Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka lärares upplevelser kring makt i skolan. Studiens ambitioner handlade inte endast om hur lärare upplever sin egen makt, utan hur de upplever makt som fenomen i skolan. I bakgrunden ges en teoretisk referensram innehållande historik kring skolan och makt och vad läroplanen idag säger om makt. Även läraren och elever som maktutövare bearbetas, och olika strategier som dessa kan använda som går att finna i tidigare forskning beskrivs. I den teoretiska referensramen bearbetas även grupper och ledare. Studien är en kvalitativ studie och metoden som använts är intervjuer. Intervjuerna har varit öppna i sin utformning och en intervjuguide med exempelfrågor har använts som stöd i dessa. Fem lärare i blandade åldrar och kön har medverkat i intervjuerna som tagits upp med hjälp av en digital diktafon. Resultatet av intervjuerna har först transkriberats till text och lästs och genomgåtts grundligt. Sedan har de transkriberade intervjuerna bearbetats och delats upp i olika mönster/teman för att sedan bearbetas med hjälp av den teoretiska referensramen. Resultaten i studien visade att läraryrket är ett mycket socialt yrke, där relationer står i fokus. Lärarna i studien talade om att de har en stor chans att påverka elever, främst genom att ha en god relation till dem. Det framgick även att lärarna i denna studie känner att de får stöd av skolan som organisation och att det kan påverka i mindre sakfrågor. I studien framkom det även att lärare upplever att makten bland elever är ojämnt fördelad, att det finns vissa elever som har mer makt. Det framkom att det ofta upplevs att det finns vissa ledartyper bland eleverna och att grupptryck är något som är ständigt närvarande, i större eller mindre utsträckning.

This study is constructed upon narratives of fourteen young women, who have been working in prostitution since they were street children in central Lima, and acknowledges their stigmatization in the Peruvian society, and how they challenge their socially constructed position. By combining narrative method with an intersectional analysis I have, through a multi-layered loupe, interpreted the young women’s interpretation of themselves and their social world. I will bring forward how these young women view their subordinate and stigmatized position through their narratives surrounding their bodies as shameful, culpable, sexual and fixed. This stigmatization is intersectional as it surrounds all parts of their lives and situatedness within the Peruvian society. This situatedness is complex, involving hierarchical structures that have been present in Peru since colonization and imperialism (cf. Wade 2009). In addition, I will bring forward how the young women engage in strategies to challenge this stigmatization by applying measures to increase their respectability (cf. Skeggs).

This is a study of urban mobility, where urban areas are defined as diverse and complex locations with a metabolism composed of multiple components and subsystems. Currently, more than 60% of the world’s population live in urban areas, a number expected to grow significantly. Most cities are unsustainable and often in ecological deficit; cities over- consume or pollute their natural resources, while unequal distribution of resources also occur. Thus, leading to serious economic and social imbalances, something that is possible to appreciate in developing nation-states. With population growth and economic concentration in urban areas, transport policies are forcing governments to seek innovative solutions for shaping and re-shaping existing and future transportation systems. Transport infrastructure related to congestion, accidents, local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is a challenge for many major cities in the world. This study covers the political and socio-economical processes with regards to the environmental challenges in the Peruvian transport system. It includes an analysis of the strategies and indicators of good governance by the central, metropolitan and local governments, with the aim of identifying the main drivers and barriers to improving the current transport system in Lima. It is important to highlight that urban mobility is an important component of urban planning and is constituted by the urban transport system, land use, traffic management, inter-modality, accessibility and public space management, among other things. The appropriate approach to urban mobility joins the vision of a city with citizenship (Ministerio de Vivienda 2016). From an Urban Political Ecology (UPE) perspective, one can appreciate that the transport system in Lima seems directly derived from complex social, economic and political relations and where environmental challenges are less vocal (Robbins 2012). And seen from the Entrepreneurial or innovative state and as described by Schumpeter, the role that a state or governments hold is crucial in a well-functioning society in the context of a capitalism society. An efficient government is vital in providing goods and services, rules and institutions for ensuring that the market grows, as well as directing citizens to a more prosperous life. Without such a government, sustainable development in social and economical aspects is impossible. However, the results of this study not only presents several challenges to the structure of the national, regional and local governments in Lima, but also the various dimensions to these challenges that exist. These insights are important to highlight and address, as moving towards an urban transformation that is sustainable and durable will require considerable intervention from governments to achieve substantial reductions in GHG emissions.

The county of Norrbotten has a distinctive profile in the tourist business. In this paper, the previous two separate research fields exotification and mountain tourism is studied. The purpose was to determine whether mountain tourism was used to exotify Norrbotten during the growthphase of mountain tourism in the 1950s and 1960s. Through a qualitative text analysis, the study shows that there are exotic gestures that often become a counterpole to the rest of Sweden's society. The study reveals a focus on culture in the early 1950s, after which the mountain tourism is characterized by nature contexts. Romantic landscape descriptions then form the mountain tourism and its narration of the county during the 1960s. What is perceived as Sami culture, such as reindeer, and traditional costumes is therefore often illustrated together with snow during the chosen time period. The conclusion is that mountain tourism is presented as something exotic and different during its growth phase.

The inclusion of gender equality in the guiding principles of peacebuilding operations led by the United Nations raises questions of effectivity. Indeed, while the commitment of the international community to gender equality is well defined and the importance of gender equality for durable peace has been widely demonstrated, there is no consistent research on the effects of the interventions of peacebuilding actors on dimensions of gender equality. The question leading this paper is “what is the effect of peacebuilding actors’ interventions on gender equality?” and this paper particularly seeks to research whether the influence of peacebuilding actors on power structures, that define unjust gendered relations of power, could improve gender equality overall. The theoretical underpinning of this paper identifies women’s political empowerment as a change in power structures with possible positive consequences. The theory is tested in a qualitative way with a comparison between case studies and through the method of Structured Focused Comparison. The results show partial support for the hypothesis. Indeed, the empirical assessment of Liberia and Rwanda seems to point to an increase in the international support of local women’s organisation as a successful strategy to challenge power structures and, consequently, gender inequality.

The purpose of this thesis is to, by implementing the theories of Maud Eduards and Carole Pateman on some of the testimonies found under the hashtag #imaktenskorridorer, explain why sexual harassments exist within Swedish politics. Our main focus will be power structures and the culture of silence concerning sexual harassments. By examining the testimonies, we find that the majority of the supposed perpetrators are elderly men in positions of power and that these positions often are used to take advantage of and further subordinate women. We also find that the supposed perpetrators rarely had to answer for the acts of sexual harassment even though the existence of the assaults most of the times came to light. Our conclusion is, based on the two theories we use, that the existence of sexual harassments within Swedish politics can be explained by various factors. Although the main one is wellestablished power structures based on the division of men and women. These power structures impregnate our whole society and we mean that they are even stronger within politics, in the corridors of power.

The study analyses fiction used in upper secondary schools in the subject of English in the aims of connecting it to the Swedish concept of “värdegrunden” (foundation of values) which all education in Swedish schools must be based on. The study aims to answer the question of how teachers work with fiction in relation to the foundation of values, and to identify which power structures and norms occur in the fiction they use in relation to sexuality, ethnicity, and equality. The methods used in this study are semi structured interviews and an intersectional analysis. The study has found that the teachers use different strategies when working with “värdegrunden” and literature, such as normalisation by including LGBT and POC-themed (People of Colour) books into English language education, working around specific themes, and giving students the opportunity to reflect and discuss the books together in order to combat discrimination and encourage tolerance.

This paper examines the Swedish tabloid press coverage of three rape case allegations where the accused was a high-profile sport star. Critical discourse analysis was applied as the theoretical and methodological framework combined with the theoretical concepts of monstering and rape myths. The three cases we examined were the rape allegations against Cristiano Ronaldo, the rape allegations against three Swedish hockey players and the child rape case involving the Malmö FF player Kingsley Sarfo.    Monstering is a term used to describe the process in which the media portrays a rapist as a “monster” or “pervert”.  By doing so the rapist is separated from “ordinary men”. If the problem is never identified as “men raping” then the solution can never be “stop men from raping”   Rape myths on the other hand, focuses on how media reports on rape creates and sustains stereotypic ideas about rape. Research have found that if the media writes about rape in a stereotypical way then this perception of rape will spread to the readers.    We found that monstering appeared regularly in each of the three cases mostly through naming and reference of the alleged perpetrators and the accusers. Rape myths also appeared in each of the three cases but to a lesser degree. Rape myths was prominent through a linguistic separation between the alleged rapist and the rape.    Our results also showed that a patriarchal discourse was prevalent in the reporting on rape in the Swedish tabloid press.

Development organisations are generally believed to be fairly gender equal workplaces, with gender related issues seen as something external or foreign to the organisation. However, all organisations exist within gendered structures, and should not be considered as gender neutral or separate. Building on the theory of feminist institutionalism, this paper aims to study how informal gender power structures are experienced by employees in a development organisation, namely the Folke Bernadotte Academy. To research this, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to study the experiences and opinions of the respondents. A feminist institutionalist framework identified three areas of particular interest, “Tasks and assignments”, “Support norms” and “Interactions between employees”. After conducting interviews the information was analysed. The conclusions drawn are that FBAs employees describe experiences of some gender power structures. Most notably relating to parenting norms and logic of appropriateness. Seconded employees in general seemed to experience more gender power structures than internal employees. Additionally FBA and its employees seem to express the view that gender inequality is an external problem or that they are unaffected because their workforce is made up of a majority of women.

The purpose of this thesis is to study how the Sámi people are portrayed in the swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter’s two publications of climate change and the forest industry. The aim of this study is to identify whether power structures are reproduced or challenged. To do so, I applied critical discourse analysis as a method. The theoretical framework is composed of media theories, theories of institution and hegemony, and also by theories of stereotypingand “the other”. The results showed that one could crystallize a Sámi identity discourse order and a Sámi journalistic discourse order in the empirical material. On the one hand, the hegemony was reproduced by the way the Sámi people were described as a people with a lot of stereotypical perceptions, like being primitive, a victim and living close to nature. But on the other hand the power structures were challenged by the way the Sámi people were portrayed as active and fighting for their rights. The Sámi people were also given a position of power in comparison to the industry and the state, where the Sámi people are assigned a new epithet as a goodhearted climate hero. That identity description is constructed in relation to the industry and the state who are assigned the role of the oppressor. The conclusion that can be made out of this essay is that regardless of being described with positive stereotypical perceptions, the Sámi people’s subordinate position will always be reproduced. Furthermore, it will give birth to new stereotypes, like: The Sámi people = The climate hero of our time.