This essay aims to examine how science fiction literature is supported and made available for readers at four public libraries. Each library has its own opinion of what a public library’s role in society is, and that affects how literature acquisition and media exposure is done at that particular library. To explore this, the author uses a modified version of Elzinga and Andersson’s theory of traditionalism, pragmatism and emancipationism. The research questions are: 1. What factors lie behind acquisition of science fiction literature? 2. How do the public libraries in question make science fiction literature available to its users? 3. Many public libraries use specific tools when classifying literature. How much are they used at the libraries in question? 4. What do the libraries in question do in order to promote science fiction literature? The methods used are interviews, text studies and observations. The author finds that the libraries are mostly driven by a pragmatic view of the role of the library, buying literature requested by the library users and relying on popularity and trends when displaying media. There is hardly any evidence of emancipationism to be found, but there are some traditionalist influences. Due to lack of popularity, science fiction books are not acquired as often as other, more popular, fiction. Science fiction and fantasy are often put on specific shelves, apart from other fiction. It is also common that those genres are placed in the part of the library where literature for young people is put. One of the libraries promotes these genres in a specific section of their web page, and another one have previously had exhibitions on science fiction. Apart from that, science fiction is rarely promoted as a genre, but is treated as a part of other literature when being promoted. All libraries use specific tools, such as BURK-sök, for classifying literature. They do, however, make their own classifications occasionally.

La Frise du Nord est une région de la mer des Wadden située en Allemagne, à la frontière avec le Danemark. Depuis 1991 des agriculteurs et des habitants se sont associés pour acheter et gérer eux-mêmes des éoliennes. Ils ont nommé leurs entreprises « parcs éoliens citoyens ». Elles représentent en 2018, 90% de la capacité éolienne installée en Frise, soit près de 2000MW. Cette thèse est une enquête avec ce, celles et ceux qui ont fabriqué ce paysage énergétique. L’enquête est prise comme méthode pragmatiste qui veut que la solution émerge au fur et à mesure que le problème se précise. Ce faisant, la thèse parcourt, depuis 1975, 40 années de l’expérience des parcs éoliens, qui propose une vision renouvelée des liens entre projets d’énergie et changements climatiques. Ces paysages de l’éolien citoyen, pensés comme une expérience d’habiter le climat, sont tour à tour observés dans leurs dimensions sensible (intensités relationnelles à l’environnement), pratique (processus sociotechniques des montages de projet) et politique (structurations collectives entre citoyens et administrations pour résoudre un problème). La thèse en propose une reformulation pragmatiste et écologiste (John Dewey, Daniel Céfaï et Tim Ingold) comme la fabrique collective des paysages climatiques. Dans cette voie, la thèse explore la notion d’assemblée paysagère, comme forme de paysage, au sens politique inspiré des anciens Landschaften (Kenneth Olwig), pour décrire une figure capable de mener cette expérience, dans ses ancrages, ses montées en échelle et ses ouvertures, et d’en rendre compte. Ce dernier aspect est également discuté en termes d’opportunités démocratiques (Joëlle Zask) et de responsabilité relationnelle (Joan Tronto) pour questionner les manières d’appréhender les changements climatiques. / Northern Friesland is a region on the Wadden Sea shores in Germany, on the border with Denmark. Since 1991 farmers and locals have partnered to buy and manage wind turbines themselves. They named their companies "citizens wind parks". In 2018, they represent 90% of the installed wind capacity in Friesland, ie around 2000 MW. This thesis is an inquiry with those who made this energy landscape. The “inquiry” is here conceived as method stating that the solution emerges as the problem be-comes clearer. In doing so, the thesis scours from 1975, 40 years of experience with collectively developing and managing wind farms, an experience which suggests renewing our understanding of the relations between energy projects and climate change. Taken as an experience of dwelling the climate, these citizen wind landscapes are successively observed along their sensitive (relational intensities to the environment), practical (socio-technical processes of project set-ups) and political dimensions (collective structuring between citizens and administrations to solve a problem). The thesis proposes a pragmatist and ecologist reformulation (together with John Dewey, Daniel Céfaï and Tim Ingold) of this experience as the collective making of climatic landscapes. The thesis also puts forward the concept of landscape assembly, as a form of landscape, in the political sense inspired by the ancient Landschaften (Kenneth Olwig), to describe a plastic figure, heterogeneous and situated, capable of conducting this experience and of giving an account of it. This last aspect is also discussed in terms of democratic opportunities (Joëlle Zask) and relational responsibility (Joan Tronto) to question the ways of apprehending climate changes.

O uso de técnicas matemáticas está crescendo na maioria das disciplinas das ciências sociais, principalmente na Economia, e os defensores da matematização geralmente tentam legitimar este processo a partir da suposta neutralidade axiológica da matemática, argumentando, sob influência positivista, que a linguagem matemática deve ser a própria linguagem da ciência. Este trabalho se opõe a tal concepção, rejeitando a possibilidade de neutralidade da matemática e demonstrando que a matemática pode contribuir apenas de maneira muito limitada para a compreensão de processos históricos. Argumentamos que modelos matemáticos são incapazes de descrever a origem, o desenvolvimento ou declínio de relações sociais, sendo útil apenas como descrição de padrões quantitativos entre eventos quando as relações sociais estão estáveis. Daí resulta que, em teorias sociais matematicamente formuladas, tenha-se por objetivo desenvolver uma coleção de modelos, um para cada circunstância. As transformações sociais, mesmo as menores, ficam fora do foco das teorias assim desenvolvidas. Por último, argumentamos que o crescimento da utilização da matemática está diretamente associado à rejeição da ontologia que ocorre no positivismo, de modo que a explicação da matematização, ao menos em linhas gerais, é a mesma para a difusão das idéias positivistas / The use of mathematical techniques is increasing in most disciplines of social sciences, especially in Economics, and the mathematizations supporters usually try to legitimize this process from the supposedly axiological neutrality of Mathematics, arguing, under positivist influence, that the mathematical language should be the very language of science. This study opposes itself to this conception, rejecting the possibility of mathematical neutrality and demonstrating that Mathematics can help only in a very limited way to the comprehension of historical processes. We sustain that mathematical models are unable to describe the origin, development or decline of social relations, being useful, if so, only as description of quantitative patterns of events when social relations stay stable. It follows that social theories mathematically formulated have the objective of developing a collection of models, one for each circumstance. Social changes, even the smallest, are outside the focus of the theories so developed. Finally, we argue that the increased use of mathematics is directly associated with the positivist rejection of ontology, so the explanation for the mathematization, at least in outline, is the same for the dissemination of positivist ideas.

Dewey desenvolve a teoria instrumental e operacional dos conceitos para explicar a forma inteligente do homem de conduzir sua experiência natural, social, cultural e democrática. O pragmatismo de Dewey compreende os conceitos como instrumentos que o pensamento reflexivo utiliza no processo da investigação para transformar uma situação problemática, inicialmente confusa e não dirigida em uma situação resolvida, harmoniosa como forma de garantir a permanente necessidade de adaptação do indivíduo ao meio, garantindo assim a sua sobrevivência. Os conceitos como instrumentos de significação ou instrumentos para estabelecer relações de continuidade entre meios e fins na e para a experiência têm a função de guiar a ação inteligente do ser humano. A solução experimental que resolve uma situação problemática é chamada de asserção garantida. Aquilo que é verdadeiro somente pode ser compreendido a partir das conseqüências práticas de um conceito cujos significados foram elaborados no processo investigativo. O estudo dos métodos para resolver problemas, Dewey chamou de lógica, ou teoria da investigação. Esta é histórica e evolutiva. Os conceitos são instrumentos sociais de comunicação dos significados da experiência através da linguagem e instrumentos que corroboram no processo investigativo. A aquisição destes instrumentos deve ser estimulada pela educação. A escola é o ambiente organizado e simplificado para a formação do hábito de pensar que ganham força no âmbito de uma sociedade democrática. A fé na vida democrática fundamenta-se na fé nas capacidades da natureza humana com necessidade inata de associação, cooperação e uso da inteligência humana na solução dos conflitos sobre bens sociais. A vida democrática é a que oferece as melhores oportunidades para o crescimento, uma vez que desperta naturalmente o interesse pela solução dos conflitos numa comunidade de comunicação. Constituindo-se, assim, a vida democrática é a única forma de vida digna dos seres humanos. / Dewey develops the instrumental and operational theory of concepts, in order to explain man intelligent form of conducting his natural, social, cultural and democratic experience. Deweys pragmatism comprehends the concepts as instruments the reflexive thought uses in the process of investigation, to transform a problematic situation, initially confuse and not commanded, in a resolved and harmonic situation, as a way to grant the permanent need for adaptation to environment by the individual, therefore granting him the survival. The concepts as instruments of signification or instruments for the establishment of relations of continuity between means and purposes in and for the experience have the function of guiding the intelligent action of the human being. The experimental solution that solves a problematic situation is called the warranted assertion. What is true to life can only be understood from the practical consequences of a concept, whose meanings were elaborated in the investigative process. Dewey called logic or theory of investigation the study of the methods to solve problems. The logic is historical and evolutive. The concepts are social instruments of communication of the meanings of the experience through language and instruments that corroborate in the investigative process. The acquisition of these instruments shall be stimulated by education. The school is the organized and simplified environment for the development of the habit of thinking, which urges in the ambit of the democratic society. Faith in the democratic life is founded on faith in the capacities of human nature with the innate necessity of association, cooperation and use of human intelligence in the solution of the conflicts over social assets. Democratic life is the one to offer the best opportunities for growth, once it naturally awakes the interest on the solution of conflicts in a communication community. Thus constituted, democratic life is the only form of life that is condign for human beings.

Dans cette thèse sera principalement présenté et examiné l’apport du courant pragmatiste à la philosophie des sciences cognitives. Ainsi, lors du processus de recherche, les questions spécifiques de cette thèse ont été fixées afin d’évaluer une tendance au pragmatisme dans les sciences cognitives, connue sous le nom de « pragmatisme cognitif ».Il sera donc principalement examiné le pragmatisme cognitif, qui tend à croître dans le domaine des sciences cognitives et qui mérite un examen approfondi, non seulement à cause de son développement, mais aussi parce qu’il est source de débat. On constatera alors que le pragmatisme cognitif indique en définitive une nouvelle façon de caractériser la nature mentale. Ainsi, « l’esprit cognitif » serait remplacé par « l’esprit incarné », d’autant que ce thème spécifique concerne une évolution de la théorie représentationnelle de l’esprit « TRE » vers la théorie de l’esprit incarné « TEI ». Lors de ce processus d’expansion, l’aspect philosophique est essentiel. Il est toutefois important ici de préciser que cette recherche ne concerne pas directement et uniquement les sciences cognitives, mais plus la philosophie des sciences cognitives.Le pragmatisme est alors considéré comme une méthode de pensée visant à critiquer et à améliorer les expériences scientifiques. Bien que le pragmatisme soit devenu très populaire dans le domaine des sciences cognitives, cette évidence nécessite toutefois encore de nombreuses vérifications et démonstrations. On a pu constater qu’il existe un concept très important pour tous les pragmatistes en sciences cognitives, « l’action ». Par conséquent, le pragmatisme cognitif est particulièrement important pour expliquer la transition d’une cognition de « la représentation » à « l’action ». Par ailleurs, ce tournant est connecté à un autre plus grand champ d’application du « 4E cognition», qui est lié avec la phénoménologie et l’existentialisme. Il semble probable que ce soit une tendance qui ne cesse de croître parmi les pragmatistes et qu’elle puisse en effet générer un tournant important dans les sciences cognitives grâce à une façon plus adaptée et développée. Cependant, le fait est que les idées de Peirce, qui est lui-même le fondateur de l’idée de pragmatisme, sont négligées par les défenseurs du « pragmatisme cognitif » et aussi par ceux du « cognitivisme anti-pragmatisme». Il pourrait y avoir une troisième possibilité qui sera ici mise en évidence lors d’une rétrospection de la philosophie de Peirce pour les sciences cognitives, ayant rencontré un tournant significatif.Tandis que certains philosophes, comme Jean-Michel Roy en 2014, suggèrent une distinction entre un « tournant pragmatiste » et un « tournant pragmatique », cette thèse tentera une troisième hypothèse, qui sera proposée, à savoir un « tournant pragmaticiste» prenant racine dans la théorie de Peirce. Un tournant significatif doit offrir une meilleure compréhension de la cognition. Et ce tournant pourra avoir ainsi plusieurs implications pour les sciences cognitives. Le pragmatiste de Peirce peut jouer ce rôle et permettre de mieux concevoir la nature de l’esprit actif et de l’esprit cognitif. Si le concept de « l’action » est l’idée centrale du pragmatisme en général, alors le concept de « l’habitude » est l’idée la plus importante chez Peirce. De même, si la représentation et l’action sont des concepts opposés sur la définition de la cognition, la notion d’habitude a la possibilité de dissoudre les tensions entre ces deux points de vue opposés. Pour Peirce, l’habitude joue un double rôle de croyance [la croyance-habitude] et d’action [l’habitude de l’action].Pour finir, on peut concevoir que la position de cette thèse repose sur une perceptive du « pragmatisme-néo-classique ». Cette position est à différencier de celle du pragmatisme cognitif d’un côté, et celle du néo-pragmatisme d’un autre côté. / In this dissertation, I examine a growing trend in contemporary cognitive science known as cognitive pragmatism. This subject merits examination for a number of reasons, but primarily it is needed because the trend of cognitive pragmatism is so entrenched in cognitive science, while at the same time remaining a lightning rod of controversy. The lack of a consensus regarding the nature of American pragmatismthe purported progenitor of cognitive pragmatism has in particular attracted skepticism of pragmatism’s methodology. Therefore, it is necessary to ask why American pragmatism became involved in the discipline of cognitive science and how it subsequently came to be interpreted in such different ways. Given that pragmatism is a relatively well established school, it is worth addressing its significance for the burgeoning field of cognitive science. In their pragmatist inspired views of cognition, both Mark Johnson and Jerry Fodor overlook the figure whom I consider to be pragmatism’s most important: Charles Sanders Peirce. This is likely due to the fact that Peirce’s ideas differ from pragmatism as it is popularly conceived, due in no small part to the influence of William James and John Dewey. Further, it is difficult for either Johnson’s embodied theory of mind (ETM) or Fodor’s representational theory of mind (RTM) to employ Peirceian pragmatism in their respective definitions of cognition; they perhaps have erred by filing to take into account Peirce’s thought. Therefore, I shall tackle this challenge by clarifying the ‘Johnson Fodor debate’ using the tools of Peirceian pragmatism, or ‘pragmaticism.’ Taking into consideration the current trends of both the ‘pragmatist turn’ and ‘pragmatic turn,’ I propose a third way: namely, a ‘pragmaticist turn’ firmly rooted in Peirce’s philosophy. I will thus supplement the concept of ‘action’ with that of ‘habit’ in order to reinterpret the relation between the embodied and cognitive minds.

Orientador: Pedro Angelo Pagni / Banca: Divino José da Silva / Banca: Marcus Vinicius da Cunha / Resumo: Segundo alguns trabalhos matriciais da literatura sobre o assunto, o pragmatismo se destacou como uma das correntes filosóficas que mais influenciaram o pensamento educacional brasileiro entre 1930 e 1964, tendo como o seu principal representante no Brasil, Anísio Teixeira. Contudo, tais trabalhos não se aprofundaram sobre a recepção do pragmatismo de Dewey, nos anos subseqüentes ao Estado Novo, quando as interpretações e as apropriações dessa fonte teórica, desenvolvida por esse e por outros educadores brasileiros, tornaram-se mais diversificadas em razão do debate político educacional e pedagógico, ganhando as páginas dos periódicos educacionais, entre 1944 e 1964. Tentando contribuir para a compreensão acerca da recepção do pragmatismo no Brasil, esta pesquisa analisa e discute as matérias publicadas na Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos e a revista Educação e Ciências Sociais no período de 1944 e 1964. Desses artigos, foram selecionados tantos para a análise, que resultou na identificação de duas interpretações correntes nos periódicos: uma pautada na obra filosófica e a outra na obra pedagógica do filósofo norte-americano. Dessa análise também se concluiu que o pragmatismo deweyano é apropriado pelos autores brasileiros para abordar os temas relativos ao humanismo, à democracia e à constituição dos saberes sobre a educação, emergentes da realidade educacional da época, demarcando uma posição que não é homogênea nem pode ser unificada. / Abstract: According to some matrical works of literature on the subject, the pragmatism if detached as one of the philosophical chains that had more influenced the Brazilian Educational thought between 1930 and 1964, having as its main representative in Brazil, Anísio Teixeira. However, such works had not been gone deep on the reception of the pragmatism of Dewey, in the subsequent years to the New State, when the interpretations and the appropriations of this theoretical source, developed for this and for other Brazilian educators, they had become more diversified in reason of the debate educational and pedagogical politician, gaining the periodic pages of the educational ones, between 1944 and 1964. Trying to contribute for the understanding concerning the reception of the pragmatism in Brazil, this research analyzes and argues the substances published in the Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos and the magazine Educação e Ciências Sociais in the period of 1944 and 1964. Of these articles, as much for the analysis had been selected, that resulted in the identification of two current interpretations in the periodic ones: orientated in the philosophical workmanship and to another one in the pedagogical workmanship of the North American philosopher. Of this analysis also if it concluded that the deweyan pragmatism is appropriate for the Brazilian authors to approach the relative subjects to the humanism, the democracy and the constitution of knowing them on the education, emergent of the educational reality of the time, demarcating a position that is not homogeneous nor can be unified. / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A presente dissertaÃÃo tem como proposta a reconstruÃÃo das teses de Schmitt acerca da distinÃÃo moderna entre facticidade e validade em teoria polÃtica. O objetivo deste estudo à analisar os paradigmas polÃticos modernos â normativismo e realismo â como consequÃncia do problema da relaÃÃo entre imediatidade e mediatidade da forma polÃtica. A hipÃtese de trabalho desta pesquisa Ã, afinal, a investigaÃÃo de que, por um lado, (I) se a teoria polÃtica de Schmitt se configura em contraposiÃÃo ao modelo normativista, por outro, nÃo se adequa ao paradigma do realismo polÃtico â seja realismo fraco seja realismo forte â, representando uma proposta teÃrica alternativa diante do problema da mediaÃÃo racionalista; assim, (II) torna-se necessÃrio perscrutar quais as caracterÃsticas fundamentais do projeto schmittiano de reestruturaÃÃo do paradigma da teoria polÃtica desenvolvido, de forma geral, em trÃs momentos distintos na sua reflexÃo: o primeiro articulado atravÃs da noÃÃo de Entscheidung e, posteriormente, trabalhado no Ãmbito de uma teoria da exceÃÃo; o segundo momento denominado de existencialismo polÃtico; e o terceiro momento, desenvolvido a partir da teoria do nomos. Os resultados principais desta dissertaÃÃo sÃo a demonstraÃÃo de que Schmitt empreendeu uma tentativa de reestruturaÃÃo dos paradigmas polÃticos da modernidade diante do problema da mediaÃÃo entre ser e dever-ser e, enfim, a indicaÃÃo de que o autor desenvolveu a tese de que nÃo hà mediaÃÃo possÃvel, mas apenas a imediatidade de uma forÃa jurÃdica nÃo mediada por leis, ou seja, um fato institucional concreto e ordenativo entre o universal e o particular atravÃs do qual dispensa a necessidade de uma teoria normativa da justificaÃÃo da ordem (legitimidade), pois o Sein Ã, antes de qualquer coisa, realidade social mediada e constituÃda juridicamente, por isso, a legitimidade deve ser compreendida como histÃrica e concreta demonstrando a co-originariedade entre ser e dever-ser e, assim, solucionando o paradoxo mediaÃÃo/imediaÃÃo atravÃs da proprosta do pragmatismo polÃtico. / This dissertation proposes the reconstruction of Schmittâs thesis about the modern distinction between facticity and validity in the field of political theory. The purpose is to analyse the modern political paradigms â normative and realism â as a consequence of the problematic relationship between immediate and mediate in the political way. The hypothesis is (I) if on the one hand Schmittâs political theory arises in opposition to the normative model, on the other it cannot be applied to the political realism â be it strong or weak â meaning an alternative theoretical proposal in the face of the rationalist mediation; therefore (II) itâs necessary to scrutinize what are the essential characteristics of the Schmittian project of restructuring of the political theory paradigm developed, generally speaking, in three distinct moments of the discussion: the first articulated by means of the notion of Entscheidung and later developed within the scope of the Theory of Exception; the second called political existentialism; and the third developed from the theory of nomos. The main findings of this research are the demonstration of Schmitt undertakes an attempt of reorganize the modern political paradigms in the face of the problem of the mediation between âbeingâ and âought to beâ, and the possibility that the author developed the thesis of there is possible mediation, but only the immediateness of a legal force does not mediated by laws, in other words, a real and legal institutional fact between the universal and the particular by means of which needs no necessity of a normative theory of justification of law (legitimacy), for the Sein is even now, and first of all, a social reality mediated and constitued legally, hence, the legitimacy should be understood as historical and real demonstrating the cooriginality between âbeingâ and âought to beâ, and, finally, solving the mediate/immediate paradox by means to a political pragmatism.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-18T18:01:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE MARQUES RODRIGUES TEIXEIRA.pdf: 1824421 bytes, checksum: 4796bb9d13ab4939a3e68796aec79036 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T18:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE MARQUES RODRIGUES TEIXEIRA.pdf: 1824421 bytes, checksum: 4796bb9d13ab4939a3e68796aec79036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / This study aims at researching the manifestations of pragmatism in the public social policy of social assistance in Goiânia, particularly in the Municipal Department of Social Assistance (SEMAS), the body responsible for the management and execution of said policy, in the space between 2007 and 2016 , the years that marked and particularize the aforementioned policy with the creation of SEMAS in June/2007 and the establishment of the results management model for the municipality in June/2015, through administrative reforms. In order to reach the objective of knowing pragmatism as social theory and pointing out its appearance in the Social Service as well as its manifestations in the public social policy of social assistance based on the critical social theory was carried out bibliographical and documentary research. The first subsidized the theoretical studies and analysis of the documents: Annual Management Reports, Pluriannual Plans, Municipal Social Welfare Plans, Annual Budget Laws, Budget Guidelines Laws, minutes of the CMASGyn Second, allied to empiria, allowed analyzes that revealed some tendencies and inflows of pragmatism in the public social policy of social assistance in Goiânia. The study indicates pragmatism as a search for results in the first chapter and its manifestation in the institutionalization of the public social policy of social assistance in Goiânia. The second chapter deals with pragmatism and social work, and the third identifies some tendencies and influences of pragmatism in the public social policy of social assistance in Goiânia in the context of management, financing and social control. / Este estudo tem como objeto de pesquisa as manifestações do pragmatismo na Política Social Pública de Assistência Social em Goiânia, particularmente na Secretaria Municipal de Assistência Social (SEMAS), órgão responsável pela gestão e execução da referida política, no espaço temporal de 2007 a 2016, anos que marcam e particularizam a política mencionada com a criação da SEMAS em junho/2007 e estabelecimento do modelo de gestão por resultados para a municipalidade em junho/2015, por meio de reformas administrativas. Para alcançar o objetivo de conhecer o pragmatismo como teoria social e apontar sua aparição no Serviço Social, bem como suas manifestações na Política Social Pública de Assistência Social com fundamento na teoria social crítica, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. A primeira subsidiou os estudos teóricos e a análise dos documentos: relatórios anuais de gestão, planos plurianuais, planos municipais de Assistência Social, leis orçamentárias anuais, leis de diretrizes orçamentárias, atas das reuniões plenárias do Conselho Municipal de Assistência Social (CMASGYN) e a segunda, aliada à empírica, permitiu análises que revelaram algumas tendências e influxos do pragmatismo na Política Social Pública de Assistência Social em Goiânia. O estudo sinalizou o pragmatismo como busca por resultados e intervenções imediatas no primeiro capítulo e sua manifestação na institucionalização da Política Social Pública de Assistência Social em Goiânia. O segundo capítulo aborda o pragmatismo e o Serviço Social e o terceiro identifica algumas tendências e influxos do pragmatismo na Política Social Pública de Assistência Social em Goiânia no âmbito da gestão, do financiamento e do controle social.

Malgré un antipsychologisme plusieurs fois réasserté, le philosophe américain Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914) maintient une dépendance ambiguë de la connaissance objective envers les états mentaux de la conscience. La thèse rend compte de ce paradoxe apparent en montrant que le projet peircien n'est pas logique mais épistémologique, et consiste en une étude critique de notre pouvoir de connaître. Peirce a cherché différentes manières de naturaliser la connaissance, c'est-à-dire de l'inscrire dans nos facultés réelles sans pour autant renoncer à son ambition fondationnelle et normative. On peut en distinguer plusieurs phases successives : la correction de la psychologie des facultés, la théorie de l'enquête, les recherches en psychologie expérimentale, la création d'un associationnisme logique, une cosmologie de la préformation de la raison, l'invention d'une phénoménologie, et finalement le dialogisme graphique. Ces tentatives plus ou moins heureuses fournissent des outils pour penser aujourd'hui une théorie de la connaissance dans un cadre naturaliste. / In spite of his several times restated antipsychologism, the American philosopher Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914) still ambiguously assumes that objective knowledge depends on the mental states of consciousness. The thesis accounts for this apparent paradox in showing that Peirce's purport is epistemological, not logical, and consists in a critical approach to our power of knowing. Peirce sought various ways of naturalizing knowledge, i.e. making it rely on our real faculties, yet without giving up a normative foundation. One can identify a sequence of such attempts : correcting faculty psychology, the theory of inquiry, experimental psychology, logical associationism, a cosmology of preformed reason, the invention of a phenomenology, and finally graphical dialogism. These more or less successful attempts provide tools to conceive today a theory of knowledge in a naturalistic frame.

George Herbert Mead constructed a brilliant theory of the self as a social phenomenon emerging from the interplay of linguistic symbols. While the persuasiveness Mead's theory remains, he provides an inadequate account of the significance of emotions and conflict for the development of the self. After outlining Mead's theory, this study suggests how Mead's understanding might be improved to account more adequately for the significance of emotions and conflict while maintaining the central strengths of Mead's theory. Examining a range of Mead's writings, this study critiques Mead's theory via three primary means: the theoretical works of William James and Karen Horney; contemporary research in neuroscience; Mead's attempts to apply his theoretical understanding to concrete social conflicts. This study concludes that while Mead's theory fails to account adequately for the significance of emotion and conflict, his theory can be readily modified by incorporating some of the ideas of James and Horney.