sugerida e do conceito de riqueza humana [que assumimos apresentar comportamento similar ao ativo livre de risco dos investidores de longo prazo] propomo-nos a determinar o modo eficaz de alocação da riqueza financeira de cada participante e, conseqüentemente, a alocação do Fundo de Pensão como um todo.

This thesis compares Norway, Botswana and Venezuela and their sovereign wealth funds. The first two countries are referred to as exceptions to the theory of the resource curse, which explains the phenomenon that shows that countries with a high dependence on income from the export of natural resources have a slower rate of economic, political and institutional development. On the contrary, Venezuela (although it was considered an exception in the past) is severely affected by this phenomenon and thus serves as a negative example in this thesis. The thesis focuses on state sovereign wealth funds and examines whether and under what conditions these funds have an effect on reversing the resource curse. Based on the theoretical part, five key characteristics are identified that the fund must meet in order to function against the negative manifestations of the curse of natural resources - (1) offsetting the effects of volatility, (2) diversifying the economy, (3) budgetary policy, (4) controlling the allocation of expenditure, (5) transparency of funds. Based on these characteristics, it is possible to observe that the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund works best from selected funds as a defense against the resource curse, followed by the Botswana fund and third by the Venezuelan fund. Norway and Botswana...

Los sistemas de pensiones tienen como finalidad otorgar una pensión de jubilación adecuada, por lo que resulta de importancia estudiar y analizar este mercado, para poder conocer su evolución a lo largo de los años, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo. El presente trabajo de investigación continúa el estudio de los sistemas de pensiones a través de la revisión de diferentes publicaciones que se han ido realizando acerca de las variaciones, la importancia y los efectos de los fondos de pensiones, tanto en la economía como en los mercados financieros. La literatura revisada contempla datos y resultados de economías de diferentes países, entre los que se destaca Estados Unidos, las principales economías europeas y los países de América Latina, que en los últimos treinta años han presentado reformas en sus planes de pensiones. Varios de los documentos analizados presentan información histórica y conceptos relacionados a pensiones, así como también estudios basados en modelos estadísticos y econométricos, que refuerzan los resultados de los efectos favorables de la existencia de los fondos de pensiones en diferentes aspectos de la economía de los países, como son el crecimiento, mercado de capitales, entre otros. El objetivo principal del trabajo busca conocer la evolución de los sistemas de pensiones y sus reformas. La principal conclusión a la que llega esta investigación es que los sistemas de pensiones presentan diversas modificaciones y se ven afectados por los ciclos de crisis económicas, debido a que no logran cubrir el objetivo de contar con un adecuado fondo de retiro. / The purpose of pension systems is to provide an adequate retirement pension, so it is important to study and analyze this market in order to know how it has evolved over the years, both in developed and developing countries. This research work continues the study of pension systems by reviewing different publications that have been published on the variations, importance and effects of pension funds, both in the economy and in the financial markets. The literature reviewed includes data and results from the economies of different countries, including the United States, the main European economies and the countries of Latin America, which in the last thirty years have presented reforms in their pension plans. Several of the documents analyzed present historical information and concepts related to pensions, as well as studies based on statistical and econometric models, which reinforce the results of the favorable effects of the existence of pension funds on different aspects of the countries' economies, such as growth, capital markets, among others. The main objective of the work is to learn about the evolution of pension systems and their reforms. The main conclusion reached by this research is that pension systems present several modifications and are affected by economic crisis cycles, because they fail to cover the objective of having an adequate retirement fund. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional